大學(xué)英語四級閱讀專項訓(xùn)練及答案

UnitThirty-OnePassage1WorkandPlayWhatdowemeanbyleisure,andwhyshouldweassumethatitrepresentsaproblemtobesolvedbythearts?Thegreatagesofartwerenotconspicuousfortheirleisure—atleast,artwasnotanactivityassociatedwithleisure.Itwasacraftlikeanyother,concernedwiththemakingofnecessarythings.Leisure,inthepresentmeaningoftheword,didnotexist.Leisure,beforetheIndustrialRevolution,meantnomorethan"time"or"opportunity";"Ifyourleisureserved,Iwouldspeakwithyou."saysoneofShakespeare'scharacters.Phraseswhichwestilluse,suchas"atyourleisure",preservethisoriginalmeaning.Butwhenwespeakofleisurenowadays,wearenotthinkingofsecuringtimeoropportunitytodosomething;timeisheavyonourhands,andtheproblemishowtofillit.Leisurenolongersignifiesaspacewithsomedifficultysecuredagainstthepressureofevents:ratheritisapervasiveemptinessforwhichwemustinventoccupations.Leisureisavacuum,adesperatestateofvacancy—avacancyofmindandbody.Ithasbeencommandeered(強(qiáng)占)bythesociologistsandthepsychologists:itisaproblem.Ourdiurnalexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworksomanyhoursaday,and,whenwehaveallowedthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping,therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment—notfootballbutwatchingfootballmatches;notacting,buttheatre-going;notwalking,butridinginamotorcoach.Weneedtomake,therefore,ahard-and-fast(不能變通的)distinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybut,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.Itis,Isuppose,thedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhasgivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogrammes,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.And,inaddition,therewillbeapsychologicalproblem,forwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofaprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhoseethem:fewpeoplecangiveacoherentaccountofthefilmtheysawtheweekbeforelast,andatlongerintervalstheymustrelyonthemanagementtoseethattheydonotsitthroughthesamefilmtwice.Wehavetoliveartifwewouldbeaffectedbyart.Wehavetopaintratherthanlookatpaintings,toplayinstrumentsratherthangotoconcerts,todanceandsingandactourselves,engagingalloursensesintheritualanddisciplineofthearts.Thensomethingmaybegintohappentous:toworkuponourbodiesandoursouls.Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practiced,thatitcanproperlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Itistherethatthefinalandmostfundamentalerrorentersintoourconceptionofdailylife.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving:toearn,thatistosay,sufficienttokenswhichwecanexchangeforfoodandshelterandalltheotherneedsofourexistence.Butsomeofusworkphysically,cultivatingtheland,mindingthemachines,diggingthecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingandpreaching,managingandgoverning.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.Wemaynextobservethatoneman'sprofessionorworkisoftenanotherman'srecreationorplay.Themerchantattheweekendbecomesahunter(hehasnotyettakentomining);theclerkbecomesagardener;themachine-tenderbecomesabreederofbull-terriers(叭喇狗）Thereis,ofcourse，asoundinstinctbehindsuchtransformations.Thebodyandmindareunconsciouslyseekingcompensation—muscularcoordination,mentalintegration.Butinmanycasesadissociationissetupandtheindividualleadsadoublelife—onehalfJekyll,theotherhalfHyde(有善惡雙重性格的人)-ThereisaprofoundmoralbehindthatstoryofStevenson's,forthecompensationwhichadisintegratedpersonalitymayseekwilloftenbeofananti-socialnature.TheNaziparty,forexample,initsearlydayswaslargelyrecruitedfromthebored—notsomuchfromtheunemployedasfromthestreet-cornersocietyoflistlesshooligans.Scientificstudieshavebeenmadeofstreet-cornersociety,outofwhichcrime,gangsterdom,andfascisminevitablydevelop.Itisasocietywithleisure—thatistosay,sparetime—andwithoutcompensatoryoccupation.ItdoesnotneedaSatantofindmischiefforsuchidlehands.Theywillspontaneouslyitchtodosomething:muscleshavealifeoftheirownunlesstheyaretrainedtopurposefulactions.Actions,orratheractivities,aretheobviousreflextoleisure;theyconsumeit,andleavetheproblemsolved.Butworkisalsoactivity,andifwereachtheconclusionthatallourtimemustbefilledwithoneactivityoranother,thedistinctionbetweenworkandplaybecomesrathermeaningless,andwhatwemeanbyplayismerelyachangeofoccupation.Wepassfromoneformofactivitytoanother;onewecallwork,andforthatwereceivepay;theotherwecallplay,andforthatwereceivenopay—onthecontrary,weprobablypayasubscription.1.TheIndustrialRevolutionbroughtaboutachangeinthenatureofpeople'sworkaswellasintheamountoftimeittook.2.Passiveentertainment,whichhasincreasedinourage,leadstoadeclineinhealthandmayalsocreatepsychologicalproblems.3.Thedivisionofactivitiesintoworkandplayisunsatisfactorybecauseitconcealstheimportantdistinctionbetweenactiveentertainmentandpassiveentertainment.4.Mentalworkismorebeneficialtoone'spsychologythanphysicalwork.5.TheNazipartywasmostlyenrolledfromthejobless.6.TVprogramsshouldbeabandonedbecausetheyentertainviewerspassively.7.Theword"leisure"hascompletelychangeditsoriginalmeanings.8.Dangermayariseifworkandplayarenot______coordinated.9.Whenentertainmentisactive,playcanserveasanactivitythat______work.10.Onemanmayperceiveanotherman'srecreationas______.Passage2Eversincehumanshavelivedonthe11,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformof12speech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationis"13throughsignlanguageinwhichmotions14forletters,words,andideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadto15tothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsarevery16andexactandcanbeused17;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguage18ideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,either?212?intentionallyorunintentionally.Awinkcanbeawayofindicatingthatthepartyisonlyjoking.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesa19reaction.OtherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinBraille(asystemofraiseddotsreadwiththefingertips),signalflags,Morsecode,andsmokesignals.Roadmapsand20signsalsoguide,warn,andinstructpeople.Whilelanguageisthemostcommonformofcommunication,othersystemsandtechniquesalsoexpresshumanthoughtsandfeelings.A.pictureB.oralC.standD.worldE.internationallyF.optionalG.resortH.vividI.earthJ.accomplishedK.transmitsL.representM.negativeN.intelligentlyO.translatesPassage3Thefuturepopulationwillbeolderthantoday,andthisinturnwillchangethepatternsofsocialdemands.However,Mexicowillstillbefarfromthe"agingsocieties"thatwillmostlikelyprevail(占優(yōu)勢)intheindustrializedcountries.Inlessthan25years,thecountrywillhavetoaddalmostasmuchinfrastructureasithasalreadybuiltuptonow,simplytomaintainservicesandproductionatthecurrentlevels.Thiswillbeatremendouschallenge,althoughasimilaronewasfacedsuccessfullyintherecentpast,whenavailableinfrastructurewasdoubledintwodecadesorso.ItisnowonderthatmuchhasbeensaidabouttheneedtoreduceorpreferablyhaltMexico'spopulationcontrolwhichistakenforgrantedasbothgoodandnecessary.Ithasalsogainedsupportersinthedevelopingworld,andMexicoisnoexception.Buttheargumentsaboutpopulationarecomplicated,asthefollowingdiscussionillustrates.EvenifMexico'spopulationreaches125millionbytheyear2010,itspopulationdensityisstillsmallerthanthe1985populationdensityofsome50countries.ByinternationalstandardsMexicowillstillnotbeoverpopulatedbytheyear2010.Ifwealthisgeneratedbypeople,themoreindividualsthereare,thegreaterthewealththatpotentiallycouldbegenerated.WhyshouldMexicocontrolitspopulationatdensitylevelsbelowthoseoftherichercountriesifmorepopulationrepresentsthepossibilityofgeneratingmorewealth?Ontheotherhand,itisoftenpointedoutthatoncesustainability(支撐力)limitsarenearorarereached,therearedecreasingproductivitygains(or,perhapsmoreaccurately,increasingproductivelosses),andpeoplebecomeacostratherthananasset.Ifweassumethattherearesustainabilitylimitsandthatweareclosetoreachingtheselimitsataworldlevel,thenitisappropriatetocheckpopulationgrowth.21.Accordingtothepassage,thepopulationargumentisfocusedon_______.A.whethermorepeopleareapropertyoracostB.whetherMexicoshouldcontrolitspopulationgrowthornotC.whetherthedensityofpopulationinMexicoislargeorsmallD.whatthestandardinternationalsustainabilitylimitis22.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A.Mexicohassteppedintoanagingsociety.B.ItisnotnecessaryforMexicotocontrolitspopulation.C.Mexicopopulationisyoungerthanthatofdevelopedcountries.D.ItisnotnecessaryforMexicotodevelopitsinfrastructure.23.By"infrastructure"(Para.2)theauthormeans_______.A.buildingsB.thebasicframeworkofacountry,suchasschools,services,etc.C.socialdemandsD.servicesandproduction24.Itmaybeinferredfromthe3rdparagraphthat_______.A.itisn'tnecessaryforMexicotocontrolitspopulationgrowthB.populationislikelytogrowataslowerpacethaninthepastC.themorepeoplethereare,thegreaterthewealthpeoplecouldgenerateD.Mexicoshouldcontrolitspopulationgrowthbecauseshebelongstothedevelopingcountries25.Tocheckpopulationgrowthisnecessarywhen_______.A.therearedecreasingproductivitygainsB.thereareincreasingproductivitylossesC.weareclosetoreachingthesustainabilitylimitsataworldlevelD.peoplebecomeacostPassage4Inmanytraditionalsocietiesawoman'sroleisrestrictedtothatofmother(forthecontinuationoftherace),andsheisconfinedtofamilyandhouseholdactivities,includinghelpoutinthefieldandmarket.Insomeethnic(種族的)communitiesinIndonesia,eventoday,womenaresupposedtodothehardlaborinthericefields,whilementakeiteasyintheircoffeeshops.WhenIvisitedtheislandofTimorineasternIndonesiain1987,Iwastoldbyfriendsthatintheinterioroftheislands,whereroadsarestillnon-existent,villagerstraveledtomarketeitheronfootoronhorseback.Itwasacommonsighttoseethehusbandridingahorse,withhiswifewalkingbehindhimcarryingaheavybundleofproduceonherheadtothemarket.OntheislandofAlor,alsoineasternIndonesia,Imetanoldmanagedabout80years,proudlyboastingtomethathehadninewives."ButyouareaCatholic,"Isaidtohim."Howcouldyouhaveninewives?"Hesmiled,andsaid:"Imarriedonlyonceinchurch,buttheothereightwivesImarriedaccordingtoourtraditionallaws."InmanyethniccommunitiesinIndonesiathegoodwomanorwifeisonewhoobeyherhusband,whodoesnotgoaroundgossiping,whocleansherhomeandcooksgoodfoodforthefamily,whoisdiligentinthefield,whodoesnotvisitfriendstoomuch,andwhogivesbirthoflotsofchildren,especiallyboys.InIndonesiamanyyearsagothewivesofgovernmentworkersormembersofthearmedforceswereorganizedintowomen'sorganizations.Theleadershipofthesewomen'sorganizationswassetupaccordingtothehierarchicalpositionsofthemembers'husbands.Forexample,theorganizationofwomenofpersonnelofagovernmentministrywouldautomaticallyhaveasitschairpersonthewifeoftheministeratthenationallevel,andthechairpersonoftheprovincialorganizationwouldbethewifeofthegovernor,andsoontotheloweradministrativelevels.Itisamazinghowawomanwhomayhaveaninterestinbeingaleaderneverthelessautomaticallybecomesachairpersonbecauseoftheofficialpositionofherhusband.Whenthehusbandisnolongerministerorgovernor,shealsoautomaticallylosesherposition.Manyofthesewomenhavecomplainedtomethattheyfeelthisisastraitjacket(約束物)imposedonthem,buttheyfeeltheyhavetoaccepttheroleforthesakeofsafeguardingtheirhusbands'careers.26.InsomeethnicdistrictsinIndonesiawomenshould_______.A.dohouseholdactivitiesB.givebirthofchildrenC.dothehardlaborinthefieldsD.alloftheabove27.Inthe2ndparagraph"roads"means_______.A.someroadsB.highwaysC.countryroadsD.heavyroads28.Whatdoesthequestion"Howcouldyouhaveninewives?"imply?A.Theoldmanistoooldtohaveninewives.B.Theoldmanshouldn'thavehadninewives.C.TheoldmancouldmarryonlyoncebecauseheismemberoftheChurchofRome.D.TheoldmancouldhaveonlyawifeforheisaChristian.29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Women'sorganizationsweresetupinthegovernmentadministrativelevelsandthearmedforces.B.Theheadofthewomen'sorganizationofaprovincemustbethewifeofthegovernor.C.Alltheleadersofthewoman'sorganizationsenjoyedtheirroles.D.Thewifeofagovernorlosesherleadingpositionforthesakeofherhusband.30.Theclosestrestatementofthelastsentencein,the3rdparagraphis______.A.manywomenwouldhatetobethechairpersonwithoutconsideringtheirhusband'scareersB.manygovernors'wivescomplaintheyhavetoacceptthechairpersonrolesC.manywomenareforcedtobecometheleadersofwomen'sorganizationsinordertoprotecttheirhusband'sprofessionD.manygovernors'wivesfeelitnecessarytoaccepttherolesUnitThirty-TwoPassage1BlackAmericansAbouttwenty-sevenmillionpeople,oralittlemorethanone-tenthofallUnitedStatescitizens,aredescendedfrompeoplebroughtacrosstheAtlanticfromAfricabetween150and300yearsagoasslave.TheconsequencesofthisancienttradehavebroughttroubleandembarrassmenttotheAmericanRepublicfromthetimeofitsfoundation.FromthebeginningthecolonistsinPennsylvania,NewYork,andNewEnglandstayedoutoftheslavetrade,buttheycouldnotstoptheplantationownersoftheSouthfrombuyingslavesfromAfrica—atradesharedbytheWestIndiesandthesoutherncontinent.Towards1800thesouthernstatesstoppedthetrade,andfromthenonwardsnomoreslaveshipscamein,exceptforafewwhichcameillegally.ButbythentherewerenearlyamillionslavesinplantationoftheSouth,andtheU.S.Constitutionhadnotchangedtheirstatus.Southernslaverywasendedonlywiththevictoryofthenorthernstatesinthecivilwarof1861-1865.TheU.S.constitutionwasamendedsoastooutlawslavery,andtograntautomaticcitizenshipandtheequalprotectionofthelawstoanypersonbornintheUnitedStates.Butlongafter1865thedominantwhitesinmostoftheSouthwerestillfindingwaysofexcludingblackcitizensfromrealequality.Severalofthesedevices,particularlythoseaffectingvotingrights,werefoundatvariousdatestobeunconstitutionalafterargumentbeforetheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Buteveninthe1950stherewerecasesofsouthernblackpeoplebeingintimidated(恐嚇)whentheycametoregisterasvoters;andintheSouththerewerestillseparateschool,separateseatsinlocalbuses,evenseparatehospitalcarparks—andwhites-onlyfacilitiesofmanykinds.BlackoppositiontodiscriminationwasledbytheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople,withstrongsupportfromliberally-mindedwhites.The1950sbroughtthebeginningofmajorchange.Backin1896theSupremeCourthadruledthatifaneducationauthorityprovidedseparateschoolofblackandwhitechildren,therewasnodenialoftheequalprotectionofthelaws,asguaranteedbytheConstitution—providedthattheseparateschoolwereofequalquality.In1954theCourtruledthatexperienceshowedthatseparateschoolcouldnotbeofequalquality,sothe"equalprotection"clauseofthefourteenthamendmentcouldnotallowstatestoprovideseparateeducation.Atthistimeablackclergyman,MartinLutherKing,becametheinformalleaderofactivemovementsofnon-violentprotestagainstracialsegregationofallkinds,andhegainedadmiringsupportfromwhiteAmericansintheSouthaswellasintheNorth.Kingcametothecenterofthestageatthetimewhentelevisionwasbecomingwidelyavailable.WhendefendersofthewhitesupremacisttraditionsoftheSouthreactedviolentlyagainstapeacefulcampaignforequaltreatment,televisionshowedtheunpleasantsceneswhichtheyprovoked.WhentheUniversityofMississippiadmitteditsfirstblackstudentin1962,hemetwithsuchthreatsofviolencethathehadtobeprotectedbylargegroupsofarmedsoldierswhereverhewent.Thepeopleresponsibleforthisintimidationsoonlearnedthattheiractionswereseenontelevisionwithhostilecommentary,throughouttheworld.Theycouldseethattheybroughtshame,notjustuponthemselves,butupontheircountry.AftertheassassinationofJohnKennedyin1963,hissuccessorasPresident,LyndonJohnson,expandedhisideasandledCongresstopasslawstoeliminateracialdiscrimination.Southernracismwassooninfullretreat,anditsdownfallowedmuchtothecharisma(號召力)ofLutherKing,thesymbolofthecrusadeagainstit.In1969,LutherKingbecameamartyrtoo,andlikeKennedyandhisbrother,hewasassassinated.LatertheU.S.Congresssetasideonedayeachyearasanationalholidayinhismemory—anhonorgiventoonlyoneotherman,GeorgeWashington,thenation'sfirstPresident.Bythe1970sblackswereregisteredasvotersintheSouthinalmostthesameproportionaswhites.Soonmanywereelectedtoimportantofficesinthesouthernstates,andtheSouth'smostimportantcity,Atlanta,hadablackmayor.Blackshavebeenelectedasmayorsofseveralofthenation'sbiggestcitiesandhundredsofsmallerones;othershavebeenelectedorappointedtomanyofthehighestnationalandstateofficesintheSouthaswellasintheNorth,includingthecabinetandtheSupremeCourt.Therearenowsomethousandsofblackmillionaires,notonlyathletesandentertainersbutalsoinbusinessandtheprofessionsaswell.Exceptforafewpocketsofresistance,segregationandracediscriminationintheSouthhadceasedtobeaspecialproblembyaround1970.Butthisdidnotmeanthattheconditionsofblackseverywherehadbecomealtogetherhappy,particularlyinthenortherncities.Forseveraldecadesblacksmovedinlargenumbersfromthesouthernstatestofindworkintheindustriesofthenortherncities.AlthoughthisnorthwardmovementhaslatelybeenreducedasaresultofimprovedcivilrightsandmaterialprosperityintheSouth,therearebynowmoreblacksintheNorththanIntheSouth.TheirconditionintheNorthisbynomeansfreeofsocialproblems.Theaverageearningsofblacksarerelativelylow,andtheyareingeneralthefirsttobecomeunemployed.Inthe1960sandforsometimeafterwards,thegapbetweenwhiteandblackearningsandunemploymentwasprogressivelynarrowed,butmorerecentlythestill-survivinggaphasremained,andunemploymentisstillhighamongthoseyoungblackpeoplewholeaveschoolwithouteducationalqualifications.Discriminationagainstblacks,bothinadmissiontoallpublicplacesandinemployment,isnowillegal,Indeed,someemployershaveadeliberatepolicyof"affirmativeaction"discriminatingintheirfavor.Insomepoliceforcesandmanynorthernandsouthernstateandnationalgovernmentdepartments,blackhavebeensystematicallyandopenlyfavoredforpromotion,andwheretherehavebeenpromotionexaminationstobepassed,theminimumgradehasbeensetatalowerlevelforblacksthanforwhites.Universitieshavedonethesameinadmittingstudents.1.ThepassageisprimarilyconcernedwiththeblackAmericans'sourceandtheirstruggleforequalrightswithwhites.2.TheAmericancivilwarof1861-1865broughtanendtodiscriminationagainstblackpeople.3.InAmericanhistory,MartinLutherKingwasasimportantaspresidentWashington.4.Whitestudentsarerequiredtoreachahigherlevelthanblackstobeadmittedbyuniversities.5.Insomecitiestherearewholeareaswhichareinhabitedbyblacksorforeignimmigrants.6.TherearemoreblackslivingintheNorthofAmericathanintheSouth.7.TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeoplewereinchargeofdoingawaywithseparateschoolforblacks.8.TheU.S.hasapopulationofabout______people.9.MartinLutherKingwasnotedfor______movementsofprotestagainstracialsegregationofallsorts.10.The1960ssawthe______ofthegapsbetweenwhiteandblackearningsandunemployment.Passage2Perhapsitwasonlyduringthedawnofthehumanracethatwomen11stoodequalwithmen.Atthebeginning,Ithinkbothsexessharedequalresponsibilityforthe12oftherace.Menandwomensharedinthehuntandinwars.Tracesofthisancienttraditioncanbefound,forexample,intheAchinesesocietyinNorthSumatra,wherewomenfoughtalongsidemenagainsttheinvadingDutchcolonial13duringtheAchinesewarsinthe19thcentury.SomewomenevenbecameadmiralsoftheAchinesefleet.Otherculturesinotherpartsoftheworldhavehadthe14tradition.Perhapstheinventionofagriculture15thebeginningofadifferentiationbetweenmen'sandwomen'sroles.Mencontinuedtohunt,andwomenbecamefoodgatherersandtendedthefield.Men16becameagriculturistsaswell,whenthehuntnolongerprovidedenoughsustenanceforthecommunity.Thebiologicalfactthatwomen17children,andthateachtimetheygivebirththeyare18,foratime,fullytoplaytheirroleintheprovisionofsustenanceandotherworkforthefamily,slowlygaverisetomoredistinctmen'sandwomen'sroles.Menwhoarephysicallystronger19onsuch"natural"rolesaswarriors,andinmostcasesmenbecamechiefs,commanders,andkings.Inthe20ofhistory,asmatriarchalsystemsbecameminoritiesinmanycultures,therolesofmenandwomeninmanysocietiesbecameincreasinglygender-orientedanddifferentiated.A.reallyB.policeC.bearD.courseE.survivalF.laterG.forcesH.unableI.latelyJ.processK.remarkedL.markedM.sameN.tookO.unstablePassage3Happinesscanbedescribedasapositivemoodandapleasantstateofmind.Accordingtorecentpolls(民意測驗(yàn))sixtytoseventypercentofAmericansconsiderthemselvestobemoderatelyhappyandoneintwentypersonsfeelsveryunhappy.Psychologistshavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcontributetohappiness.Itisnotpredictablenorisapersoninanapparentlyidealsituationnecessarilyhappy.Theidealsituationmayhavelittletodowithhisactualfeelings.Agoodeducationandincomeareusuallyconsiderednecessaryforhappiness.Thoughbothmaycontribute,theyareonlychieffactorsifthepersonisseriouslyundereducatedoractuallysufferingfromlackofphysicalneeds.Thericharenotlikelytobehappierthanthemiddle-incomegrouporeventhosewithverylowincomes.Peoplewithcollegeeducationsaresomewhathappierthanthosewhodidnotgraduatefromhighschool,anditisbelievedthatthisismainlybecausetheyhavemoreopportunitytocontroltheirlives.Yetpeoplewithahighincomeandacollegeeducationmaybelesshappythanthosewiththesameincomeandnocollegeeducation.Poorhealthdoesnotruleouthappinessexceptfortheseverelydisabledorthoseinpain.Learningtocopewithahealthproblemcancontributetohappiness.Thosewithagoodsexlifearehappieringeneral,butthosewhohavealoving,affectionaterelationshiparehappierthanthosewhorelyonsexalone.Lovehasahighercorrelationwithhappinessthananyotherfactor.Itshouldbenotedthatpeoplequicklygetusedtowhattheyhave,andtheyarehappiestwhentheyfeeltheyareincreasingtheirlevelnomatterwhereitstandsatagiventime.Childrenwhoseparentswerehappilymarriedhavehappierchildhoodsarenotnecessarilyhappieradults.Thebestformulaforhappinessistobeabletodeveloptheabilitytotoleratefrustration,tohaveapersonalinvolvementandcommitment,andtodevelopself-confidenceandself-esteem.21.Itcanbeinferredfromthe