考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷617

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷617

一、閱讀（補(bǔ)全短文）（本題共20題，每題7.0分，共

20分。）

[A]Oneofthereasonsmakingaircleanercanhavesoimmediateaneffectisthatevena

littledirtcandoalotofdamage.Areductionofjust10micrograinsofpollutionpercubic

meterofair—adegreeofimprovementmanyofthesurveyedcitieswereabletoattain

duringthetwo-decade-plusperiod-couldextendhumanlife-spansafullninemonths.

Howsmallis10microgramspercubicmeter?Considerthatsimplybylivingwitha

cigarettesmoker,you'reexposedtoadailydoseof20to30.[B]Aswithsomanyother

things,PresidentBarackObama'scomingintopowerhaspeoplehopingthatthesekinds

ofquestionswillbemoreaggressivelyaddressedthantheywereoverthepasteightyears.

Evenduringthemostheateddaysofthefallcampaign,neithercandidatewentsofarasto

promiselongerlifeinexchangeforavote.Butasmartenvironmentalpolicycould

deliverjustthat.|C]Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhoseskies

weren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.Thosethatbeganwiththeverylowestlevelsstillsaw

healthbenefitsfromsmallimprovements.Theevidenceisn'tyettheretodetermine

whetherthosebenefitswouldcontinuegrowinguntilthefine-particlepollutiongotdown

tozero;oneofthecitiesclosesttothat,Albuquerque,NewMexico,stillhoversaround5

microgramspercubicmeter.Butatthispoint,itdocsiftseemthatthebenefitsdecrease.

"Ifitcontinuestofollowwhatwe'veobserved,itappearsthattherearehealthbenefits

downtoverylowlevelsofexposure,"saysDr.Pope,thestudy'sleadauthor.|D|Nobody

pretendsthatpollutedairisn'tterribleforyourhealth.Cleanuptheskiesoveranydirty

city,andthepeoplewholivetherewillallbutcertainlybecomehealthier.That,atleast,

hasbeenpopularwisdom,butuntilnow,noonehadeverputittoastatisticaltest.Now

someonehas,andtheresultsarestriking:accordingtoastudyjustpublished,whenlocal

governmentsdecidetoremovethesmog,localresidentsactuallyliveanaverageoffive

monthslonger.[E]Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,forexample,isonecityinthesurveythat

wasatthe30-microgramlevelbeforethedeclineofthesteelindustryinthe1980sdrove

thedirtoutoftheskies-evenasitdrovejobsoutoftown.Pittsburghwasoneofthe

biggestwinnersinthenewstudy,withresidentsgainingroughly10monthsinlife

expectancyoverwhattheyhadwhenthemillswerestillchurning.[F]Thenextstepfor

bothresearchersandpolicymakersisdeterminingwhichsourcesofdirt-powerplants,

motorvehicles,otherindustrialpolluters—makethebiggestcontributionstoparticle

levelsandthusshouldbemostaggressivelytargeted."Inadifficulteconomicsituation,"

asksDr.DouglasDockery,"wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwouldhavethemost

benefit?1*|G）Inordertoreachsopreciseafinding,thestudy'sauthorshadtodosome

exhaustivenumber-crunching,surveyingpollutionralesandlongevityin51citiesacross

theU.S.overa21-yearperiodfrom1979to2000.Overall,theyfoundthatlifespaninall

oftheareasincreasedbyanaverageofnearlythreeyears—from74to77-asaresultof

ahostoffactors,mostnotablyreducedsmokingandimprovedincome.But15%ofthe

changewasattributabletocleanerair.

D—*1.2.一?3.—?4.t5?—*B

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：D為首段，其末句引用了一個(gè)study得出的結(jié)果，可推測(cè)后一段應(yīng)該

會(huì)詳細(xì)介紹該研究，比如方法、過程和結(jié)果等。G恰恰給出了該項(xiàng)研究的相關(guān)信息

和數(shù)據(jù)，并且G首句中的sopreciseafinding和前文中具體的數(shù)字(anaverageoffive

months)對(duì)應(yīng)，因此G應(yīng)緊跟在D之后。

2、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)英語文章慣用的“話題——分析問題一解決問題”結(jié)構(gòu)，在前兩

段提出問題或現(xiàn)象之后，接下來的段落應(yīng)該要開始分析該問題了。A首句提到了

“改善空氣質(zhì)量之所以能產(chǎn)生如此立竿見影的效果(soimmediateaneffect),其原因

之一……”，可見該段開始分析問題的原因了。A很好地銜接了前段的邏輯關(guān)系，

故本題答案選A。

3、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)腦析：E和C都以城市的情況舉例，說明凈化空氣對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生的有益影

響。而E的首句恰好談到“參與調(diào)查的匹茲堡曾經(jīng)空氣中的污染物含量為30微克/

立方米(atthe30-microgramlevel)”，這正好銜接了A最后一句提到的you're

exposedtoadailydoseof20to30,即：上段提到減少10毫克/立方米如此小的

量，就有延長(zhǎng)9個(gè)月壽命之效，末句講到可以想象一下減少20-30毫克/立方米的

量會(huì)有多好的延壽效果；E緊接著結(jié)合與上述污染程度相當(dāng)?shù)钠テ澅じ纳瓶諝夂蟮?/p>

效果，對(duì)上段觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明。可見E應(yīng)緊接在A之后。

4、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：從C的首句Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhose

skiesweren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，該段是對(duì)上文例證的進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充，

結(jié)合另一類城市的情況，說明就算城鎮(zhèn)空氣中的污染物含量非常低，空氣質(zhì)量的小

小改善同樣會(huì)給人們帶來健康紅利。而且，與匹茲堡相比，C所講的阿爾伯克基市

本來的空氣就比較干凈，故C首句說的ihaldirty即回指上段中講述的像匹茲堡那

樣的城市，因此C緊跟E之后，銜接緊密，邏輯合理。

5、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：文章末段B中提到人們希望新政策能解決thesekindsofquestions,可

見前一段應(yīng)提出了具體待解決的問題。F首句指出研究人員和決策者下一步要做的

就是共同決定哪種污染源是最大的元兇(wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwould

havethemostbenefit?),這就是具體要做的事情，要解決的問題。故F應(yīng)為B的前

一段。

[A]TheresearchwasbasedonresponsestotheEnglishLongitudinalStudyofAging

(Elsa)一whichgathersdatafromarepresentativesampleofmenandwomenaged50and

over—in2008/9and2010/11.[B]Thereportsaysthatalcoholconsumptionisgrowing

amongolderpeopleinEngland.Bycontrast,theproportionofBritishadultssayingthey

donotdrinkandtheproportionwhosaytheybinge-drankhavebothfallen.[C]Alcohol

Concern'schiefexecutiveJackieBallardsaid:"Harmfuldrinkingisarealissuefbr

middle-agedandolderpeople,manyofwhomareregularlydrinkingaboverecommended

limits,oftenintheirownhomes.Thesearethepeoplewho,iftheydevelopalcohol

relatedillnesses,tendtorequirethemostcomplexandexpensivehealthcareduetothe

mentalandphysicalproblemscausedbydrinkingtoomuch.Unlesssocietystartstotake

thisseriouslyandacknowledgesthehealthproblemsandthecosttosocietywhichtoo

muchalcoholcancause,thesituationwillonlygetworse."[D|AgeUK'schief

economist,ProfessorJoseIparraguiiTe,authoroftheresearch,publishedinonlinejournal

BMJOpen,writes:"Ourfindingssuggestthatharmfuldrinkinginlaterlifeismore

prevalentamongpeoplewhoexhibitalifestyleassociatedwithaffluenceandwitha

'successful'ageingprocess.Harmfuldrinkingmaythenbeahiddenhealthandsocial

probleminotherwisesuccessfulolderpeople.Consequently,andbasedonourresults,we

recommendtheexplicitincorporationofalcoholdrinkinglevelsandpatternsintothe

successfulageingparadigm."|E|Incomewasalsoassociatedwithhigherrisk,butonly

forwomen.Neitherbeingdepressedorlonelywerelinkedtoincreasedriskofharmful

drinking,althoughbeingsingle,separatedordivorcedwas,althoughonlyformen.

Analysisoftheresponsesshowedthattheriskofharmfuldrinkingpeakedformenin

theirearly60sandthengraduallytailedoff,whereasforwomenriskydrinkingfellas

theyaged.Iparraguirresuggestedthatthecurrentgroupofover50smaybecarryingon

levelsofhigherconsumption,developedintheiryoungeryears,intolaterlife.[F]People

over50whoarchealthy,active,sociableandhighlyeducatedarcatmoreriskofharmful

drinkingthantheirlesswell-offpeers,accordingtoresearch.Astudyofmorethan9,000

peoplehasconcludedthatdrinkingamongtheover-50sisahidden"middleclass1'

phenomenon,whichshouldbetargetedwithexplicitage-specificguidelineson

consumption.[G]Iparraguirrefoundthatreportingbetterhealthandhighereducational

attainmentwerepositivelyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofharmfuldrinking.

"Becausethisgroupistypicallyhealthierthanotherpartsoftheolderpopulation,they

mightnotrealisethatwhattheyarcdoingisputtingtheirhealthindanger,"hesaid.[H]

Thestudyusednationalguidanceondrinking,whichsaysthatconsumptionof22unitsor

overformen,or15unitsoroverfbrwomen,carries"increasingrisk"or,ifover50or35

unitsrespectively,"higherrisk".TheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatristshaspreviouslysaid

thatthereshouldbeaseparaterecommendedsafedrinkinglimitforover-65sof1.5units

ofalcoholaday.

FIT|1.II匚HZT「IT「]fLA]-「|

6、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題是文章最后一段。C提出飲酒過量對(duì)老年人群的危害，并呼吁社

會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)問題給予足夠重視。在分析問題后提出呼吁，是比較常見的文章結(jié)尾的寫

法。C在前文分析的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步指出了前文所述問題的危害性，并以此呼吁社

會(huì)重視這個(gè)問題，作為結(jié)尾很恰當(dāng)。再者，C提到的recommendedlimits剛好可以

對(duì)應(yīng)H的recommendedsafedrinkinglimit。故確定本題選Co

[A]Peoplewhodeceivethemselvesalsotendtobehappierthanpeoplewhodonot.

Therearesocialprofits,too:Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewholiefrequentlyare

viewedasfriendlierandmoreamiablethantheirmoretruthfulcounterparts.Still,lyingis

generallyregardedasimmoralandunpleasant."Noonelikesbeingliedto,"saysformer

FBIagentandlyingexpertJoeNavarro."Wefeelbetrayed.Whenisitthattheyare

tellingthetruth?"Andpeopledoreallywanttoknowthetruth.AnewFoxdrama,Lieto

Me,whichfeaturesasteelyBritishdeceptionexpert,hasbecomeoneofthemostpopular

showsontelevision.[B]Ithasneverbeeneasyforpeopletosortoutfactfromfiction.

Studieshaveshownthatpeoplecanidentifyliesonlyabout50percentofthetime,or

aboutthesameaschance.Tobesure,researchershavebeenabletofigureoutsomeclues

touncoverdeception.Whenpeopletellasignificantlie,forinstance,theytypically

gesturelessandtheirarmsmayappearstiff.Peopletellingliesalsomighthavedilated

pupilsbecausetheyfeelnervousaboutspinninganuntruth.|C]Researchershavebeen

studyingdeceptionfordecades,figuringoutwetellliesforallsortsofreasons.Wemight

wanttogainaraiseorareward,forexample,ortoprotectfriendsoralover.Such

constantliesmightbeanecessarysocialevil,andresearchershaverecentlydiscovered

thatsomesmallunimportantliesmightactuallybegoodforyou."Weuseliestogrease

thewheelsofsocialdiscourse,"sayspsychologistRobertFeldman."It'ssociallyusefulto

telllies."[D]Don'tfeelbad.You'reingood,dishonestcompany.Aresearchshowsthat

peoplelieconstantly,thatdeceptionisexistingeverywhereineverydaylife.Onestudy

foundthatpeopletelltwotothreeliesevery10minutes,andevenconservativeestimates

indicatethatwelieatleastonceaday.Ourcapacityfordeceitappearsnearlyendless,

fromaddinguntruedetailstostoriestowearingfakeeyelashestoasking"Howareyou?"

whenwedon'tactuallycare.Weevenlietoourselvesabouthowmuchfoodweeatand

howoftenwcvisitthegym,butwhydowcspinfactsandmakeupfictions?[E]Small

decorationscanhavepositivepsychologicaleffects,expertssay.Researchersfoundthat

collegestudentswhoexaggeratedtheirGPAininterviewslatershowedimprovementin

theirgrades.Theirfiction,inotherwords,becameself-fulfilling.MExaggeratorstendto

bemoreconfidentandhavehighergoalsforachievement,"explainsRichardGramzow,a

psychologistattheUniversityofSouthampton."Positivebiasesabouttheselfcanbe

beneficial."[F]Admitit:You'velied.Youtoldafriendthathisshirtlookedstylishwhen

youactuallythoughtitwasshabby.Ormaybeyousaidtoyourbossthatherpresentations

werefascinatingwheninfacttheyweremindless.Orperhapsyoutoldyourlandlordthat

therentcheckwasinthemail.|G]Evenwiththesefindings,there'snosurefirewayto

catchaliar.Butsomeonewithaknowntrackrecordoflyingislikelytopayaprice.

"Liesaddup,"saysFeldman."Themoreyouknowthatsomeoneisnottellingyouthe

truth,thelesstrustworthytheyare.They'rejusttellingyoustuffyouwanttohear,and

youwon'tlistentothemanymore."

1.—?^2.-3.—E—4.—?15.一]一|GI

11、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)之解析：本題為文章首段，通常起到引題的作用。A首句的also說明會(huì)有上文

與之銜接，故排除。B講到研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些能夠幫助識(shí)別謊言的線索。注意，G開

頭的Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar暗示上文提到了有關(guān)判斷一個(gè)人是否

說謊的方法，而各段中只有B涉及到這樣的方法，B應(yīng)該很靠近G,故排除B。D

開頭便說“不要感到難過，你身邊有很多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人“，暗示上文會(huì)提到一個(gè)負(fù)面的

現(xiàn)象(會(huì)讓你感到難過)，故不能為文章首段。D木尾提出疑問(whydowe

spin...fictions?),[ftC是對(duì)這個(gè)問題的解答(…wetellliesforallsortsof

reasons),可見C應(yīng)在D的后面，C也不能為首段。由此，初步圈定F為答案。F

通過舉例說明一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：說謊充斥著我們的口常生活，并由此現(xiàn)象引題，符合文章

首段的行文特征。故確定答案為F。

12、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題在F之后。F開篇引題，指出說謊是一種普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。A開

頭談到了謊言的積極影響，且首句的also提示上文亦同樣會(huì)提到這一點(diǎn)，但F沒

有提到相關(guān)信息，故排除A。B談?wù)撊绾伪鎰e謊言(somecluestouncover

deception),同樣提到這個(gè)話題的是G(nosurefirewaytocatchaliar),囚此B應(yīng)該靠

近G,位于文章靠后的位置，故排除B。C談到了人們?nèi)鲋e的各種原因，而D在段

末提出疑問：人們?yōu)槭裁匆分e?可以看出，D應(yīng)該會(huì)在C之前，故排除C。D承

接F舉出的例子，引用研究來證實(shí)人們經(jīng)常撒謊這個(gè)現(xiàn)象，其開頭的Don'tfecl

bad即承接上文“你”說謊的例子，開始進(jìn)一步的討論。D跟F聯(lián)系緊密，語義連

貫。故本題選D。

13、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題在D之后.C開頭提到人們說謊的各種原因.能回答D末尾處

的疑問，兩段構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，過渡連貫自然，故選C。

14、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題在E之后。E提到了小謊可以帶來積極的心理效果：自我實(shí)現(xiàn)、

更自信、設(shè)立更高目標(biāo)。而A開頭便提到自我欺騙的人會(huì)更幸福、更友好和善，

這同樣是謊言的積極效用，兩段邏輯聯(lián)系緊密。而且，A首句的also說明A應(yīng)在

E之后。故本題選A。

15、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題在A之后、G之前。A談到盡管撒謊有著積極效用，但人們還

是不喜歡被騙，并借一位測(cè)謊專家的話提出疑問：人們什么時(shí)候才會(huì)說真話呢?而

B講到一些辨別謊言的線索(人的姿勢(shì)與瞳孔)，可視為對(duì)這個(gè)問題的反向回答。

A、B兩段語義銜接。此外，本段在G之前，可通過G的內(nèi)容反向推斷。G的首句

Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar說明G的前一段應(yīng)該會(huì)提到一些辨別謊言

的方法，B滿足這個(gè)要求。綜上所述，確定B為答案。

[A]Excesssupplyhasforcedthepricesofsolarpanelsdownbymorethan40%thisyear.

InAsiafactoriesthatrecentlycroppeduparerunningat40%ofcapacity,withahuge

shakeoutexpected.ButJapanesemakersareprotectedbecausetheycanmanufacture

cellslessexpensivelythanEuropeanfirmsandhavebettertechnologythanChineseones.

Theyarealsoshelterediniheirhomemarket,wherecustomerspreferdomesticproducts.

[B]Factorieshavemushroomedallovertheworldinrecentyears,ontheassumptionthat

subsidiesandloansforsolarpowerwouldcontinuetogrow,alongwiththeworld

economy.Chinesemanufacturers*sharegrewsixfoldinthepastfouryears,capturing

morethanone-thirdoftheglobalmarket.ThispromptedfearsthatJapan'sstrengthin

solarwouldgothewayofcomputerchipsandtelevisionscreens,inwhichJapanesefirms

havelosttheirdominanceoverrivalsfromelsewhereinAsia.[C]Additionally,Japanese

companiesarefollowingsomeAmericanandEuropeanrivalsintoelectricitygeneration.

Sharp,forexample,isnegotiatingadealwithEnel,Italy'sbiggestpowercompany,under

whichitwillbuildsolarpanelsforuseinEnel'ssolar-powerplants.Enelwillhelpto

financethepanelfactoryandSharpwilltakeastakeintheplants.InMarchMitsubishi,a

largetradingcompany,acquired34%ofAmperCentralSolar,apowerplantinPortugal.

|D]loavoidthisfate,Japanesefirmshaveconcentratedonimprovingtheirtechnology

andadjustingtheirbusinessmodels.Theyhavethemostsophisticatedkit,respected

brandsandhealthybalancesheets.Allthisshouldsparethemtheworstamidthepresent

solaroversupply.Theentireindustry'ssalesareexpectedtobebelow7,000megawatts

thisyear.Thatisroughlyhalfofitscapacity.Theeconomiccrisishasledtothe

cancellationofmanybigprojects,andsubsidiesforsolarpowerinGermanyandSpain

arebeingreduced.[E]ManyJapanesesolarfirmsareinfactexpanding.Thecountry's

fourbiggestpowercompaniesarcinvestingbillionsofdollarstodoubletheirproduction,

atleast,overthenextthreeyears.Theyexpectanincreaseindemandowingtogrowing

subsidieslorrenewableenergyinAmericaandJapan.TheJapanesegovernment

reintroducedgeneroushandoutsforsolarpowerthisyear.Thesehadstoppedthreeyears

ago,whenithadseemedthatthemarketcouldsupportitself.BetweenAprilandJune

domesticsalesincreasedby80%involume,whilesaleselsewhereskimped.[F]Until

fiveyearsagoJapanmadearoundhalfoftheworld'ssolarcells,thankstoitsthirstfor

nativeenergyanditsexpertiseintherelatedfieldsofcomputerchipsandflatscreensfor

televisions.Sharp,whichalonehasmadeaquarterofallthesolarcellseverproduced,

dominatedtheindustry.Butassolartechnologymaturedanddemandgrew,new

companiesemerged,notablyinChina,erodingJapanesefirms'shareofthemarketto

around20%.Sharpslippedtofourthplaceamongmanufacturersinthepreviousyear.[G]

AttheMotosumiyoshicommuter-trainstationinKawasaki,asuburbofTokyo,sleek

solarpanelsserveasanawningovertheplatform.Onarecentsunnyday,they