Artemis月亮女神PPT課件

1、.,1,Artemis,091072 郭艷 李金瑩 吳蕓 091073 強(qiáng)梅娟 091082 易均平,.,2,Structure,Brief introduction Etymonogy Birth and childhood Myths and stories Image Worships Astronomy and computer,.,3,.,4,Introduction I,Artemis was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Some scholars believe that the n

2、ame, and indeed the goddess herself, was originally pre-Greek. Homer refers to her as The Mistress of Animals (Potnia Theron), Artemis of the Wilds. In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo.,.,5,Introducti

3、on II,She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity, fertility, young girls and disease in women and often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the an

4、cient role of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth. Artemis later became identified with Selene,a Titaness who was a Greek moon goddess, sometimes depicted with a crescent moon above her head. She was also identified with the Roman goddess Diana,with the Etruscan goddess Artume, and with the Greek or Car

5、ian goddess Hecate.,.,6,Etymonogy,A hypothesis connects Artemis to the Proto-Indo-European root meaning bear due to her cultic practices in Brauronia and the Neolithic remains at the Arkouditessa. The name could be related to artemes, safe, or artamos,a butcher. The earliest form of the name Artemis

6、 is the Mycenaean Greek a-ti-mi-te, written in Linear b syllabic script.,.,7,Birth of Artemis,Desipte various conflicting accounts given in Classical Greek mythology of the birth of Artemis, they all agree that she was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and that she was the twin sister of Apollo. An acco

7、unt by Callimachus has it that Hera forbade Leto to give birth on either terra firma or on an island. Hera was angry with Zeus, her husband, because he had impregnated Leto. But the island of Delos disobeyed Hera, and Leto gave birth there. The myths also differ as to whether Artemis was born first,

8、 or Apollo. Most stories depict Artemis as born first, becoming her mothers mid-wife upon the birth of her brother Apollo.,.,8,Childhood,The childhood of Artemis is not embodied in any surviving myth: the Iliad reduced the figure of the dread goddess to that of a girl, who, having been thrashed by H

9、era, climbs weeping into the lap of Zeus. A poem of Callimachus imagines some charming vignettes: at 3, Artemis asked her father, Zeus, to grant her six wishes. Her first wish was to remain chaste for eternity, and never to be confined by marriage. She then asked for lop-eared hounds, stags to lead

10、her chariot, and nymphs to be her hunting companion. Also, she asked for a silver bow like her brother Apollo. And his father granted her. All of her companions remained virgins and Artemis guarded her own chastity closely. Her symbol was the silver bow and arrow.,.,9,Myths-Artemis and Actaeon,She w

11、as once bathing in a vale on Mount Cithaeron, when the Theban prince and hunter Actaeon stumbled across her. One version of this story says that Actaeon hid in the bushes and spied on her as she continued to bathe; she was enraged to discover the spy and turned him into a stag which was pursued and

12、killed by his own hounds. Alternatively, another version states that Actaeon boasted that he was a better hunter than she and Artemis turned him into a stag and he was eaten by his hounds.,.,10,Interpretations of Actaeon,There are many different versions of what happened that day. Ovid says Actaeon

13、was unaware:,“And while Diana was being bathed, as she had been many times before, Actaeon, Cadmus grandson, came to the grotto uncertain of his way and wandering through the unfamiliar wood; so fate carried him along.” Ovid, Metamorphoses,Other versions paint Actaeon as a voyeur who deliberately sp

14、ied on the goddess. Different stories have different points about the wild, divine justice, or fate. Either way, Artemis, like nature, is dangerous and merciless.,.,11,Myths-Artemis and Adonis,In some versions of the story of Adonis, who was a late addition to Greek mythology during the Hellenistic

15、period, Artemis sent a wild boar to kill Adonis as punishment for his hubristic boast that he was a better hunter than she. In other versions, Artemis killed Adonis for revenge. In later myths, Adonis had been related as a favorite of Aphrodite, and Aphrodite was responsible for the death of Hippoly

16、tus, who had been a favorite of Artemis. Therefore, Artemis killed Adonis to avenge Hippolytuss death.,.,12,Myths-Orion,Orion was a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. In some versions of his story he was killed by Artemis, while in others he was killed by a scorpion sent by Gaia. In some vers

17、ions, Orion tried to seduce Opis,18 one of her followers, and she killed him. In a version by Aratus,19 Orion took hold of Artemis robe and she killed him in self-defense. In yet another version, Apollo sent the scorpion. According to Hyginus 20 Artemis once loved Orion (in spite of the late source,

18、 this version appears to be a rare remnant of her as the pre-Olympian goddess, who took consorts, as Eos did), but was tricked into killing him by her brother Apollo, who was protective of his sisters maidenhood.,.,13,Story-Trojan War,Artemis may have been represented as a supporter of Troy because

19、her brother Apollo was the patron god of the city and she herself was widely worshipped in western Anatolia in historical time. In the Iliad she came to blows with Hera, when the divine allies of the Greeks and Trojans engaged each other in conflict. Hera struck Artemis on the ears with her own quiv

20、er, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled crying to Zeus, Leto gathered up the bow and arrows which had fallen out of the quiver.,.,14,Story-Iphigenia and the Taurian Artemis,Artemis punished Agamemnon after he killed a sacred stag in a sacred grove and boasted that he was a better hunter.

21、 When the Greek fleet was preparing at Aulis to depart for Troy to begin the Trojan War, Artemis becalmed the winds. The seer Calchis advised Agamemnon that the only way to appease Artemis was to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia. Artemis then snatches Iphigenia from the altar and substitutes a deer.

22、,.,15,Story-Atalanta and Oeneus,Artemis saved the infant Atalanta from dying of exposure after her father abandoned her. She sent a female bear to suckle the baby, who was then raised by hunters. But she later sent a bear to hurt Atalanta because people said Atalanta was a better hunter. This is in

23、some stories. Among other adventures, Atalanta participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar, which Artemis had sent to destroy Calydon because King Oeneus had forgotten her at the harvest sacrifices. In the hunt, Atalanta drew the first blood, and was awarded the prize of the skin. She hung it i

24、n a sacred grove at Tegea as a dedication to Artemis.,.,16,The bear association is also present in the story of Callisto. Callisto was raped by Zeus, transformed into a bear, gave birth to a son Arcas. Eventually both were catasterized: transformed into constellations.,story-Callisto and Arcas,As wi

25、th Actaeon, many versions abound: Zeus, Hera, and Artemis are all credited with transforming and/or tormenting Callisto.,Ursa Major,Ursa Minor,.,17,They both use the bow, Artemis for hunting.,They are both “distant” deities; Artemis is virgin and unapproachable by humans; Apollo has many disastrous

26、liaisons with humans, but keeps his distance in other ways. Both are associated with sudden death: Apollo specifically with diseases and plague. Both can strike humans down unexpectedly.,story-The divine twins,.,18,The divine twins,Artemis and Apollo are twins, both children of Leto by Zeus. In a fa

27、miliar story, Leto fled to escape Heras wrath.,O blessed Leto, rejoice, for you gave birth to children of splendor, Lord Apollo and Artemis, showerer of arrows, her in Ortygia first, Apollo in rocky Delos. Homeric Hymn to Apollo,In some versions, Artemis helps her mother give birth to Apollo, reflec

28、ting her role as facilitator of (animal) fecundity.,.,19,The twins share many elements of their nature: sometimes they are shown sharing a home, or sitting next to each other at the banquets of the gods, or Artemis and the nymphs dance while Apollo and the Muses play music. Here they fight together

29、against the giants.,The divine twins,.,20,story-Niobe,Niobes story is another story of hubris and its comeupance. Niobe boasted that she was better than Leto since she had 14 children and Leto had only 2. Artemis and Apollo fixed that situation.,Niobe turned into a stone which still weeps . . .,.,21

30、,Later, Artemis and Apollo become associated with the moon and the sun, respectively.,Artemis also becomes associated with Hekate, a mysterious goddess with old Indo-European roots. Hekate eventually becomes the goddess of witchcraft, almost opposite to the chaste Artemis, but paradoxically an aspec

31、t of her the dark side.,story-Hekate,.,22,Images,Huntress Dancer Both destructive and nurturing Transitions of maidens,.,23,I sing about Artemis of the golden arrows, chaste virgin of the noisy hunt, who delights in her shafts and strikes down the stag, the very own sister of Apollo of the golden sw

32、ord. She ranges over shady hills and windy heights, rejoicing in the chase as she draws her bow, made all of silver, and shoots her shafts of woe. The peaks of the lofty mountains tremble, the dark woods echo terribly to the shrieks of wild beasts. But she with dauntless heart looks everywhere to wr

33、eak destruction on animals.,Huntress,.,24,dancer.,But when the huntress, who delights in her arrows, has had her fill of pleasure and cheered her heart, she unstrings her curved bow and makes her way to the great house of her dear brother, Phoebus Apollo, in the rich land of Delphi, where she superv

34、ises the lovely dances of the Muses and Graces. After she has hung up her unstrung bow and arrows, she takes first place and, exquisitely attired, leads the dance. And they join in a heavenly choir to sing how Leto of the beautiful ankles bore two children who are by far the best of the immortals in

35、 sagacious thought and action. Homeric Hymn to Artemis,.,25,“Zeus has made you a lion among women, and given you leave to kill any at your pleasure.” (Hera to Artemis, Homers Iliad) “Artemis, lovely Artemis, so kind to the ravening lions tender, helpless cubs, the suckling young of beasts that stalk

36、 the wilds.” (Chorus in Aeschylus, Agamemnon),Destructive and Nurturing,.,26,The combination of hunter and nurturer may seem strange but it makes sense in a hunter-gatherer context.,Hunter-gatherers are aware that they can only live by killing their fellow creatures, but they also have a big stake i

37、n maintaining the populations of the wild animals they hunt without them, they starve. In the agricultural society of historical Greece, hunting issues are less central to survival, but they are honored in the figure of Artemis.,Destructive and Nurturing,.,27,Artemis and the transitions of maidens,I

38、n Homers Odyssey, the marriageable girl Nausicaa is compared to Artemis: standing out above her companions, even more beautiful. Greek girls dedicated their dollies to Artemis when they were about to get married.,In Greek society, marriage was a womans most vital initiation, and Artemis was equally

39、their liminal deity.,.,28,Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron,Near Athens, the sanctuary at Brauron was dedicated to another period of girls lives: the wildness of late childhood.,Aristocratic families brought their daughters here to serve the goddess as “Little Bears.” The Little Bears performed variou

40、s cult activities, among them a footrace in honor of the goddess.,.,29,Proud parents dedicated images of their daughters as Little Bears.,(Incidentally, girls also ran races elsewhere in Greece; here in honor of Hera at Sparta.),.,30,The hymn shows some of the associations of Artemis:,virginity the hunt and destruction of animals the bow, arrows, = distance, mercilessness mountains, winds, wilderness silver her twin Apollo dancing and singing a group of maidens, either her hunting companions or her dancing companions,.,31,Artemis other range of powers is hinted at by her cult statue a