大學(xué)藝術(shù)英語(yǔ)Unit 7VIP

Unit7

Cultural-historicalContextofworksofArtLeading-inPart1n.人類(lèi)學(xué)家CultureandDesignThefamousBritishanthropologist

EdwardBurnettTylorbelievesthatcultureisthesumofvariouswaysandproductsofhumanactivities,includingthescopeofmaterialproduction,spiritualproductionandartisticproduction.CultureandDesignTherelationshipbetweendesignandculture:1.Culturedirectlyinfluencesdesign；2.Designinnovatesculture,anditisalsotheproductofnewculture.Sinceitsinceptionin1851,theWorld'sFair[Expo],asaformofcriticism,hasgreatlyinfluencedandpromotedthemoderndesignmovement.Infact,theinternationalfairitselfisapartofmoderndesign.CultureandDesignTheFamousWorldExpositionGreatExhibitionoftheWorksofIndustryofallNationsIn1851,inordertoshowofftheprogressofBritishindustry,inanattempttoimprovethepublic’sbeautytasteandinordertostoptheimitativeoftheoldstyle,themostfamousdesignexhibitionofthe19thcenturywasheldbyQueenVictoriaandherhusbandinHydePark,London,England-theCrystalPalaceExposition.Theexhibitionhallisallmadeofsteelandglassstructure,knownasthe“CrystalPalace”,alsoknownasthe“glassark”.Theshapeisasimplesteppedcuboid,andthereisaverticalvault,noredundantdecoration,andfullyreflectsthemechanical

instinctofindustrialproduction.TheFamousWorldExpositionWhenwillExpo2010beheldinShanghai?ShanghaiExpoKnowledgeContest1.WhatisthethemeoftheExpo？BetterCity,BetterLife.2.WhatisthemascotofExpo2010Shanghai?Haibao.3.WhatistheconceptoftheExpo?Understanding,Communication,GatheringandCooperation.4.ThefirstWorldExpowasheldinwhichcityandinwhichyear?London,1851./?m?sk?t/WhenwillExpo2010beheldinShanghai?ShanghaiExpoKnowledgeContest5.WhendidtheChinesebegintoparticipateintheWorldExpo?The1851WorldExpoinLondon,England.6.HowmanyworldExposhasChineseparticipatedinsincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina?12.7.WhatisthedesignconceptoftheChinaPavilion?東方之冠，鼎盛中華，天下糧倉(cāng)，富庶百姓。ChinaisthefirstintheEast,andnowistheheydayofChina.Chinaistheworld’sgreatgranary,andtheChinesepeopleareveryrich.ShanghaiExpoKnowledgeContest1.WhywasShanghaiExpoheld?2.WhatisthesignificanceoftheShanghaiWorldExpotheme

BetterCity,BetterLife?3.WhatarethemainexhibitsoftheShanghaiWorldExpo?ShanghaiExpoKnowledgeContest1.WhywasShanghaiExpoheld?TheShanghaiWorldExpoisthefirstworld-classExpoheldbyChina.ItisanimportantplatformforChinatointegratewiththeworld.IthasenhancedChina’sinternationalimage.2.WhatisthesignificanceoftheShanghaiWorldExpothemeBetterCity,BetterLife?ThethemeshowsthattheWorldExpoisaplatformtocontributetothesustainabledevelopmentofcities,bydisplayingtheachievementsandconceptsofnewscienceandtechnology,newenvironmentalprotection,newcitiesandotheraspects,sharingtheexperienceandlessonsofcountriesaroundtheworld,seekingamorecoordinated,moreharmoniousandbetterdevelopmentpathforcities,aimingatthesustainabledevelopmentofmankind,andprovidingpossiblesolutionsfortheconstructionoffuturecities.3.WhatarethemainexhibitsoftheShanghaiWorldExpo?Accordingtothefourthemesof"cooperation,innovation,interactionandinclusiveness",theShanghaiExpohasbeendividedintofiveexhibitionareas,includingurbanbestpracticesandsustainableurbandevelopmentandsoon.這次課結(jié)束啦DesignandTraditionalCultureWhatisthenativecultureofChina?ItistheConfucianculture,andtheseculturesarevisuallyexpressedwithspecificthings,suchasChinesepainting,calligraphy,theBookofChanges,theology,theFiveElementsand

EightDiagramsandsoon.Folkpaper-cutting,claysculpture,wood-blockNewYearpictures,etc.ChineseredInkblackiChineseknotLeteverythingconnectfreely～DancingBeijingChinesesealBrainStormingPart2AppreciationandAnalysisofWorksGirlwithaPearlEarringTheMilkmaidTheProcuressJohannesVermeerJacobLawrenceDiscussionandHomework1.Whichaspectsareessentialtoengaginginartcriticism?2.Whyisitimportanttoknowthecultural-historicalcontextofaworkofartwhenappreciateit?3.Canhistoricalworksbeemployedtocreatworksthatreflectourowntimes?DiscussionandHomework1.Whichaspectsareessentialtoengaginginartcriticism?Whatisartcriticism？Artcriticismreferstothescientificanalysisandevaluationofartphenomenabyartcriticsonthebasisofartappreciation,usingcertaintheoreticalviewpointsandcriticalstandards.phenomenonDiscussionandHomework2.Whyisitimportanttoknowthecultural-historicalcontextofaworkofartwhenappreciateit?Thedevelopmentofanyartformhasitsinternallogicandhistoricalorigin.DiscussionandHomework3.Canhistoricalworksbeemployedtocreatworksthatreflectourowntimes?TextLearningPart3Cultural-historicalContextofWorksofArtWhileathoroughaesthetic

analysisofaworkofartwillrevealthenatureofitsformaland

expressivecontent,itdoesnotanswerthefollowingtypesofquestions.·Whenandwherewastheworkproduced?·Whocreatedtheworkofart,andwhatweretheartist'smotivations?·Howwastheworkcreatedandwhatwerethesourcesfortheartist'sparticularapproach？·Whatisthestyleoftheworkandhowdoesitrelatetotheworldofart?aestheticThebenefitsofconservationarebothfinancialandaesthetic.Thestudentsdebatedtheaestheticofthepoems.preservation,protection,orrestorationofthenaturalenvironmentandofwildlifepreservation,repair,andpreventionofdeteriorationofarchaeological,historical,andcuituralsitesandartefactspreventionofexcessiveorwastefuluseofaresourcerevealtomakesthknowntosb

揭示；顯示；透露Detailsofthemurderwererevealedbythelocalpaper.Itwasrevealedthatimportantevidencehadbeensuppressed.toshowsththatpreviouslycouldnotbeseen顯出；露出；展示Helaughed,revealingalineofwhiteteeth.

Thedooropenedtorevealacosylittleroom.Shecrouchedinthedark,toofrightenedtorevealherself.approachv.tocomeneartosb/sthindistanceortime

（在距離或時(shí)間上）靠近，接近Weheardthesoundofanapproachingcar/acarapproaching.Winterisapproaching.~sb(about/forsth)~sb(aboutdoingsth)tospeaktosbaboutsth,especiallytoaskthemforsthortooffertodosth

接洽；建議；要求Sheapproachedthebankforaloan.Wehavebeenapproachedbyanumberofcompaniesthatareinterestedinourproduct.approachn.~(tosth)awayofdealingwithsb/sth;awayofdoingorthinkingaboutsthsuchasaproblemoratask（待人接物或思考問(wèn)題的）方式，方法，態(tài)度Theschoolhasdecidedtoadoptadifferentapproachtodiscipline.movementnearertosb/sthindistanceortime（距離和時(shí)間上的）靠近，接近Shehadn'theardhisapproachandjumpedasthedooropened.theapproachofspringapath,road,etc.thatleadstoaplace通路；路徑；道路anewapproachroadtotheportTheanswerstothesequestionsprovideinsightsintoaworkofartthatenableamore

comprehensiveresponsetothework.Withoutsuchinformationaninformedunderstandingof

itscontent,itsiconography,andagenuineappreciationforitsrelativesignificancearenot

possible.Theselattercategoriesareessential

toengaginginartcriticism.Todemonstratehow

thetypesofquestionscitedabovemightbeaddressed,twogenreworksthatreflectthelife

experiencesoftheircreatorswillbedescribed.genuinereal;exactlywhatitappearstobe;notartificial真的；名副其實(shí)的IsthepaintingagenuinePicasso?Fakedesignerwatchesaresoldatafractionofthepriceofthegenuinearticle.sincereandhonest;thatcanbetrusted真誠(chéng)的；誠(chéng)實(shí)的；可信賴的Hemadeagenuineattempttoimproveconditions.一小部分latterthelatterthesecondoftwothings,peopleorgroupsthathavejustbeenmentioned,orthelastinalist

（剛提及的兩者中）后者；（系列中）最后一位，末位Hepresentedtwosolutions.Thelatterseemsmuchbetter.Thetownhasaconcerthallandtwotheatres.Thelatterwerebothbuiltinthe1950s.Hetrackeddownhiscousinanduncle.Thelatterwassick.engage(formal)tosucceedinattractingandkeepingsb’sattentionandinterest

吸引?。ㄗ⒁饬Α⑴d趣）Itisamoviethatengagesboththemindandtheeye.~sb(assth)(formal)toemploysbtodoaparticularjob

雇用；聘用Heiscurrentlyengagedasaconsultant.~(withsth/sb)tobecomeinvolvedwithandtrytounderstandsth/sb與…建立密切關(guān)系；盡力理解Shehastheabilitytoengagewithyoungminds.JohannesVermeer(1632-1675)wasborninDelft.Notverymuchisknownaboutthis

extraordinaryDutchartist.Althoughitisbelievedthatsomeofhisworkswerelost,thereare

only35Vermeerpaintingsthathavebeendocumented.Ourexampledepictsawomanholdingaweighingscale.Thisisthesubjectofthework

butitsthemeismorecomplexandcanbeinferredbyidentifyingtheactualobjectsinthepainting

andhowthesefunctionedassymbolswithintheProtestant?andmerchantcenteredcultureof

17thcenturyHolland.extraordinaryunexpected,surprisingorstrange意想不到的；令人驚奇的；奇怪的SYNincredibleIt'sextraordinarythathemanagedtosleepthroughtheparty.notnormalorordinary;greaterorbetterthanusual不平常的；不一般的；非凡的；卓越的anextraordinaryachievement

Shewasatrulyextraordinarywoman.

Theywenttoextraordinarylengthstoexplaintheirbehaviour.documentn.anofficialpaperorbookthatgivesinformationaboutsth,orthatcanbeusedasevidenceorproofofsth文件；公文；文獻(xiàn)；證件legaldocumentstraveldocumentsCopiesoftherelevantdocumentsmustbefiledatcourt.Savethedocumentbeforeclosing.v.torecordthedetailsofsth記錄，記載（詳情）Causesofthediseasehavebeenwelldocumented.depictV.toshowanimageofsb/sthinapicture描繪；描畫(huà)Theartisthaddepictedherlyingonabed.

V.todescribesthinwords,orgiveanimpressionofsthinwordsorwithapicture描寫(xiě)；描述；刻畫(huà)ThenoveldepictsFrenchsocietyinthe1930s.Theadvertisementsdepictsmokingasglamorousandattractive.

adj.

迷人的，富有魅力的Protestantmerchantapersonwhobuysandsellsgoodsinlargequantities,especiallyonewhoimportsandexportsgoods商人；批發(fā)商；（尤指）進(jìn)出口批發(fā)商builders’merchants(=whosellsuppliestothebuildingtrade)acoal/winemerchantVenicewasonceacityofrichmerchants.(BrEinformaldisapproving)apersonwholikesaparticularactivity（某活動(dòng)的）愛(ài)好者；熱衷于…的人aspeedmerchant(=sbwholikestodrivefast)noisemerchants(=forexample,abandwhomakealotofnoise)Awomaninawhitefurtrimmeddarkbluejacketstandsalonebeforeatable,onwhich

canbeseenabluecloth,twostrandsofpearls,agoldchain,andseveralopenboxes.Sheappears

tobecontemplatingabalancingscalehelddelicatelyinherrighthand.Aframedpaintingof

TheLastJudgment(whichisabouttheweighingofsouls)isdepictedonthebackwall.Afaint,ethereallightfromahighwindowilluminatesthescene.詞匯積累：which從句：細(xì)節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)：Awomaninawhitefur

trimmeddarkbluejacketstandsalonebeforeatable,onwhich

canbeseenabluecloth,twostrandsofpearls,agoldchain,andseveralopenboxes.fur,trim,strand定語(yǔ)從句Awomaninawhitefurtrimmeddarkbluejacketstandsalonebeforeatable,onwhichcanbeseenabluecloth,twostrandsofpearls,agoldchain,andseveralopenboxes.1.主句是？2.主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是？3.從句是？4.先行詞是？這位女士身穿白色裘皮滾邊的深藍(lán)色外套，獨(dú)自站在桌邊。桌上鋪著藍(lán)色桌布，擺著兩串珍珠、一條金鏈子和幾個(gè)敞開(kāi)的盒子。定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯定語(yǔ)從句

翻譯aprettygirlafamouspoetachildadoptedaphysicianaliveaboystandingunderthetreetwowomenwaitingforyouakindofknowledgewhichcanenlightenthewholeworldabookwhichmayhelpyoupassthisexam一個(gè)漂亮的女孩一個(gè)著名的詩(shī)人一個(gè)收養(yǎng)的孩子一位活著的醫(yī)生一個(gè)站在樹(shù)下的男孩兩個(gè)等待你的女人一種可以啟迪整個(gè)世界的知識(shí)一本能夠幫助你通過(guò)考試的書(shū)前置定語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)中英文差異1：中文定語(yǔ)前置；英文定語(yǔ)單詞修飾前置，詞組和句子修飾后置。英文：Theteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookandadog.中文：老師帶著一本書(shū)和一條狗走進(jìn)了教室。老師帶著一本書(shū)，牽著一條狗走進(jìn)了教室。中英文差異2：英文:先重后輕中文:先輕后重老師走進(jìn)教室?guī)е槐緯?shū)和一條狗。?Practice1Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidenceonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidenceonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.假定；假設(shè)；認(rèn)為密切相關(guān)的，緊密的有，擁有總的來(lái)說(shuō)/總體而言，（我們）能得出這樣一種結(jié)論有一定程度的信心只有在能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)待測(cè)試的態(tài)度與其他孩子一致時(shí)，只有在……的情況下才能與他相比的只有在他沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿狈ο嚓P(guān)信息而受到懲罰時(shí)，他們所擁有的Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidenceonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，只有在可以假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與之相比的其他孩子一樣，且只有在這個(gè)孩子未因缺乏他們所擁有的相關(guān)信息而受到懲罰時(shí)，（我們）才能有一定程度的信心得出這樣的結(jié)論。Wemaybeenthralledbythesolidity,serenityandpeacefulnessofthisworkduetothe

geometryofitscomposition(rectilinearandtriangularshapes)anditssubtlecolorandvalue

contrasts.Althoughthismaybethenatureofthework'sexpressivecharacter,engaginginsome

researchaboutAWomanHoldingaBalancewillrevealthatitisalsoanallegoricalpainting.The“weighingofsouls”depictedinthepaintingbehindherisechoedinherownactionsand

whatisrepresentedonthetable.Beforeherareearthlytreasures(symbolizedbythejewelryon

thetable);behindheristhesymbolfortheeternalspiritualconsequencesforone'sactions.

Whilewaitingforthebalancetorestatequilibrium,thewomanacknowledgestheimportance

ofjudgmentsinweighingone'smortalactionsinanticipationoftheimmortallifetocome.enthralifsthenthralsyou,itissointeresting,beautiful,etc.thatyougiveitallyourattention

迷?。晃hechildwatched,enthralledbythebrightmovingimages.soliditythequalityorstateofbeingsolid固態(tài)；堅(jiān)固性；可靠性Herwritingshaveextraordinarydepthandsolidity.serenitythesatateofbeingcalm,peaceful,anduntroubled平靜，寧?kù)orectilinearinastraightline

直線的；筆直的rectilinearmotionrectilinearformsgeometrythebranchofmathematicsthatdealswiththemeasurementsandrelationshipsoflines,angles,surfacesandsolids幾何（學(xué)）themeasurementsandrelationshipsoflines,angles,etc.inaparticularobjectorshape

幾何形狀；幾何圖形；幾何結(jié)構(gòu)triangularshapedlikeatriangle三角的；三角形的involvingthreepeopleorgroups涉及三人的；三組的；三方面的triangularcontestinanelectionearthly(literary)connectedwithlifeonearthandnotwithanyspirituallife

人間的；塵世的；世俗的thesorrowsofthisearthlylife(oftenusedinquestionsandnegativesforemphasis常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣)

possible可能的There’snoearthlyreasonwhyyoushouldn’tgo.Whatearthlydifferenceismyopiniongoingtomake?Hedidn'thaveanearthlychanceofgettingthejob.equilibriumastateofbalance,especiallybetweenopposingforcesorinfluences平衡；均衡；均勢(shì)Thepointatwhichthesolidandtheliquidareinequilibriumiscalledthefreezingpoint.Wehaveachievedanequilibriumintheeconomy.acalmstateofmindandabalanceofemotions（心情、情緒）平靜，安寧；心理平衡Hesatdowntotryandrecoverhisequilibrium.acknowledgetoacceptthatsthistrue承認(rèn)（屬實(shí)）agenerallyacknowledgedfactIdidnotacknowledgethathehaddoneanythingwrong.~sb/sth(assth)toacceptthatsb/sthhasaparticularauthorityorstatusSYNrecognize承認(rèn)（權(quán)威、地位）Heiswidelyacknowledgedasthebestplayerintheworld.acknowledgetotellsbthatyouhavereceivedsththattheysenttoyou告知收悉Pleaseacknowledgereceiptofthisletter.

toshowthatyouhavenoticedsb/sthbysmiling,waving,etc.（微笑、揮手等）致意Iwasstandingrightnexttoher,butshedidn'tevenacknowledgeme.topubliclyexpressthanksforhelpyouhavebeengiven

（公開(kāi)）感謝Igratefullyacknowledgefinancialsupportfromseverallocalbusinesses.Thisworkwascreatedin17thcenturyHolland,oftendescribedasthe“goldenage”of

Dutchart.TheSpanishmonarchyandCatholicism

nolongerdominatedthecountryand

ceasedtobeadrainonthenation'swealth.Enterprisingmerchantswereengagedinworld

tradethattransformedHollandintoanextremelyprosperousnationwhereinwealthwasmorewidelydistributedthaninanyotherEuropeancountry.

Artistsalsoprosperedandavastnumber

ofpaintingswerecreatedandpurchasedthatillustratedthedailylifeofapeoplewhoputgreat

valueonlivingaproductiveandmorallife,andwhotookgreatprideinmaintaininganeatand

attractivehome.Thesedomesticscenesareknowntodayasgenrepaintings.cease

tostophappeningorexisting;tostopsthfromhappeningorexisting（使）停止，終止，結(jié)束Youneverceasetoamazeme!ThecompanyceasedtradinginJune.apipethatcarriesawaydirtywaterorotherliquidwaste下水道；排水管a~onsb/sthathingthatusesalotofthetime,money,etc.thatcouldbeusedforsthelse消耗；耗竭；耗費(fèi)Militaryspendingisahugedrainonthecountry’sresources.drainwhereinadv.conj.inwhichplace,situationorthing;inwhatway其中；在那里；在那種情況下；以什么方式Whereinliesthedifferencebetweenconservatismandliberalism?Enterprisingmerchantswereengagedinworld

tradethattransformedHollandintoanextremelyprosperousnationwhereinwealthwasmore

widelydistributedthaninanyotherEuropeancountry.詞匯積累：enterprise,merchant,engage,transform,exremely,prosperous,distributethat從句：細(xì)節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)：定語(yǔ)從句原文：Enterprisingmerchantswereengagedinworld

tradethattransformedHollandintoanextremelyprosperousnationwhereinwealthwasmore

widelydistributedthaninanyotherEuropeancountry.譯文：有開(kāi)創(chuàng)精神的商人們忙著進(jìn)行世界貿(mào)易，這一切將荷蘭變成了一個(gè)及其富裕的國(guó)家。在這個(gè)國(guó)家，財(cái)富的分配要比別的歐洲國(guó)家更為廣泛。Artistsalsoprosperedandavastnumber

ofpaintingswerecreatedandpurchasedthatillustratedthedailylifeofapeoplewhoputgreat

valueonlivingaproductiveandmorallife,andwhotookgreatprideinmaintaininganeatand

attractivehome.詞匯積累：prosper,vast,purchase,illustrate,productive,moral,maintain從句：細(xì)節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)：thatwhowho定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句原文：Artistsalsoprosperedandavastnumber

ofpaintingswerecreatedandpurchasedthatillustratedthedailylifeofapeoplewhoputgreat

valueonlivingaproductiveandmorallife,andwhotookgreatprideinmaintaininganeatand

attractivehome.譯文：藝術(shù)家們同樣也在蓬勃發(fā)展，他們創(chuàng)作了大量展現(xiàn)荷蘭人民日常生活的繪畫(huà)作品進(jìn)行售賣(mài)，這些作品也展現(xiàn)出他們對(duì)于勤勞致富、高尚道德生活的重視，以及對(duì)于保持整潔迷人的居家環(huán)境的自豪感。OurotherexampleisbytheacclaimedAmericanartist,.JacobLawrencet,notedforhis

depictionofboththehistoryandeverydaylifeexperiencesofhisfellowAfrican

Americans.AsintheVermeer,rectilincarandtriangularshapesappeartobedominantinthiswork.Amuseularmalefigureisworkingwithachiselonasmallpieceofwood;agreatvarietyof

carpenter’stoolsaredepicted.Themountainshapeinthebackground(anallusiontoMount

RainiernearSeattle'sUniversityofWashington,whereLawrencewasaprofessorofart)seems

toechothemonumentalfigureofthewoodworkerintheforeground.Althoughtheshapesare

similartotheVermeer,colorsarebrighter,valuecontrastsaremuchstronger,andobjectsarerenderedlessrealistically.Theexpressiveconsequencesofthesepropertiesresultinadynamic

tributetotheimportanceofthisworker'stask.Butwhatweretheforcesbehindthiswork?Why

doesitlookthisway?museularmuscle肌肉connectedwiththemuscles

肌肉的amuscularbody/build/chestHewastall,leanandmuscular.chiselatoolwithasharpflatedgeattheend,usedforshapingwood,stoneormetal鑿子allusion~(tosb/sth)somethingthatissaidorwrittenthatreferstoormentionsanotherpersonorsubjectinanindirectway(=alludestoit)間接提到；暗指；影射；典故Herpoetryisfullofobscureliteraryallusion.monumentalveryimportantandhavingagreatinfluence,especiallyastheresultofyearsofwork

重要的；意義深遠(yuǎn)的；不朽的SYNhistoricverylarge,good,bad,stupid,etc.

非常大（或好、壞、蠢等）的SYNmajorabookofmonumentalsignificance

foregroundthepartofaview,picture,etc.thatisnearesttoyouwhenyoulookatit（景物、圖畫(huà)等的）前景Thefigureintheforegroundistheartist'smother.[sing.]animportantpositionthatisnoticedbypeople

矚目地位；重要位置Inflationandinterestrateswillbeverymuchintheforegroundoftheirelectioncampaign.tribute[UC]~(tosb)anact,astatementoragiftthatisintendedtoshowyourrespectoradmiration,especiallyforadeadperson（尤指對(duì)死者的）致敬，頌詞；悼念；致哀；吊唁禮物Atherfuneralheroldestfriendpaidtributetoherlifeandwork.Thisbookisafittingtributetothebraveryofthepioneers.

[sing.]~tosth/sbshowingthegoodeffectsorinfluenceofsth/sb（良好效果或影響的）體現(xiàn)，顯示Hisrecoveryisatributetothedoctors'skill.[UC](especiallyinthepast)moneygivenbyonecountryorrulertoanother,especiallyinreturnforprotectionorfornotbeingattacked（尤指舊時(shí)一國(guó)向他國(guó)交納的）貢品，貢金JacobLawrencewasborninAtlanticCity,NewJerseyonSeptember7th,1917.Whenhe

wasthirteenhisfamilymovedtoNewYorkCity.Jacobwasenrolledinanafter-schoolartsand

craftsprogramwherehebegantoshowanobvioustalent,whichwasnurturedfurtheratthe

HarlemCommunityArtCenter.LivinginNewYorkofferedmanyopportunitiesforexposureto

veryimportanthistoricalandcontemporaryartists.TherangeofartworksandtheircreatorsthatapparentlyinspiredLawrenceincludes:genre

paintingsbythegreatFlemishmaster,PieterBruegheltheElders(1525?-1569);works

depictingthehorrorsofwarandpovertybytheGermanexpressionist,KatheKollwitz(1867-1945),paintingsthatexalttheeffortsofworkersbytheMexicanmuralistDiegoRivera(1906-1987);andtheflat,brightlycoloredcompositionsoftheAmericanabstractionist.ArthurDove(1880-1946).Suchsourcescoupledwithlivinginaplacewherethebeatofthe

JazzAgewasallpervasiveresultedinLawrencedevelopinghisownuniguestyle.Hisworks

employacompositionallanguagethatcombinesaspectsofcubism,strong,flatcolors,anda

flairfordraftsmanship,characterizationandnarration.Builders#1reflectstheseattributes.Itis

fromhismost

successfulseriesofgenrepaintings.Canhistoricalworksbeemployedtocreateworksthatreflectourowntimes?

Culturalandhistoricalcontextsalsocomeintoplaywhenoneconsidersmoredirect

influencesofthepastuponthepresent.Somecontemporaryartistsemployacknowledged

master

worksasthesubjectoftheirworks.Modificationsaremadethatchangethethemeofa

givenwork,whichmakestheworkmorerelevanttocontemporaryissuesandvalues.An

exampleofthisprocesswheretheoldisthesourceofinspirationforthenewisavery

popular18thcenturyportraitofayoungman,oftenreferredtoastheBlueBoy.TheBoyinBlueIn1770,GainsboroughlearnedthatReynoldswaslecturingattheAcademyandwarnedstudentsthatblue,asacoolcolor,shouldnotbeusedasthemainthemeinpaintings.Hedeliberatelycreatedapaintingwithblueasthemaintoneof"Blueclothesboy".Thisnewanduniquebluetonenotonlydoesno