考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解B-(一)

考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解BY—）

（總分：100.00,做題時(shí)間：90分鐘）

一、{{B}}SectionIReadingComprehension{{/B}}（總題數(shù)：5,分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）

IfyouthinkJapan'shard-drinkingbusinesscultureisasdeadasthe

SonyBetamax,thinkagain.{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}{{/U}}Notonlyare

company-sponsoreddrinkingmarathonsback,sotooaresubsidized

dormsforsingleemployeesaswellascorporateoutingssuchashot-

springretreatsandannualvisitstothecompanyfounder'sancestral

grave.〃Werealizedthatworkplacecommunicationwasbecoming

nonexistent,，zexplainshuman-resourcesmanagerShinjiMatsuyama,

whosecompany,AlpsElectric,spentseveralmilliondollarslastyear

tobringtogetherabout3,000workersforitsfirstcompanywide

undokai,ormini-Olympics,in14years.AccordingtoMatsuyama,the

sharedexperienceofplayingdodgeballandskippingrope〃helped

unitepeopleunderacommongoal.z，

It'sthatsenseofteamspiritandtogethernessthatmanyJapanese

corporationsaretryingtorevive.Agenerationago,collegegrads

enteredcompaniesenmasse,livedtogether,dranktogether,quite

oftenmarriedeachother,andretiredtogether.Thisclose-knit

corporateculture,whichwasvirtuallynationallaborpolicy,was

widelycreditedforJapan，srapideconomicrise.Butitallended

whenthecountrywentintoeconomicrecessioninthe1990s.{{U}}

{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}zzTheJapaneseequatedglobalismwithnotjust

theAmericanwayofbusiness,butwithrejectingtheirpast,〃says

JunIshida,CEOofTokyo-basedbusinessconsultancyWillPM.〃Nomore

drinkingsessions,nomorecompanyevents.Suddenlyitwasaboutthe

individualoutforhimselfandonlyhimself.，z

Butastheeconomyreboundedinthepastseveralyears,many

executivesbegantowonderiftheyhadgonetoofar.Tryingto

rebuildcompanyloyaltyanddecreaseturnover,majorcompanies

includingCanon,KintetsuandFujitsuhaveinrecentyearsalteredor

scrappedtheirperformance-basedpayandrestoredseniorityasa

determinantofsalaries.Meanwhile,tradinghouseMitsuilastyear

reopenedfivedormsforsingleemployees-aprogramthatcoststhe

companynearly$1millionayear.{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}Despite

thecrampedconditionsandsharedbathrooms,24-year-oldMikiMasegi

movedfromherparents，houseincentralTokyotolivewith105

femaleco-workers.Thoughhercommutingtimedoubled,shesaysthe

movewasworthit.〃Itreallyhelpstohavepeoplearoundthatyou

cantalktoaboutyourproblems,，zMasegisays.

{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}0neworkerrevealedhow9/11changedhis

careeroutlook;anothertalkedabouthowshedrewstrengthfromagay

classmatewhocameoutincollege.CompanypresidentShrgeruOtasays

thepresentationsaredesignedto"createanewtypeoffamily

companybysharinglifehistory..,delight,anger,sorrowand

pleasure.zz

Despitesuchexperiments,Japanesecompaniesmayfindithardto

restoretheglorydaysofJapanInc.{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}

{{/U}}Indeed,duringNoboruKoyama，sSaturday-nightdrinkingsession,

employeeEriShimodaconfidesthathisco-workers"feellikefamily.

Yetmostofthosewhoattendedthepartyalsosaythat,warmand

fuzzysentimentaside,theyplantoleavethecleaningcompanywithin

afewyears."Workisjustwork,〃saysoneofthem.

Noamountoffreesake,itseems,canconvincetoday，syoung

salarymenthattheirloyaltycanbepurchasedonthecompanytab.

A.Introducingdog-eat-dogvaluesintocorporateculturesthat

continuetoprizetheorganizationovertheindividualgenerated

workerdissatisfaction.

B.Companiesaretryingtofosterfriendshipandloyaltyinother

waysaswell.EverynewemployeeofTokyop.r.firmBilcom,for

example,mustspendaweekendmakingathree-minutedigitalslide

showsharingtheirmostmovingpersonalexperiences.

C.Aftermorethanadecadeoffrugality(nottomentionrestraint)

duringJapan，slengthyeconomicrecession,manyJapanesecompanies

arethrivingtoday-andthey，rerevivingsomeofthebusinesscustoms

thatwerehallmarksofJapanInc.duringthebooming1980s.

D.That'sbecausetoday,oneinthreeJapaneseworkspart-time;

youngeremployeesinparticulartendtovaluemobilityoverthe

securityoflifetimeemployment.

E.However,unliketheeldergeneration,workerstodayarevery

dissatisfiedwithcompanies，effortstorestoreloyaltyand

friendship.

F.Threatenedbycheaplaborandmoreefficientbusinessmodels,

JapanesecompaniesbeganadoptingAmericanmanagementconceptssuch

asmerit-basedpayandcompetitionamongemployees.

G.Employeeshaverespondedenthusiastically.（分?jǐn)?shù):20.oo）

填空項(xiàng)i：（正確答案：o

解析：本段介紹了曾因經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退而一度沒(méi)落的日本商業(yè)習(xí)俗隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的回暖而復(fù)蘇了?？崭裎挥谠摱蔚诙?/p>

句，前一句末尾的thinkagain表明日本的飲酒文化也許并不像SonyBetamax錄像機(jī)那樣一去不復(fù)返，

第三句則表明眾多一度沒(méi)落的日本商業(yè)習(xí)俗都回歸了。按照語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，第二句說(shuō)的應(yīng)該是日本企業(yè)告別了

寒冬并開始試圖恢復(fù)昔日繁榮時(shí)期的商業(yè)習(xí)俗。由空格前的asdeadas,thinkagain及下文的Not

only-back,solooare…可知此空應(yīng)與某一文化的回歸有關(guān)，縱觀各選項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)的信息詞

reviving…businesscustoms與上下文銜接得當(dāng)，故為正確答案。

填空項(xiàng)1：.（正確答案：F）

解析：詳細(xì)分析了日本親密無(wú)間的企業(yè)文化之所以一度沒(méi)落的原因?？崭袂耙痪浞浅Ｖ匾?，它提到了當(dāng)日

本在上世紀(jì)90年代進(jìn)入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期時(shí)，那種親密無(wú)間的企業(yè)文化結(jié)束了：空格后則談到美國(guó)式的經(jīng)營(yíng)之

道。因而空格內(nèi)的內(nèi)容大致應(yīng)包含：企業(yè)開始采用美國(guó)的商業(yè)管理理念。上文提到itallended,其中

it指上義的close-knitcorporateculture,下文貝U提至Uequatect..notjusttheAmericanwayof

business,but…rejectingtheirpast,故此空格應(yīng)與新舊兩種文化有關(guān)，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)句首的Threatenedby…

與上文的economicrecession對(duì)應(yīng)，ffoAmericanmanagementconcepts則與下文的Americanwayof

business形成復(fù)現(xiàn)，故確定F為正確答案。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：G）

解析：本段介紹了隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇，已逐漸被大家忽略的培養(yǎng)忠誠(chéng)團(tuán)結(jié)的企業(yè)文化乂贏得了關(guān)注和重視。

空格前講述三井商行重開單身員工宿舍的事例，空格后舉例說(shuō)員工的良好反應(yīng)。判斷空格處應(yīng)填的是包含

員工熱烈反應(yīng)意思的過(guò)渡句。G項(xiàng)提到員工respondedenthusiastically,與空格后的信息詞：worth

it,helps等相對(duì)應(yīng)，故正確。在提到員工的各選項(xiàng)中，A、E項(xiàng)分別提到員工的dissatisfaction和

dissatisfied,與文意相反，故排除；B項(xiàng)講述的是另一公司的例子，排除；D項(xiàng)That'sbecause與上文

無(wú)法銜接。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：B）

解析：木段詳述了其他一些為培養(yǎng)員工對(duì)企業(yè)的忠誠(chéng)度以及加強(qiáng)員工團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)的方法?？崭窈笳劦搅藘擅?/p>

員工所分享的生活經(jīng)歷，ShigeruOta認(rèn)為這可以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)新型的家庭式公司。由此推測(cè)，空格的內(nèi)容應(yīng)

咳與培養(yǎng)員工間的情誼有關(guān)。上一段的例子是公司rebuildcompanyloyalty的方法，而空格后繼續(xù)舉

例，由下文的createfamilycompany可知此例子也是重振企業(yè)文化的方法。B項(xiàng)中的inotherwaysas

well起承上啟下的作用，與上下文銜接得當(dāng)。而且該項(xiàng)中的digitalslideshow與該段末提到的

presentations相呼應(yīng)。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：D）

解析：文章前四段都在說(shuō)日本公司文化在恢復(fù)，但第五段首句卻說(shuō)要重塑日本公司當(dāng)年的輝煌可能很難，

可推測(cè)空格處應(yīng)該解釋為什么這樣說(shuō)。此外，空格后的例子（大多數(shù)參加酒會(huì)的員工都沒(méi)有意愿長(zhǎng)久在同

一個(gè)公司工作）也證明了空格處應(yīng)該填原因?？榷尉涫滋岬絟ardtorestoretheglorydays,根據(jù)前

文,gloi-ydays指的是過(guò)去的loyalty,friendship的公司文化，而下文則是員工對(duì)此的反應(yīng)，D項(xiàng)中

Thattsbecause與上文銜接,同時(shí)句中提到的valuemobi1ity與段末的plantoleave,Workisjust

work相呼應(yīng)，故D為正確答案。D、E項(xiàng)均提到員工及對(duì)舊文化的反應(yīng)，但E項(xiàng)中提到的elder

generation在前文并未提及，故排除。

A.〃Ijustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We，re

inabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmy

disposal.Infact,we'11probablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthe

nearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingand

challengingbecauseitisn't-it'sboring,routinepaperwork,and

thereisn，tmuchyoucandoaboutit.

B.”Finally,Ican，tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeon

theexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit，snot

true.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytoget

promotedjustbystayingontheforceacertainnumberofyearsthan

forsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodo

thejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.All

throughtheircareeritisthe.arrestsandinterventionsthatget

noticed.

C."I'vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheforce

asyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,

eitherincarsoronabeat.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhave

withthepublic,theactioninvolvedincrimeprevention,andthe

apprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpingpeopleoutat

fires,accidents,andotheremergencies.

D.”Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusing

convictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknow

that/snotfair-toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperwork

increasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperwork

doesn，tnecessarilymeanyou'llwin.Wetriedsettingupteam

competitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguys

caughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeof

rewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldthey

laborwhentherewasnopayoff.

E.”Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhate

todothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobis

frequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.Thislackofattentionhurts

uslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.

Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartof

areportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthe

reportissuspect.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemore

casesthananyotherfactor.

F.”SoIjustdon，tknowwhattodo.I'vebeengropinginthedarkin

anumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelight

onthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework./z

G.Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberof

seminarsforadministrators,managersand/orexecutivesofvarious

departmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopic

tobediscussedwasmotivation-howwecangetpublicservants

motivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecame

thecentralfocusofthediscussion.（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.oo）

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：C）

解析：首段G指出本文的話題一一激勵(lì)（motivation）,最后一句提到一位警長(zhǎng)遇到的難題（difficulty）成

為討論的中心。A中的them和E中的they應(yīng)指代上文的某些人，這在G找不到所指，故排除；B首句

Finally說(shuō)明該段應(yīng)在文中較后位置，也可排除；D中的suggest提示該段是提出建議，根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)，

應(yīng)置于問(wèn)題之后；C引用警長(zhǎng)的話來(lái)講述具體難題，其中arealproblem表明難題是首次提出，語(yǔ)義上

與G的difficulty銜接，所以C應(yīng)該緊跟在G的后面。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：E）

解析：前一段C提到了officers樂(lè)于外出工作（onthestreet）,是積極的一面，縱觀各選項(xiàng)，E首句

backtothestation與前文的onthestreet形成鮮明對(duì)比,they則指代前文的officers,信息詞the

problem提示該段開始講述所遇到的問(wèn)題，符合語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，故E應(yīng)在C之后。

填空項(xiàng)1:（正確答案：A）

解析：E段指出了問(wèn)題所在，即Poorreporting,接下來(lái)應(yīng)該講他是如何解決這一難題的?？v觀各選項(xiàng)，

D說(shuō)別人建議的方法不奏效，A、B討論警長(zhǎng)自己想出的解決方法。但是D項(xiàng)中提到Noonewasgetting

anytypeofreward”不可能獲得任何的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”，其原因是A中交待的inabudgetcrunch,no

financialrewardso因此D應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在A、B之后。而B段開頭的Finally一詞表明，B應(yīng)在A之后，且A

段第一句與Poorreporting相呼應(yīng)。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：B）

解析：上?段A指出警長(zhǎng)解決問(wèn)題存在兩個(gè)障礙：inabudgetcrunch和it'sboringoB承接上文，繼

續(xù)討論另一障礙，即不能將文書工作與警員的升遷掛鉤，段首的Finally與上文銜接。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：D）

解析：既然警長(zhǎng)自己解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，那其他人是怎么看的呢?所以接下來(lái)的段落應(yīng)該討論別人提出了

怎樣的建議，D首句突出回應(yīng)了這個(gè)話題：Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslike…，

故D應(yīng)該緊接在B的后面。

TheeconomictransformationofIndiaisoneofthegreatbusiness

storiesofourtinge.IndiancompanieslikeInfosysandWiproare

powerfulglobalplayers,whileWesternfirmslikeG.E.andI.B.M.now

havemajorresearchfacilitiesinIndiaemployingthousands.India，s

seeminglyendlessflowofyoung,motivatedengineers,scientists,and

managersofferingdeveloped-worldskillsatdeveloping-worldwagesis

heldtobeputtingAmericanjobsatrisk,andthecountryis

frequentlyheraldedas"thenexteconomicsuperpower.z，

ButIndiahasnmintoasurprisinghitchonitswaytosuperpower

status:itsinexhaustiblesupplyofworkersisbecomingexhausted.

{{U}}{{U}}11{{/U}}{{/U}}

Howisthispossibleinacountrythateveryyearproducestwoanda

halfmillioncollegegraduatesandfourhundredthousandengineers?

StartwiththefactthatjusttenpercentofIndiansgetanykindof

post-secondaryeducation,comparedwithsomefiftypercentwhodoin

theU.S.{{U}}{{U}}12{{/U}}{{/U}}

Indiadoeshavemorethanthreehundreduniversities,butarecent

surveybytheLondonTimesHigherEducationSupplementputonlytwo

ofthemamongthetophundredintheworld.Acurrentstudyledby

VivekWadhwa,ofDukeUniversity,hasfoundthatifyoudefine

“engineer"byU.S.standards,Indiaproducesjustahundredand

seventythousandengineersayear,notfourhundredthousand.The

ironyofthecurrentsituationisthatIndiawasonceconsideredto

beovereducated.{{U}}{{U}}13{{/U}}{{/U}}

However,oncetheIndianbusinessclimateloosenedup,though,that

meantcompaniescouldtapabacklogofhundredsofthousandsof

eager,skilledworkersattheirdisposal.Unfortunately,the

educationalsystemdidnotadjusttothenewrealities.{{U}}{{U}}

14{{/U}}{{/U}}Evenastheneedforskilledworkerswasincreasing,

Indiawasdevotingrelativelyfewerresourcestoproducingthem.

Indiahastakententativestepstoremedyitsskillsfamine-the

currentgovernmenthasmadenoisesaboutdoublingspendingon

education,andahostofnewcollegesanduniversitieshavesprungup

sincethemid-nineties.{{U}}{{U}}15{{/U}}{{/U}}.

Inacountrywheremorethanthreehundredmillionpeopleliveona

dollaraday,producingcollegegraduatescanseemlikealow

priority.Ultimately,theIndiangovernmenthastopulloffavery

toughtrick,maltingseriouschangesatatimewhenthingsseemtobe

goingverywell.Itneeds,inotherwords,aclearsenseof

everythingthatcanstillgowrong.TheparadoxoftheIndianeconomy

todayisthatthemorecertainitsglowingfutureseemstobe,the

lesslikelythatfuturebecomes.

A.ButIndia，simpressiveeconomicperformancehasmadetheproblem

seemlessurgentthanitactuallyis,andallowedthegovernmentto

deferdifficultchoices.

B.Moreover,ofthattenpercent,thevastmajoritygotooneof

India，sseventeenthousandcolleges,manyofwhicharecloserto

communitycollegesthantofour-yearinstitutions.

C.Infosyssaysthat,of1.3millionapplicantsforjobslastyear,

itfoundonlytwopercentacceptable.

D.AlthoughIndiahasoneoftheyoungestworkforcesontheplanet,

theheadofInfosyssaidrecentlythattherewasan"acuteshortage

ofskilledmanpower,/zandastudybyHewittAssociatesprojectsthat

thisyearsalariesforskilledworkerswillrisefourteenandahalf

percent,asuresignthatdemandforskilledlaborisoutstripping.

E.Intheseventies,asitseconomylanguished,itseemedtobea

countrywithtoomanyengineersandPh.D.sworkingasclerksin

governmentoffices.

F.ManyIndiangraduatesthereforeentertheworkforcewithalow

levelofskills.

G.Between1985and1997,thenumberofteachersinIndiaactually

fell,whilethepercentageofstudentsenrolledinhighschoolor

collegerosemoreslowlythanitdidintherestoftheworld.（分?jǐn)?shù)：

20.00）

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：D）

解析：文章前兩段敘述了印度快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展以及勞動(dòng)力短缺的問(wèn)題。第二段首句談到印度源源不絕的勞

動(dòng)力正在枯竭，順著文意，空格處應(yīng)填入這樣說(shuō)的依據(jù)。上文提到supplyofworkersisbecoming

exhausted,而下一段則提出疑問(wèn)Howisthispossibleinacountry,其中代詞this應(yīng)代指上文的勞

動(dòng)力短缺問(wèn)題，故空格處應(yīng)與此有關(guān)。D中出現(xiàn)的acuteshortage與前文exhausted為信息復(fù)現(xiàn)，因此

為正確答案。本題易誤選C,盡管其中再次出現(xiàn)與上文對(duì)應(yīng)的Infosys公司，但C并不能說(shuō)明勞動(dòng)力缺

乏這一現(xiàn)象，只能用來(lái)說(shuō)明勞動(dòng)力質(zhì)量不符合該公司規(guī)定。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：B）

解析：該段談?wù)撚《鹊母叩冉逃??？崭袂暗腟tartwith（首先）是個(gè)非常重要的提示詞，表明印度的高等

教育與美國(guó)的不同之處?？膳袛嗫崭裉帟?huì)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明印度的高等教育有何不同。上文提到僅10%的人接

受大學(xué)教育。B中的thattenpercent與上文照應(yīng)，Moreover與Startwith呼應(yīng)，不難判斷該項(xiàng)為正

確答案。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：E）

解析：該段講述印度培養(yǎng)的真正工程師并不多。前文提到印度培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的工程師標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與美國(guó)相差甚遠(yuǎn)，認(rèn)

為印度存在過(guò)度教育的現(xiàn)象。因此接下來(lái)應(yīng)舉例論證。上文提到印度曾經(jīng)存在過(guò)度教育的現(xiàn)象，根據(jù)上

文的once可知空格處應(yīng)講述過(guò)去某一時(shí)期的狀況。E項(xiàng)中toomanyengineersandPh.D.s說(shuō)明了上文

的overeducated的具體情況，且其中說(shuō)到的languished“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退”時(shí)期，與下文loosenedup”經(jīng)濟(jì)

復(fù)蘇”形成對(duì)應(yīng)，故應(yīng)選E。G項(xiàng)也提到了年份，但講的是教師數(shù)量下降等負(fù)面因素，顯然不能說(shuō)明上文

的overeducated,故排除。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：G）

解析：該段講述印度教育制度問(wèn)題造成了技術(shù)工人的短缺。第一句談到一種假設(shè)：經(jīng)濟(jì)活躍起來(lái)，將有大

量的技工人員可供使用。但第二句表明情況并非如此，問(wèn)題出在印度的教育制度。因此空格處應(yīng)填與印度

教育制度不完善相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。空格處上文與印度教育制度（educationalsystem）有關(guān)，下文也同樣說(shuō)到

印度減少了培養(yǎng)技術(shù)工人的資源投入，選項(xiàng)中只有G提到教師數(shù)量、入學(xué)率等與教育有關(guān)的負(fù)面信息，并

且其中提至U的thepercentageofstudents…rosemoreslowly與下文devotingrelativelyfewer

resources相對(duì)應(yīng)，故為正確選項(xiàng)。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：A）

解析：上文提到了為解決技術(shù)荒的問(wèn)題，大批高等院校sprungup,而下段則指出此問(wèn)題seemlikea

lowpriority,上下文意見(jiàn)相反，故此處需表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子作過(guò)渡。A中提到的madetheproblemseem

lessurgent與下文的seemlikealowpriority對(duì)應(yīng)，故A為正確答案。雖然D項(xiàng)也有帶轉(zhuǎn)折的信息

詞，但D項(xiàng)有關(guān)人才短缺的內(nèi)容顯然與此空格的上下文不符。

HaroldVarmusisamanonamission-aquesttoliberatescientific

knowledgefromtheboundsofjournalsandcopyrightsandmakeitfree

toall.ThisisnosmallissuetotheNobelwinner,cancer

researcher,andpresidentofMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter.

{{u}}{{U}}16{{/U}}{{/U}}

ToVarmus,whatscientistsdo,howtheythink,andwhattheywrite

shouldbeimmediatelyandfreelyavailableonlinethroughoutthe

world.Andiftaxpayerssupportscience,hesays,sharingshouldbe

mandatory.Varmusbeganpromoting"openaccess”in1999duringhis

lastyearasdirectoroftheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH).

Later,withafewcolleaguesandheavyphilanthropicsupport,he

establishedthePublicLibraryofSciencetoshowthewayby

publishingseveralprestigiousopen-accessjournals.

Historically,scientificjournalspayforpeerreviews,editing,and

othercoststhroughadsandsubscriptionfees.{{U}}{{U}}17{{/U}}

{{/U}}Bycontrast,theopen-accessmodelcallsfortheresearchers

(ortheirgrants)topayforpublishingatacostofsome$2,000to

$3,000ormoreperarticle.

Itsoundssensible,buttheauthor-payapproachhasfacedresistance

onseveralfronts.Somescientists,particularlythoseyoungerand

lesswellfunded,worrythatthefeeswilllimittheirpublishing.

{{U}}{{U}}18{{/U}}{{/U}}Journalsfaultamodelthatburdens

relativelyfewresearcherswithcostsnowsharedbythelargereader

base.Andothersworry,aboutgovernmentintrusion.

Thepush-backissomethingVarnmsconcedesheunderestimated.Buthe

gotaninklingwhenaneffortheledin2000fellflat.Thousandsof

scientistshadpledgedtoboycottjournalsunwillingtomaketheir

articlesfreethroughtheNationalLibraryofMedicine,butfew"kept

theirpromise.Scientificcareersstilldependgreatlyonpublishing

inestablishedjournals.ButVannuspersisted.Hestressedthatlay

readers,notjustscientists,werebeingdeprivedofknowledge.And

now,moreorganizationsareendorsingtheconcept.

Varmus,67,admitsthattheprojecthasconsumedmoretimethanhe

hadhoped.Butitissucceedingsofarbecauseofhisleadership.On

this,hegivesanodtohisNobelPrize.〃Idon，tbelievethatsome

ofthethingsthatI'vebeenabletodointhelastfewyearswould

havebeenpossiblewithoutthatlittleornament,hesays.

{{U}}{{U}}19{{/U}}{{/U}}AtSloan-Kettering,ashedidatNIH,he

walksaroundtielessandcarryingabackpack,andheworksalongside

studentsinhisownresearchlab.

Ashedoes,heurgesresearcherstogobeyondthelab,tobecome

scientificactivistsforabetterworld.{{U}}{{U}}20{{/U}}

{{/U}}Thecommonlanguageofsciencenotonlycanhelpsolve

problems,hesays;italsocanunitepeopleacrossunfriendly

borders.

A.It，smorethanthat,though.Informinghisleadershipisapassion

forscience-withits"specialpowersandspecialbeauties〃-andhis

identityasaworkingscientist,notjustanadministration.

B.Ifwespeakthatlanguage,Varmussays,〃we'11buildoneworld.If

wedon't,we'regoingtoliveinafragmentedworld,aswedonow.〃

C.Accesstoscientificliteratureisonlyonestep;poorernations

alsoneedagreatershareofscientificinvestment,hesays.

D.Infact,itissymbolicofVarmus，sviewthatscienceiscritical

toimprovingthehumanconditionand,thus,mustbeshared.

E.AbillinCongresswouldrequirescientistssupportedbytheNIH

tosubmitworkonlytojournalsthatagreetomakeitfreeonline

withinayear.

F.Subscriptionsoftenamounttohundredsofdollarsperyear,posing

financialhurdlestoreaders,especiallywhenmultipliedbymany

journals.

G.OthersareconcernedthathundredsofmillionsofNIHdollarswill

bedivertedfromresearchandintopublishing.（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）

填空項(xiàng)1：.（正確答案：D）

解析：第一段主要介紹了哈羅德?瓦姆斯及其肩負(fù)的使命。待填的內(nèi)容為該段的末句。前兩句講的都是哈

羅德?瓦姆斯肩負(fù)的使命，順著句意，填入的內(nèi)容應(yīng)討論該使命的重要性。上文提出哈羅德?瓦姆斯的

使命，即1iberate,?,makeitfreetoal1,而下文則提及freelyavaiIableonline,故空格處應(yīng)與此

有關(guān)，D提到了瓦姆斯的觀點(diǎn)，mustbeshared與前后文對(duì)應(yīng)，故D為正確選項(xiàng)。E雖然也提到makeit

freeonline,但其中的bill在前后文中均未提到，故排除。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：F）

解析：該段比較了訂閱期刊和開放獲取模式的費(fèi)用和來(lái)源。該段第一句說(shuō)的是以往科學(xué)期刊（訂閱期刊）的

收費(fèi)情況，而第三句則開始談?wù)撻_放獲取模式的優(yōu)勢(shì)?？膳袛嗫崭裉帒?yīng)填入有關(guān)訂閱期刊弊端的內(nèi)容。

根據(jù)該段出現(xiàn)的信息詞payfor…through…，payfor…atacostof...,說(shuō)明該段應(yīng)與期刊費(fèi)用有

關(guān)。F通過(guò)hundredsofdollars,financialhurdles等信息詞說(shuō)明期刊給讀者造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，與文

中內(nèi)容相符，故為正確選項(xiàng)。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：G）

解析：第四段指出作者付費(fèi)方式面臨的阻力?？崭裎挥诙温渲虚g，空格前一句的Some提到了一些科學(xué)家

的觀點(diǎn)，由此判斷要填入的句子會(huì)討論另一部分人（others）的觀點(diǎn)。空格前出現(xiàn)信息詞Some

scientists…worry,而下文也提到fault和worry,故空格處應(yīng)與對(duì)此項(xiàng)目的擔(dān)憂有關(guān)，G開始就說(shuō)到

Othersareconcerned…與前文相對(duì)應(yīng)，故為正確答案。

填空項(xiàng)1：（正確答案：A）

解析：第七段介紹了哈羅德?瓦姆斯的魅力所在及其處事風(fēng)格?？崭裎挥诙问住Ｉ弦欢握?wù)摿送吣匪箤⒊?/p>

就歸功于諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，而空格后則介紹他的工作風(fēng)格。大致判斷填入的句子應(yīng)有承上啟下的作用，而且能夠

過(guò)渡到瓦姆斯的工作風(fēng)格上。上文說(shuō)到哈羅德?瓦姆斯的leadership是歸功于NobelPrize,縱觀各選

項(xiàng)，A中的leadership與前文對(duì)應(yīng)，morethanthat中的that實(shí)際指代前文的NobelPrize,而

workingscientist與后文提到的ashedidatNIH...heworks…inhisownresearchlab對(duì)應(yīng)，故

為正確答案。

填空項(xiàng)1：(正確答案：C)

解析：該段指出科學(xué)知識(shí)對(duì)世界的重要性。首句是該段的中心句，其中談到哈羅德?瓦姆斯鼓勵(lì)研究人員

走出實(shí)驗(yàn)室，成為科學(xué)活動(dòng)家，以創(chuàng)造更好的世界，由此推斷接下來(lái)要具體談?wù)撛蚝鸵饬x。前文提到

哈羅德?瓦姆斯鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)造abetterworld,而下文提到unitepeopleacross…borders。C項(xiàng)前半句中

Accesstoscientificliterature與上文對(duì)應(yīng)，而后半句poorernations…need…scientific

investment與下文銜接，起到了承上啟下的作用，故為正確選項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)是強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，但它提到的that

language無(wú)法與上文銜接，故排除。

A.Especiallysincesexting(sexandtexting)mightactuallybethe

leastofoarworries.Comparedwithwhattheyareactuallydoing,

teenagers，virtualsexlivesmaybelessamirrorthananillusion,

animageofhowtheyseethemselvesthatvanishesasyougetup

close.Theresearchsuggeststhatevenastheygetmore

electronicallyimmodest,theyaredelayingactualsex,havingfewer

partnersandgenerallybehavingmoreresponsiblythanmanyoftheir

parentsdid.Byallmeans,comedownhardonthekidwhousesaphone

tocheatorbullyorharassorcauseharm.Butwhenitcomesto

baringall,remindthemthateveniftheyescapethelawthey，11

nevererasethetrail.

B.Justdon，timaginethatyoucanprevailbybruteforce.Youcan

blockwebsites,limittimeonline,screene-mail,removethewebcam.

Butkidsaremorenimblethanwise;theywillfendaworkaround.And

wearefightingontheirterritory.Theyareupinthetreesand

undergroundandincaveswhilewemarcharoundinourbrightred

uniformstryingtodefendtheirdignityandvirtue.Notafairfight.

C.Unfortunatelyit'stoolatetolegislatethatnooneshouldbe

5allowedacellphoneuntilheorsheisatleast18andfully

licensedtouseit.Cellphonestookusbysurprise:sosmall,so

innocent,sopowerfulinthehandsofaboredortwistedteenwhonow

hasanextremelyefficienttoolforwastingtime,cheatingontests,

bullyingclassmates,arrangingdrugdealsand,morecommonly,

flirting(tomakeplayfullyromanticorsexualovertures)ina

junior-varsityversionofGirlsGoneWild.

D.HowmanyparentsinsistedafterColumbineandSept.11thattheir

childrenbereachableatalltimes?Howcomfortingtogivekidscell

phones,sothaturgentreassuranceswerenevermorethan10digits

away.Andhowhandy,aswejuggledjobsandmeetingsandsoccer

matches,tobeabletorearrangedeploymentsonthefly.Theirphones

servedourneedssowell;too