商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀第一單元

Chapter1GeneralViewofInternationalBusinessWTOPara1engagedininternationaltransactionsbeinvolvedinoriginate引起,發(fā)明,發(fā)起,創(chuàng)辦vi.起源,發(fā)生restrictionsn.限制,約束virtually:infacttariffs:關(guān)稅quotas:配額embargo:禁運(yùn)boycotts:聯(lián)合抵制barrier:貿(mào)易壁壘TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inter-governmentalorganization:政府間的組織flow:流暢(be)basedon:以……為基礎(chǔ)services:服務(wù)settle:解決;平息tradedispute:貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端negotiation:談判promotecooperation:促進(jìn)合作jointdecision-making:共同決策consensus:一致同意;一致意見(jiàn)body:機(jī)構(gòu);團(tuán)體council:決策班子;委員會(huì)committee:委員會(huì)consistof:由…組成entiremembership:全體成員administrativesupport:行政支撐secretariat:秘書處Geneva,Switzerland:瑞士的日內(nèi)瓦Para.2tradingsystem:貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)dateback:追溯到…BrettonWoods:布雷頓森林conference:會(huì)議delegate:代表conceive:構(gòu)思create:創(chuàng)立;創(chuàng)建theWorldBank:世界銀行theInternationalMonetaryFund:國(guó)際貨幣基金組織1Internationaltradeorganization(ITO):國(guó)際貿(mào)易組織aspecializedagency:個(gè)別機(jī)構(gòu)charter:憲章ambitious:有抱負(fù)的;有雄心壯志的extendbeyond:擴(kuò)充;延伸worldtradedisciplines:世界貿(mào)易原則commodityagreement:國(guó)際商品協(xié)定restrictivebusinesspractices:限制性經(jīng)營(yíng)辦法internationalinvestment:國(guó)際投資Havana:哈瓦拉(古巴首都)Cuba:古巴ratification:批準(zhǔn)legislation:立法opposition:反對(duì)theU.S.Senate:美國(guó)上議院drivingforces:動(dòng)力announce:宣布seek:尋求congressionalratification:國(guó)會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)effectively:有效地eventualresult:最后的結(jié)果subsequent:隨后的;后來(lái)的creation:創(chuàng)建;創(chuàng)立theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT):關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定beconcernedwith:關(guān)注…primarily:主要的(mainly)reducebarrierstotheinternationaltradeofgoods:減少國(guó)際商品貿(mào)易壁壘resultfrom:由…所產(chǎn)生provisional:臨時(shí)的prosperous:興旺發(fā)達(dá)的multilateral:多邊的;多國(guó)的internationalcommerce:國(guó)際貿(mào)易o(hù)verhaul:徹底改革due:應(yīng)得的;預(yù)期的massivemodification:巨大的改革UruguayRound:烏拉圭回合(在烏拉圭的多次國(guó)際貿(mào)易談判)Para3regulate:控制;調(diào)節(jié);規(guī)范regulatingworldtradeofgoods:規(guī)范國(guó)際商品貿(mào)易tariffbarriers:關(guān)稅壁壘non-tariffbarriers:非關(guān)稅壁壘notlongafter:soongivebirthto:產(chǎn)生(resultin…)defacto:實(shí)際上;實(shí)事上informally:非正式的overtheyears:duringthefollowingyearsevolve:發(fā)展;進(jìn)化setout:訂立conductinternationaltrade:進(jìn)行國(guó)際貿(mào)易institution:機(jī)構(gòu)temporary:暫時(shí)的;臨時(shí)的recognize:認(rèn)可replace:代替amend:修改incorporate:合并liveon:繼續(xù)存在updated:最新的text:版本(version)keyprinciples:主要原則adopt:采用GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS):服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定intellectualproperty:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Trade-RelatedAspectsofInternationalPropertyRights(TRIPS):與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定Para4signatory(signatories):簽署各國(guó)intend:打算setupaworldwidetradingorganization:建立世界貿(mào)易組織intheevent:最后(eventually)reachanunderstanding:達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)(not)increasetariffsbeyondtheirexistinglevel:增加的關(guān)稅不超過(guò)現(xiàn)在的水平Abolition:廢除mostfavorednation:最惠國(guó)tradingprivileges:貿(mào)易特權(quán)extend:擴(kuò)展;延伸systemsofpreferences:優(yōu)惠系統(tǒng);特惠系統(tǒng)CommonwealthPreference:英聯(lián)邦關(guān)稅特惠制tradingblocs:貿(mào)易集團(tuán)establishment:建立common-markettypeagreements:共同市場(chǎng)協(xié)定EC:abbr.歐共體(EuropeanCommunity)Outward-looking:外向型的Insular:adj.內(nèi)向型的;海島的,孤立的,超然物外的abolishquotas:廢除配額KennedyRound:肯尼迪回合accountforabout80%ofinternationaltrade:占…..Para.5emphasis:重點(diǎn);強(qiáng)調(diào)shift:轉(zhuǎn)換;轉(zhuǎn)移thenorth-southdialogue:南北對(duì)話conduct:進(jìn)行;實(shí)行theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD):聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會(huì)議primarycommodities:初級(jí)商品discriminate(against):歧視protectionistpolicy:貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義政策freeraccesstomarkets:更自由進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)WTOAgreements:世貿(mào)協(xié)定Part1expansion:擴(kuò)充governing:控制;調(diào)節(jié)cover:包括globalexchangeofgoods:全球商品交易capital:資本multi-nationalorganization:多國(guó)貿(mào)易(be)capableof:能….resolve:解決tradeconflicts:貿(mào)易沖突;貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端playakeyrole:發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性的作用settletradedisputes:解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端atitsheart:起核心作用legal:法定的ground-rules:章程essentially:本質(zhì)上bindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicies:約束各國(guó)政府保持貿(mào)易政策不變withinagreedlimits:已經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)議的范圍內(nèi)asnegotiatedandsignedgovernments:作為經(jīng)過(guò)談判和簽署協(xié)議的各國(guó)政府objective:目標(biāo);目的achieve:實(shí)現(xiàn)tolerance:寬容generosity:大度impartialmeansofsettlingtradedisputes:公正解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的辦法overridingpurpose:最重要的目的undesirablesideeffects:不希望發(fā)生的副作用obstacles:障礙ensure:確保;保證individuals:個(gè)體transparent:透明的readily:容易地ascertainable:確定的predictable:可預(yù)見(jiàn)的protectionism:貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義bloated:膨脹的inefficient:低效率的closure:關(guān)閉draft:草擬draftedandsignedbycommunityoftradingnations:由各貿(mào)易國(guó)共同草擬和簽署的considerabledebate:充分的辯論controversy:爭(zhēng)論function:作用forum:論壇Part2disputesettlement:解決爭(zhēng)端conflictinginterest:利益沖突bringactionsonitsowninitiative:獨(dú)自采取行動(dòng)initiateactions:采取行動(dòng)disputesettlementprocess:解決爭(zhēng)端程序spellout:講清除;詳細(xì)說(shuō)明UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes:解決爭(zhēng)端規(guī)則和程序的諒解govern:管理;統(tǒng)治;控制disputesettlementbody:解決爭(zhēng)端機(jī)構(gòu)aspecialassembly:立法機(jī)構(gòu)consultation:磋商interestedthird-parties:有利益關(guān)系的第三當(dāng)事人theestablishmentofapanel:建立專家組investigate:調(diào)查allegedviolations:對(duì)違反…的指控appellatereview:上訴審查AppellateBody:上訴機(jī)構(gòu)adoptionofthepanel:采納專家意見(jiàn)appellatedecisionbytheDisputeSettlementBody:解決爭(zhēng)端機(jī)構(gòu)的上訴裁決implementationofthedecisionadopted:執(zhí)行所采納的裁決escalating:逐步上升的;循序漸進(jìn)的three-stepprocess:三個(gè)步驟voluntaryconformity:自愿一致theviolatingmember:侵害方compensation:賠償theinjuredmember:被侵害方tradeconcessions:貿(mào)易讓步;妥協(xié)accomplish:實(shí)現(xiàn)retaliation:報(bào)復(fù)arbitration:仲裁AgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization:建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定Part3antidumping:反傾銷imposition:強(qiáng)加impositionofantidumping:強(qiáng)加反傾銷(報(bào)復(fù))countervailingmeasures:抵銷措施;補(bǔ)償措施fairvalue:公平價(jià)值dumping:傾銷recognize:公認(rèn)prohibit:禁止anestablishedindustry:已有的工業(yè)materially:從物質(zhì)上inhibit:抑制;約束domesticindustry:國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)provide:規(guī)定impose:強(qiáng)行征稅antidumpingduty:反傾銷稅inappropriatecircumstances:在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下outline:概述subsidy:津貼;補(bǔ)助金bounty:津貼bestow:給予artificiallycheaper:人為造成的便宜emergingindustries:新興工業(yè)amembernation:成員國(guó)acountervailingduty:反傾銷稅;反補(bǔ)貼稅offset:抵銷Part4lengthyandcomplex:漫長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的legaltexts:法律文本coverawiderangeofactivities:涉及范圍廣governmentpurchases:政府采購(gòu)foodsanitationregulations:食品衛(wèi)生規(guī)則intellectualproperty:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)fundamentalprinciples:基本原則runthroughoutallofthesedocuments:應(yīng)用與所有文件worldwide,multilateraltradingsystem:全世界多邊貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)statesv.:規(guī)定discrimination:歧視discriminate:歧視grante:準(zhǔn)予;承認(rèn)most-favoured-nation(MFN)status:最惠國(guó)地位nationaltreatment(國(guó)民待遇)freer:更自由的prediatable:可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的arbitrarily:任意地;隨意地morecompetitive:更據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的discouraging:打擊marketshare:市場(chǎng)份額beneficial:受益的flexibility:靈活性specialprivileges:特權(quán)Part6cost-free:免費(fèi)的;不付出代價(jià)的attain:獲得applicant:申請(qǐng)者gothrough:經(jīng)過(guò)existingmembers:現(xiàn)有成員國(guó)prospectivemembers:申請(qǐng)加入的國(guó)家engageinsomepainfulreforms:進(jìn)行一些難度很大的改革curbexportsubsidies(subsidy):控制;抑制enforcementoflaws:強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行法律intellectualpropertypiracy:侵犯知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的行為1.2Globalization1.2.1.globalization:全球化globe:地球;世界integrated:綜合的amoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomy:更加綜合和相互依賴的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)components:成分;因素theglobalizationofmarkets:全球化市場(chǎng)theglobalizationofproduction:全球化生產(chǎn)1.2.1.1themergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace:從過(guò)去的明顯的單一國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)融匯為一個(gè)巨大的全球市場(chǎng)thetasteandpreference:品味和偏好convergeonaglobalnorm:匯聚為一個(gè)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Citicorpcreditcards:花旗銀行信用卡Levi’sjeans:Levi’s牛仔服SonyWalkmansandDiscmans:Nintendogameplayers:任天堂游戲機(jī)holdup:認(rèn)為prototypical:典型的trend:趨勢(shì)LeviStrauss:一公司名(Levi’sstrauss牛仔褲)benefactor:貢獻(xiàn)者;恩人;捐助者facilitator:推動(dòng)者standardizedproduct:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化產(chǎn)品thesizeofthesemultinationalgiants:跨國(guó)公司規(guī)模facilitate:推動(dòng);促進(jìn)triple:增至三倍accountfor:占targetemergingmarkets:瞄準(zhǔn)新興市場(chǎng)closeto:nearlyPart2prevalence:流行SonyPlayStations:索尼游戲站pushtoofar:(將某事)過(guò)分?jǐn)U大givewayto:讓位于….significant:重要的relevantdimensions:相關(guān)方面distributionchannels:銷售渠道culturallyembeddedvaluesystems:根深帝固的文化價(jià)值觀念marketingstrategy:營(yíng)銷策略andthelike:andsoonoperatingpractice:操作習(xí)慣customize:為用戶定制bestmatchconditionsinacountry:最好地與當(dāng)?shù)貒?guó)家的情況相適應(yīng)promote:開發(fā)varyingcarmodels:不同的汽車類型arangeoffactors:一系列的因素trafficcongestion:交通擁堵Part3currently:目前;現(xiàn)在universalneedtheworldover:全球性的需要theworldover:allovertheworldcommodity:商品aluminum:鋁microprocessor:微型處理器DRAMs:computermemorychips:電腦存儲(chǔ)芯片commercialjetaircraft:商用噴氣式飛機(jī)financialassets:金融資產(chǎn)USTreasurybills:美國(guó)短期債券,償還期一般為三到六個(gè)月futuresontheNikkeiIndex:日經(jīng)期貨指數(shù)theNikkeiIndex東京證券交易所Eurobonds:歐洲債券Mexicanpeso:墨西哥比索Part4animportantfeature:特點(diǎn);特征confront:面對(duì);對(duì)抗competitor:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手innationafternation:一個(gè)又一個(gè)國(guó)家rivalry:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)rival:對(duì)手Pepsi:百事可樂(lè)Ford:美國(guó)福特汽車公司Toyota:豐田汽車Boeing:波音公司Air-bus:空中客車Caterpillar:公司名Komatsu:公司名Nintendo:任天堂Sony:索尼gainanadvantage:取得優(yōu)勢(shì)homogeneity:同質(zhì):同種multinationalenterprise:跨國(guó)企業(yè)emerge:出現(xiàn)convergence:集中homogeneous:相似的;同類的1.2.1.2TheGlobalizationofProductiontendency:趨向source:尋找(searchfor)takeadvantageofnationaldifferences:利用國(guó)家之間的不同inthecostandquality:在成本與質(zhì)量方面factorsofproduction:生產(chǎn)要素overallcoststructure:全部成本結(jié)構(gòu)functionality:功能majorcomponentparts:主要零件supplier:供應(yīng)商fuselage,doorsandwings:機(jī)身,機(jī)門和機(jī)翼thenoselandinggear:飛機(jī)起落架wingflaps:副翼;阻力板rationale:基本原理outsource:外購(gòu);外包perform:從事;做enhance:提高;增強(qiáng)Part2dispersal:分散getintotheact:參加;插手SwanOptical:公司名(acompany)manufacturer:制造商distributor:銷售商eyewear:眼鏡revenue:收入jointly:共同的minoritystake:少數(shù)股份locations:地方(places)designereyewear:設(shè)計(jì)師的眼鏡chargeapremiumprice:獲取保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)溢價(jià)disperse:分散competitiveadvantage:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)exemplify:例證;作為…例子irrelevant:不恰當(dāng)?shù)?不相關(guān)的theoutsourcingofproductiveactivities:外購(gòu)(外包)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)substantial:很大的;重要的impediment:障礙optimaldispersion:理想的分散(生產(chǎn)活動(dòng))Part3traveldowntheroadtoward…:gotoward…characterizedby…以…為特點(diǎn)importantactorsinthisdrama:這個(gè)舞臺(tái)上的重要演員foster:促進(jìn)merely:onlyrespond:相應(yīng);回應(yīng)1.2.2.ImplicationsfortheGlobalizationofProductiondecline:下降ImplicationsforInte