高一英語必修三語法復習

1、高一英語必修三語法復習被動語態(tài) 二. 重難點講解：高一英語必修三中的主要語法點有：被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式和定語從句，另外還涉及了主謂一致、間接引語及連接詞的用法。被動語態(tài)專題復習（一）被動語態(tài)的構成形式1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式，被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：（1）am/is/are +done （過去分詞） 一般現(xiàn)在時例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2）has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時例All the prepa

2、rations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3）am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時例A new cinema is being built here.（4）was/were done 一般過去時例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.（5）had been done 過去完成時例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been

3、 completed in Beijing.（6）was/were being done 過去進行時例A meeting was being held when I was there.（7）shall/will be done 一般將來時例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.（8）should/would be done 過去將來時例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.（9）shall/will have been done

4、將來完成時（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.（10）should/would have been done 過去將來完成時（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結構形式（1）帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結構。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.（2）有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結構時，可以把主動結構中

5、的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3）當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語，其余不動。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（4）在使役動詞have, make, get

6、以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結構中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞介詞”，“動詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday

7、.3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動語態(tài)（一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)）。例I dont like being laughed at in the public. （二）如何使用被動語態(tài)學習被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結構，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者（這時可省 by 短語）。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept

8、the offer.3. 為了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一個主語就夠了） （三）It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說，It is reported that據(jù)報道

9、，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ） （四）謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1. 英語中有很多動詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，rea

10、d，write，wash等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達被動意義，主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door wont lock. （指門本身有毛病） The door wont be locked. （指不會有人來鎖門，指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true

11、, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？3. 系動詞沒有被動形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系動詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結構中常以主動形式表示被動意義。例Your reason sounds reasonable. （五）非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 。1. 在need，want，require, hear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞

12、不定式的被動形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.這房子需要修理。2. 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading.（The picture-book is very worthy to be read.）3. 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構成主謂關系, 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例 I have a lot of things to d

13、o this afternoon.（to do與things是動賓關系，與I是主謂關系。）試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。）4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結構中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This pr

14、oblem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5. 在too to結構中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應用主動形式表示被動意義。例This book is too expensive （for me）to buy.6. 在there be句型中，當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）7.

15、在be to do結構中的一些不定式通常應用主動表主動，被動表被動。然而，由于古英語的影響，下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? （六）介詞in, on, under等+名詞構成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當于該名詞相應動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. “under +名詞”結構，表示“某事在進行中”。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在

16、修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction（is being constructed）.2.“beyond+名詞”結構，“出乎勝過、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyond belief （令人難以置信）， beyond ones reach（鞭長莫及），beyond ones control（無法控制），beyond our hope. 我們的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）.3.“a

17、bove+名詞”結構，表示“（品質、行為、能力等） 超過、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.4.“for+名詞”結構，表示 “適于、 為著”。如：for sale（出售）, for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5.“in+名詞”結構 ，表示“在過程中或范圍內”常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight（在視野范圍內），等。例The

18、book is not yet in print.（=is not yet printed）6.“on+名詞”結構, 表示“在從事 中”。常見的有：on sale（出售），on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7.“out of+名詞”結構 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常見的有：out of control （控制不了），out of sight （超出視線之外），out of ones reach（夠不著）, out of fashion（不流

19、行）等。例 The plane was out of control （cant be controlled）. 。8.“within+名詞”結構，“在內、不超過”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission. （七）被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別當“be+過去分詞”作被動語態(tài)時表示主語承受的動作；作系表結構時表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)時，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：1. 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則為系表結構。例The glass is broken. （系表結構）

20、The glass was broken by the boy. （被動語態(tài)）2. 如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態(tài)。例The door is locked. （系表結構）The door has already/just been locked.（被動語態(tài)）3. 被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。例 The machine is being repaired. 【典型例題】1. 高考對謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查例析（1） In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk a

21、nd sugar. （NMET1993）A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served（2） This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.（NMET2002）A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing（3） Have you moved into the new house? Not yet, the rooms _. （NMET1991） A. are being

22、painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting（4）When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided（5）The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tick

23、ets _.（上海春2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked答案：BCADB 2. 高考對非謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查當非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為動作的承受者時, 須用被動式。弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的執(zhí)行與承受關系是掌握非謂語動詞語態(tài)的關鍵。（1）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET2002）A. to see B.

24、to be seenC. seeing D. seen（2）While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海1996）A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded（3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to

25、 be blamed D. should blame答案：BCA 練一練：1. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to2. What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky that it jus

26、t missed _. A. catching B. to be caughtC. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked5. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teaching答案：DCCDB 【模擬試題】1. If city n

27、oises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner.A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；haveC. do not keep；will have to D. do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developed B. have developedC. are being deve

28、loped D. will have been developed3. _ the sports meet might be put off.Yes，it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive toldC. Im told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and burned at su

29、ch a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a