軟件測試與質(zhì)量保證 Testing (1)學(xué)習(xí)課件

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SoftwareTestingTechniques(1)INSTRUCTOR:SHULIUHITSCHOOLOFSOFTWARE2017Allrightsreserved1SQAandTestingSoftwareTestingTechniquesExecution-BasedTestingTestCaseDesignBlack-BoxTestingBoundaryValueTestingEquivalencePartitioningDecisionTable-BasedTesting…White-BoxBasisPathTestingBranch/ConditionCoverageTestingStatementCoverageTestingBottom-uptestingTop-downTestingSandwichTesting…Gray-BoxTestingSoftwareTestingTechniques2SQAandTestingExecution-BasedTesting（可執(zhí)行的測試）Oncethereisexecutablecode,itbecomespossibletorunthecode/programagainstthetestcases,toperformExecution-Based-Testing.SoftwareTestingTechniques3SQAandTestingExecution-BasedTestingTestinginvolvesoperationofasystemorapplicationorsubsystemundercontrolledconditions

（特定條件）andevaluatingtheresults.Thecontrolledconditionsshouldincludebothnormal(正常)andabnormal（不正常）

conditions.SoftwareTestingTechniques4SQAandTestingBlack-BoxTestingWithblack-boxtesting,thetesterviewstheprogramasablack-boxandiscompletelyunconcernedwiththeinternalstructureoftheprogramorsystem.Thetesterfocusesontestingtheprogram’sfunctionalityagainstthespecification.Synonymsforblack-boxinclude:behavioral,functional,opaque-box,andclosed-boxetc..SoftwareTestingTechniques5SQAandTestingBlack-BoxTestingWhenblackboxtestingisappliedtosoftwareengineering,thetesterwouldonlyknowthe"legal"inputsandwhattheexpectedoutputsshouldbe,butnothowtheprogramactuallyarrivesatthoseoutputs.

Examples:boundaryvaluetesting,EquivalenceClassTesting,DecisionTable-BasedTesting,RegressionTesting,rangetesting,randomtesting,PositiveandNegativeetc..SoftwareTestingTechniques6SQAandTesting

BoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）Theboundaryvaluetestingtechniqueisablack-boxtechnique.Therationalebehindboundaryvaluetestingisthaterrorstendtooccurneartheextremevaluesofaninputvariable.Inanotherword,errorstendtocongregate（聚集）

attheboundaries.Thebasicideaofboundaryvalueanalysisistouseinputvariablevaluesattheirmin,min+,nom,max-,andmax.SoftwareTestingTechniques7SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTestingExample1(withonevariable):“Inputcanrangefromintegers0to100,”Testcasesinclude:Min:0Min+:1Nom:56Max-:99Max:100SoftwareTestingTechniques8SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）Example2(withonevariable)::Supposethespecificationsforadatabaseproductstatethattheproductmustbeabletohandleanynumberofrecordsfrom1through16383.testcasesinclude:Min:1Min+:2Nom:1058Max-:16382Max:16383SoftwareTestingTechniques9SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）Example3(withtwovariables):FunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andya=<x=<bc=<y=<dAtleasthowmanytestcasesshouldbecreatedbyusingboundaryvalueanalysis?SoftwareTestingTechniques10SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）ExampleAnalysis:Inputdomainofafunctionoftwovariables:SoftwareTestingTechniquesyxabcd●●●●●●●●●11SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）GeneralizingBoundaryValueAnalysis:Thebasicboundaryvalueanalysistechniquecanbegeneralizedintwoways:bythenumberofvariablesandbythekindsofranges.GeneralizingrangesdependsonthenatureofthevariablethemselvesGeneralizingthenumberofvariablesiseasy:Forafunctionofnvariables,boundaryvalueanalysisyields4n+1testcases.SoftwareTestingTechniques12SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）Whathappenswhenaphysicalquantityexceedsitsmaximum?Inaninterestingexample,SkyHarborInternationalAirportinPhoenixhadtocloseonJune26,1992,becausetheairtemperaturewas122degreeF..Aircraftpilotswereunabletomakecertaininstrumentsettingsbeforetake-off:theinstrumentscouldonlyacceptamaximumairtemperatureof120degreeF.Ifitistheloadcapacityofapublicelevator,wehopenothingspecialwouldhappen.Ifitisadate,likeMay32,wewouldexpectanerrormessage.

SoftwareTestingTechniques13SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTesting（邊界值測試）RobustnessTesting（健壯性測試）Robustnesstestingisasimpleextensionofboundaryvalueanalysis:inadditiontothefiveboundaryvalueofavariable,weseewhathappenswhentheextremeareexceededwithavalueslightlygreaterthanthemaximum(max+)andavalueslightlylessthantheminimum(min-)Forafunctionofnvariables,robustnessTestingyields6n+1SoftwareTestingTechniques14SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTestingRobustnesstestingforfunctionFwith2variablesx,andya=<x=<bc=<y=<dSoftwareTestingTechniquesyxabcd●●●●●●●●●●●●●15SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTestingWorst-CaseTestingItisinterestedinwhathappenswhenmorethanonevariablehasanextremevalue.SoftwareTestingTechniquesyxabcd●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●16SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTestingWorst-CaseTesting（最壞情況測試）Worst-casetestingisclearlymorethoroughinthesensethatboundaryvalueanalysistestcasesareapropersubsetofworst-casetestcases.Italsorepresentsmuchmoreeffort:worst-casetestingforafunctionofnvariablesgenerates5^ntestcases,SoftwareTestingTechniques17SQAandTestingBoundaryValueTestingRobust

Worst-CaseTestingSoftwareTestingTechniquesyxabcd●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●18SQAandTestingSpecialValueTestingItisaBlack-Boxtestingtechnique.Specialvaluetestingisprobablythemostwidelypracticedformoffunctionaltesting.Itisthemostintuitive(直覺)andtheleastuniform.Specialvaluetestingoccurswhenatesteruseshisorherdomainknowledge,experiencewithsimilarprograms,andinformationabout“softspots”todevise(設(shè)計)testcases.“Adhoctesting”,“Freeformtesting”,or“brainstorming”SoftwareTestingTechniques19SQAandTestingRandomTestingRandomtestingisablack-boxtestingtechniqueinwhichaprogramorsystemistestedbyselectingatrandomsomesubsetofallpossibleinputvalue.Itisnotanoptimaltestingtechnique,becauseithasalowprobabilityofdetectingmanydefects.Itdoes,sometimesuncoverdefectsthatstandardizedtestingtechniquesmightnot.Itshouldbeconsideredanadd-ontestingtechnique.SoftwareTestingTechniques20SQAandTestingPositiveAndNegativeTestingApositivetestisonewithavalidinput,andanegativetestisonewithaninvalidinput.Positiveandnegativetestingisaninput-basedtestingtechniquethatrequiresthataproperbalanceofpositiveandnegativetestsbeperformed.Sincetheretypicallyaremanymorenegativethanpositivetests,asuggestedbalanceis80%negativeand20%positivetests.SoftwareTestingTechniques21SQAandTestingRangeTestingTherangetestingisablack-boxtestingtechniquethatassumesthatthebehaviorofanyinputvariablewithinapredefinedrangewillbeth