《一些歐美歷史知識(shí)》PPT課件.ppt

1、第一次世界大戰(zhàn)百年回望2,費(fèi)凡 安城文化沙龍 2014-10-4,2,(兩次總）大綱,一戰(zhàn)的規(guī)模和死傷人數(shù) 一戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā) 一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)沒有根本原因；直接原因；關(guān)鍵人物：德皇威廉二世 一戰(zhàn)的總體走勢和重要事件 西線最初的進(jìn)攻和馬恩河戰(zhàn)役；坦能堡戰(zhàn)役；加里波利戰(zhàn)役；凡爾登戰(zhàn)役；索姆河戰(zhàn)役；日德蘭海戰(zhàn)；俄國十月革命；美國參戰(zhàn)；1918年西線最后的瘋狂 一戰(zhàn)后世界版圖的重劃 戰(zhàn)爭對于后方的影響：以英國和美國為例 英美影視和文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品中的一戰(zhàn) 小專題：一戰(zhàn)中的華工,3,Joseph Conrad said, “The belief in a supernatural source of evil is no

2、t necessary. Men alone are quite capable of every wickedness.”,4,一戰(zhàn)之后的歐洲版圖,“Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts,

3、 and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few. -James Madison,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國,普選權(quán) (suffrage) Representation of People Act of 1918, all men 21+, all women 30+. Representation of People Act of 1928, all women 21+. 愛爾蘭危機(jī) 乘人之危 Easter Rising of 1916 1918年征兵危機(jī)。愛爾蘭內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(19

4、19-21)。愛爾蘭獨(dú)立(1921)。 英國政治經(jīng)濟(jì)“現(xiàn)代化”改革在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間緩慢進(jìn)展 Parliament Act of 1911, Peoples Budget (1909/10), UK general election, 1945 Growth in public spending in health care and welfare spending in 1920s 兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間英國經(jīng)濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 英國經(jīng)濟(jì)在1920年代持續(xù)衰退，失業(yè)率高。原因傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力下降，除造船之外原因不詳。 作為債務(wù)國堅(jiān)持金本位，英鎊不貶值是大錯(cuò)誤。,7,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國Why did Brit

5、ish monarchy survive?,二十世紀(jì)初的王室并非現(xiàn)在一樣是花架子。 Edward VII 1903年出訪法國，徑自簽署Entente Cordiale，扭轉(zhuǎn)了英國的孤立。 George V 識(shí)時(shí)務(wù) 與德國劃清界限：House of Saxe-Coburg and GothaHouse of Windsor 與沙皇劃清界限：對尼古拉二世“愛莫能助” 做人民的國王：放下身段，探訪民間，握手拍照；注重文宣，滿足民眾的好奇心，直播廣播講話。 不干政。只是協(xié)調(diào)而不做決定，順應(yīng)House of Commons的要求。 2012 BBC documentary: King George an

6、d Queen Mary: Royals who Rescued the Monarchy. 偉大的國王George VI PR campaign continued in QEII. Royal Family (1969), Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work(2007), BBC programs 繼續(xù)勤跑基層，削減開支，作風(fēng)親民化。,12,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國Why did British monarchy survive?,13,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國文化遺產(chǎn)：經(jīng)典宣傳海報(bào),14,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國文化遺產(chǎn),一些宣傳海報(bào)成為永遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)典 11/11 Armistice D

7、ay/Remembrance Day 每人胸前帶罌粟花緬懷陣亡將士 為什么罌粟花成為了一戰(zhàn)甚至是老兵的象征？ 因?yàn)橐皇准幽么筌娽t(yī)寫的偉大詩篇,15,16,17,18,一戰(zhàn)前后的英國文化遺產(chǎn),宣傳海報(bào) 11/11 Armistice Day/Remembrance Day 罌粟花 John McCraes poem “In Flanders Fields” Puppy installation at the London Tower 愛國歌曲 Patriotic hymns I Vow To Thee My County 回環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)，地上的祖國，天上的祖國 Jerusalem,20,And did

8、 those feet in ancient timeWalk upon Englands mountains green:And was the holy Lamb of God,On Englands pleasant pastures seen!And did the Countenance Divine,Shine forth upon our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded here,Among these dark Satanic Mills?Bring me my Bow of burning gold;Bring me my Ar

9、rows of desire:Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold!Bring me my Chariot of fire!I will not cease from Mental Fight,Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand:Till we have built Jerusalem,In Englands green Bring me my Arrows of desire:Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold!Bring me my Chariot of fire!I will not c

10、ease from Mental Fight,Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand:Till we have built Jerusalem,In Englands green and presenters own calculation.,23,一戰(zhàn)前后的美國,所有戰(zhàn)爭的必然結(jié)果就是在后方(home front)都有對人民自由(civil liberty)的踐踏 對“敵方”和“少數(shù)”族裔的歧視：hamburger變身liberty sandwich 言論自由的收窄： Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in Schenck v. United

11、 States (1919): The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that the

12、y will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.,24,一戰(zhàn)前后的美國,一戰(zhàn)之后通過了憲法第十九修正案(1920)給予婦女普選權(quán) Text: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce

13、 this article by appropriate legislation。 Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony 簡單回顧美國普選的歷史，婦女平權(quán)法案,25,一戰(zhàn)前后的美國,一戰(zhàn)開始了聯(lián)邦政府膨脹和收入結(jié)構(gòu)的巨大改變 Ratchet theory 個(gè)人所得稅 1913 IRS (1918) 的建立。聯(lián)邦政府在二十世紀(jì)收入結(jié)構(gòu)的巨大變化 美國1920年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 和英國一樣實(shí)行l(wèi)aissez-faire的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 和英國沒有“新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)”不同，美國蓬勃發(fā)展。The Roaring twenties. 工業(yè)電氣化，汽車，鐵路公路，public uti

14、lity。 美國1920年代的繁榮是不是發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭財(cái)？我認(rèn)為不是的。,26,美國聯(lián)邦政府收入構(gòu)成歷史變化,27,美國聯(lián)邦個(gè)人所得稅的一些歷史變化,28,美國二十世紀(jì)政府支出,美國1920年代經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展,美國一戰(zhàn)紀(jì)念建筑Liberty Memorial, Kansas city, MO,32,美國一戰(zhàn)紀(jì)念建筑Liberty Memorial, Kansas city, MO,33,美國一戰(zhàn)紀(jì)念建筑Indianapolis War Memorial Plaza, Indianapolis, IN,34,美國一戰(zhàn)紀(jì)念建筑At Michigan & Michigan of the East,35,一戰(zhàn)

15、中的中國,段祺瑞政府幾經(jīng)折騰于1917.8對德宣戰(zhàn)。一戰(zhàn)中國未動(dòng)一兵一卒。 英國招募約十四萬華工在碼頭搬貨物，挖戰(zhàn)壕。約兩千人死去，多為戰(zhàn)后滯留期間染1918-19西班牙流感而死。 Chinese Labour Corps Cemeteries administered by CWGC. 四種墓碑： 勇往直前 A noble duty bravely done 鞠躬盡瘁 Faithful unto death 流芳百世 A good reputation endures forever 雖死猶生 Though dead he still liveth,36,在法國北部加來省的一戰(zhàn)華工墓地,一戰(zhàn)與文學(xué)藝術(shù) A writers war,39,一戰(zhàn)與文學(xué)藝術(shù) Movies,40,References,Besides what has been mentioned in notes and previous slides: The Great War: BBCs 26-episode documentary series from 1964 The Gre