Development of a walk-behind type hand tractor powered.pdf

GVPRASANNAKUMARA,HRAHEADEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURALENGINEERING,NORTHARUNACHALPRADESH,INDIABAGRICULTURALANDFOODENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1MAY2011RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2011IAGREPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPRODUCTIONOF129MILLIONMETRICTONSANDYIELDOF162METRICTONSHAC01INTHEYEAR2008E2009GOVERNMENTOFINDIA,2009ABOUT175TYPESOFVEGETABLESAREGROWNININDIAINCLUDING82FIELDVEGETABLESAND41ROOTTUBERANDBULBCROPSRANDHAWA,1998SUBRAMANIAN,VARADARAJAN,FAX913602258533/2257872AVAILABLEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMBIOSYSTEMSENGINEERING1102011189E197EMAILADDRESSGVPKYAHOOCOMGVPKUMAR1INTRODUCTIONINDIAISTHESECONDLARGESTPRODUCEROFVEGETABLESWITHTHEVEGETABLESLIKECUCURBITSCUCURBITASPP,BEANSPHASEOLUSSPP,OKRAABELMOSCHUSESCULENTUSANDLEAFYVEGETABLESARESOWNDIRECTLYINTHEFIELDVEGETABLESLIKETOMATOSOLANUMEVALUATEDFORTRANSPLANTINGTOMATOAT45C245CMSPACINGINTHEFIELDATAFORWARDSPEEDOF09KMHC01FIELDCAPACITYOFTHETRANSPLANTERWASFOUNDTOBE0026HAHC01ITRESULTEDINTHESAVINGOF68LABOURAND80TIMEOVERTHECONVENTIONALMETHODOFMANUALTRANSPLANTINGTHEPLANTINGRATEOFTHETRANSPLANTERWASFOUNDTOBE32POTSEEDLINGSMINC01WITH4MISSEDPLANTINGAND5TILTEDPLANTINGTHESOILCOVERINGEFFICIENCYOFTHEDEVELOPEDVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERWASABOUT81ANDTHEQUALITYOFTRANSPLANTINGWASSATISFACTORY17JULY2011ACCEPTED1AUGUST2011PUBLISHEDONLINE30AUGUST201115375110/ESEEFRONTMATTER2011IAGREDOI101016/JBIOSYSTEMSENG201108001MANBEASTERNREGIONALINSTITUTEOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,NIRJULI791109,ITANAGAR,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,KHARAGPUR721302,WESTBENGAL,INDIAA975KWWALKBEHINDTYPEHANDTRACTORPOWERED2ROWFULLYAUTOMATICVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERFORINDIVIDUALPAPERPOTSEEDLINGSWASDEVELOPEDBYCONSIDERINGTHEPOWERAVAILABILITY,PAPERPOTDIMENSIONSANDSPACEAVAILABILITYINTHEHANDTRACTORAFTERTHECOMPLETEREMOVALOFROTAVATORTILLAGEASSEMBLYITCONSISTEDOFTWOSETSOFFEEDINGCONVEYOR,METERINGCONVEYOR,SEEDLINGDROPTUBE,FURROWOPENER,SOILCOVERINGDEVICE,ANAUTOMATICFEEDINGMECHANISM,ADEPTHADJUSTMENTWHEELANDHITCHINGARRANGEMENTHORIZONTALSLATTYPECHAINCONVEYORWASUSEDASFEEDINGCONVEYORANDHORIZONTALPUSHERTYPECHAINCONVEYORWASUSEDASMETERINGCONVEYORTHEAUTOMATICFEEDINGMECHANISM,WITHATIMINGSHAFT,CAMANDCLUTCH,WASUSEDTOCOORDINATETHEWORKINGOFFEEDINGANDMETERINGCONVEYORSTHEVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERCARRIED108SEEDLINGSONTWOFEEDINGCONVEYORSINUPRIGHTORIENTATION,FEDTHEMTOTHEMETERINGCONVEYORSANDPLANTEDTHEMINUPRIGHTORIENTATIONINFURROWSTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERWASVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERFORPAPERPOTSEEDLINGSDEVELOPMENTOFAWALKBEHINDTYPEHANDTRACTORPOWEREDRESEARCHPAPERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDERCOM/LOCATE/ISSN/15375110ALLRIGHTSRESERVED2PAPERPOTSEEDLINGSFORMECHANICALTRANSPLANTINGPAPERPOTSSEEDLINGSWEREGROWNINALUMINIUMTRAYSINADOUBLELAYERPOLYETHYLENECOVEREDUNHEATEDGREENHOUSETHEREADYTOPLANTPAPERPOTSEEDLINGOFTOMATO21DAYSAFTERSEEDINGANDFOLLOWING4DAYSOFHARDENINGISSHOWNINFIG1EACHSEEDLINGWASGROWNINADOUBLELAYEREDCUBICALPAPERPOTOF50CM3VOLUMEFILLEDWITHVERMICOMPOST,SOILANDSANDINTHEPROPORTIONOF111BYVOLUMETHEVOLUMEOFPOTANDTHEPROPORTIONOFINGREDIENTSINTHESOILBASEDVERMICOMPOSTAMENDEDMIXWEREDETERMINEDBYCONDUCTINGEXPERIMENTSINTWODIFFERENTSEASONSKUMARSAKAUE,1992SHAW,BIOSYSTEMSENGINEERING1102011189E197190OFTENRESULTSINNONUNIFORMPLANTDISTRIBUTIONKUMARMANES,DIXIT,SHARDA,SINGH,PARISH,2005TRACTORMOUNTED2ROWAND3ROWSEMIAUTOMATICVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDININDIAFORBAREROOTSEEDLINGSANDPLUGSDARE,2006,PP109E128MANESETAL,2010POCKETTYPEMETERINGDEVICESHAVEBEENPROVIDEDINTHETRANSPLANTERSFORBAREROOTSEEDLINGSTHEFIELDCAPACITYANDLABOURREQUIREMENTHAVEBEENREPORTEDTOBE0082E0092HAHC01AND444MANHHAC01RESPECTIVELYATAFORWARDSPEEDOF08E10KMHC01ROTARYCUPTYPEMETERINGDEVICESHAVEBEENPROVIDEDINTHETRANSPLANTERSFORPLUGSTHEYHADAFIELDCAPACITYOF014HAHC01ANDLABOURREQUIREMENTOF286MANHHAC01WHENOPERATEDATAFORWARDSPEEDOF14KMHC01THEQUALITYOFTRANSPLANTINGWASREPORTEDTOBESATISFACTORYFORBOTHTHEMACHINESFARMERSININDIAALLOCATEARELATIVELYLOWPROPORTIONOFTHEIRLANDFORVEGETABLESBIRTHAL,JOSHI,KUMARUENO,MATSUMURA,SUGGSETAL,1987TSUGA,2000YONETANI,MATSUMOTO,MANESETAL,2010THESELECTEDRANGEOFFORWARDSPEEDOFTHEHANDTRACTORCOULDBEOBTAINEDWHENOPERATEDIN1STLOWGEARAT50E90THROTTLETHEENGINEPERFORMANCECURVESINDICATEDTHEBRAKEHORSEPOWEROFTHEENGINEAT50THROTTLE1200RPMAS45KWABOUT20OFENGINEOUTPUTPOWERISAVAILABLEATTHEWHEELAXLEOFTHEHANDTRACTORWHENITISFITTEDANDOPERATINGITSROTAVATORBHOLESATPATHYMANESETAL,2010FULLYAUTOMATICTRANSPLANTERSHAVEAPLANTINGRATEOFABOVE60SEEDLINGSMINC01SUGGSETAL,1987SHAW,1997TSUGA,2000BAREROOTSEEDLINGSMTB300BIOSYSTEMSENGINEERING1102011189E197195PARTICULARSFIELDCAPACITY,HAHC010026LABOURREQUIREMENTINCLUDINGREFILLING,MANHHAC0110246MISSEDPLANTING,401TILTEDPLANTING,514PARTIALLYSOILCOVEREDSEEDLINGS,739EXCESSIVESOILCOVEREDSEEDLINGS,1190COSTOFOPERATIONINCLUDINGREFILLING,HAC0129,954,27,769,26,996USEOF100,200,COSTOFPAPERPOTSANDMIX,TRANSPLANTINGUSINGAVTANDMANUALMETHODOFTRANSPLANTINGOFPAPERPOTSEEDLINGSMTPANDBAREROOTSEEDLINGSMTBISSHOWNINTABLE371FIELDCAPACITYANDLABOURREQUIREMENTATANAVERAGEFORWARDSPEEDOF09KMHC01,THEPERCENTWHEELOFSLIPOFHANDTRACTORVARIEDFROM250TO373THEAVERAGEFUELCONSUMPTIONWAS142LHC01THEMEANC6STANDARDDEVIATIONDEPT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LFARMSCOSTOFOPERATIONHASBEENFOUNDTOBE44E50TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFCONVENTIONALKUMAR,GVP,RAHEMAN,H2010VOLUMEOFVERMICOMPOSTBASEDPOTTINGMIXFORVEGETABLETRANSPLANTSDETERMINEDUSINGFUZZYBIOMASSGROWTHINDEXINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFVEGETABLESCIENCE,164,335E350MANES,GS,DIXIT,AK,SHARDA,A,SINGH,S,SINGH,K2010DEVELOPMENTANDEVALUATIONOFTRACTOROPERATEDVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERAGRICULTURALMECHANIZATIONINASIAAFRICAANDLATINAMERICA,413,89E92MANUALMETHODOFTRANSPLANTINGBAREROOTSEEDLINGSBEINGTHEFIRSTPROTOTYPE,FIELDCAPACITYANDFIELDEFFICIENCYOFTHEAVTISLOWEFFORTSAREBEINGMADETOINCREASETHEFIELDCAPACITYANDFIELDEFFICIENCYBYREDUCINGTHETIMEINVOLVEDINPLACINGPOTSEEDLINGSONTHEFEEDINGCONVEYORINTHEFORMOFARECTANGULARARRAYANDTURNINGOFTHEMACHINEATTHEHEADLANDREFERENCESARMSTRONG,EC,HANACEK,WA1984AUTOMATICSOILPLUGLOADERUSPATENTNO4443151BHOLE,NG,TIWARI,AD1977POWERLOSSESINPOWERTILLERSTHEHARVESTERINDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,KHARAGPUR,INDIA,19,62E66BIRTHAL,PS,JOSHI,PK,THORAT,A2007DIVERSIFICATIONOFINDIANAGRICULTURETOWARDSHIGHVALUECROPSTHEROLEOFSMALLHOLDERSWASHINGTONINTERNATIONALFOODPOLICYRESEARCHINSTITUTECHAUDHURI,D,SINGH,VV,DUBEY,AK2002REFINEMENTANDADOPTIONOFMECHANICALVEGETABLETRANSPLANTERSFORINDIANCONDITIONSAGRICULTURALENGINEERINGTODAY,2656,11E20DARE2006AGRICULTURALENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGYINDARE/ICARANNUALREPORT200506NEWDELHI,INDIADEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURALRESEARCHANDEDUCATION,MINISTRYOFAGRICULTURE,GOVERNMENTOFINDIADEWANGAN,KN,TEWARI,VK2008CHARACTERISTICSOFHANDTRANSMITTEDVIBRATIONOFHANDTRACTORUSEDINTHREEOPERATIONALMODESINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFINDUSTRIALERGONOMICS,391,239E245FURUKI,T,YAMANISHI,H,MATSUMOTO,H,HONMA,Y,TAKADA,K2003FOLDINGPAPERTYPEBIODEGRADABLEPAPERPOTSHIZUOKAKENNOGYOSUISANBU,KANKYOSHINRINBUNORINSUISANKANKEISHIKENKENKYUSEIKAJOHO,2002,26E27,INJAPANESEGHAI,TR,ARORA,D2007HORTICULTUREVEGETABLESCIENCEVEGETABLES,TUBERSANDSPICECROPS,INTROPICALANDSUBTROPICALVEGETABLESNEWDELHI,INDIANATIONALSCIENCEDIGITALLIBRARY,NATIONALINSTITUTEOFSCIENCECOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONRESOURCES,COUNCILOFSCIENTIFICANDINDUSTRIALRESEARCHGOVERNMENTOFINDIA2002AGRICULTURALCENSUS2002NEWDELHI,INDIAAGRICULTURALCENSUSDIVISION,MINISTRYOFAGRICULTUREGOVERNMENTOFINDIA2009INDIANHORTICULTURALDATABASE2009NEWDELHI,INDIANATIONALHORTICULTURALBOARD,MINISTRYOFAGRICULTUREKATHIRVEL,K,MANIAN,R,BALASUBRAMANIAN,M2001TRACTIVEPERFORMANCEOFPOWERTILLERTYRESAGRICULTURALMECHANIZATIONINASIAAFRICAANDLATINAMERICA,322,32E36KIM,HJ,PARK,SH,KWAK,TY2001DEVELOPMENTOFANAUTOMATICTRANSPLANTERFORCABBAGECULTIVATIONSEOUL,KOREAKOREAAUTOMATICDYNAMICANALYSISOFMECHANICALSYSTEMSCONFERENCE,8E9NOVKUMAR,S,PAL,S,JOSHI,PK2004VEGETABLESECTORININDIAANOVERVIEWINPROCEEDINGSOFNATIONALSEMINARONIMPACTOFVEGETABLERESEARCHININDIA,PP9E34NEWDELHI,INDIANATIONALCENTREFORAGRICULTURALECONOMICSANDPOLICYRESEARCHKUMAR,GVP,RAHEMAN,H2008VEGETABLETRANSPLANTERSFORNABARD2007USEOFPOWERTILLERINAGRICULTURALOPERATIONSMUMBAI,INDIANATIONALBANKFORAGRICULTUREANDRURALDEVELOPMENTNAMBU,T,TANIMURA,M1992DEVELOPMENTOFAUTOMATICTRANSPLANTERUSINGCHAINPOTFORVEGETABLECROPSACTAHORTICULTURAE,319,541E546PARISH,RL2005CURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINSEEDERSANDPLANTERSFORVEGETABLECROPSHORTTECHNOLOGY,152,1E6PARK,SH,KIM,JY,CHOI,DK,KIM,CK,KWAK,TY,CHO,SC2005DEVELOPMENTOFWALKINGTYPECHINESECABBAGETRANSPLANTERJOURNALOFTHEKOREASOCIETYFORAGRICULTURALMACHINERY,302,80E81RANDHAWA,KS1998RECENTADVANCESINEFFICIENCYOFVEGETABLEGROWINGININDIAACTAHORTICULTURAE,220,35E44ROUL,AK,RAHEMAN,H,PANSARE,MS,MANCHAVARAM,R2008PREDICTINGTHEDRAUGHTREQUIREMENTOFTILLAGEIMPLEMENTSINSANDYCLAYLOAMSOILUSINGANARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKBIOSYSTEMSENGINEERING,1044,