九定語從句講義

九-高一講義（3）定語從句名詞性從句名詞性從句狀語從句定語從句復(fù)合句狀語從句定語從句復(fù)合句定語從句修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。Thisisabookwhichtellsaboutspaceknowledge.（定從）先行詞關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞的分類關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：That,which,who,whom,whose,as主/賓人/物關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有：When,where,why△關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞作用1引導(dǎo)定語從句,起引導(dǎo)詞作用.2代替被修飾詞.3在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分練習(xí)：指出關(guān)系代詞（副詞）在定語從句中的成份1.ThemanwhocametoourschoolisMr.Wang.（）2.Thegirl(whom)ImetisLucy.()3.AchildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledTom.（）4.Ilikethebook(which)youboughtyesterday.（）關(guān)系代詞的講解關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as關(guān)系代詞先行詞充當(dāng)從句的成分who人主語、賓語whom人賓語which物主語、賓語that人或物主語、賓語、表語whose人或物定語關(guān)系代詞的基本用法①who指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。ThemanwhospoketoyouisTom.Theman(who)weinvitedisTom.②whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。Theman(whom)weinvitedisTom.③which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.Thisbook(which)heisusingismine.④that指人或物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。做賓語時(shí)，可省略。AplaneisamachinethatcanflyHeistheman(that)Ihityesterday.Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe⑤whose指人或物,在定語從句中作定語。不可省略。ThisisthegirlwhoseEnglishbookwaslost.Weliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.◎練習(xí)：(5)You'dbetterbuyvegetablesfromfarmers_____growthem.(6)Don'tdrinkwater_____hasnotbeenboiled.(7)Hesawahouse_____windowswerebroken.(8)Theman_____livesnexttoussellsvegetables.(9)Afish______hasbrighteyesisfresh.※只能用that不能用which的情況①先行詞為序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)或被這些詞修飾時(shí)。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisisthehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthecity.②先行詞是不定代詞，如all,little,few,much,everything,anything,nothing,none,some等時(shí)。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.③先行詞被any,all,every,no,noneof,theonly,thevery,thejust,(恰好)等詞修飾時(shí)。Theonlythingthatshecandoistostudyhard.④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。Theytalkedabouttheschoolsandteachers(that)theyhadvisited.⑤當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句。Whoisthemanthatisreadingthebook?⑥當(dāng)先行詞為主句的表語或者關(guān)系代詞為從句的表語時(shí)。Thisisthebookthatwasboughtyesterday.Tomisn’ttheboythatheusedtobe.⑦先行詞前有such或thesame修飾ThisisthesamebikethatIlostaweekago.⑧在there+be句型中TherearetwonovelsthatIwanttoread.我要讀的有兩本小說※只能用which不能用that的情況①引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedalloverworld.②當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。Thisisthehouseinwhichhelived.③當(dāng)先行詞本身就是that時(shí)。ThatwhichyoutoldmeiswhatIwanttoknow.◎Exercise1:用關(guān)系代詞填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.△當(dāng)先行詞同時(shí)指人和物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that.◎Exercise2.Myfatherandhisfriendtalkedaboutsomething______theycouldn’tremember.Sayall________youknow.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?△當(dāng)先行詞是something,anything,nothing,all等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that.4.Thisisthefirstplay________IhaveseensinceIcamehere.5.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.△當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)等詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that.6.Whoisthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?7.Whichisthemachine____weusedlastSunday△當(dāng)主句是who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，而中心詞指人或物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that.關(guān)系副詞的基本用法When,where,why關(guān)系副詞指代的先行詞充當(dāng)從句的成分when表時(shí)間的名詞/名詞詞組時(shí)間狀語where表地點(diǎn)的名詞/名詞詞組地點(diǎn)狀語why表原因的名詞原因狀語①When用關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)，先行詞指時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，when可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyearwhen(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.②Where用關(guān)系副詞where時(shí)，先行詞指地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thisisthefarmwhere(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschoolwhere(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity③用關(guān)系副詞why時(shí)，先行詞指原因，why在定語從句中作原因狀語，why可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thereareseveralreasonswhy(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.◎用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.Theroom_____________heoncelivedisstillthere.Theroom_______________Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.2.Iwillneverforgettheday____________Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday___________wespenttogether.3.Thereason________________Idon’tknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.Thereason_____________Idon’tknowisknowntohim.38.Wewentthroughaperiod______communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.which B.whose C.inwhichD.withwhich（2008上海）▲關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(diǎn)(1)當(dāng)先行詞為time，表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that或省略。Thisisthefirsttime_____thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)當(dāng)position，stage，point,situation,case等詞作先行詞表示“情況，境地，場合”等意思時(shí)，其后常由where引導(dǎo)定語從句，如：Canyouthinkofasituation______thisexpressioncanbeused?October1,1949wastheday___(______)Chinawasfounded.Beijingistheplace______(__________)Icame.Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?Isthistheroom______(________)wewerelivinglastwinter?Thedaysaregone_____(____________)weused“foreignoil”.Yesterday,wehadameeting______(________)wediscussedmanyproblems.限定性從句與非限定性從句限定性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾和限定作用,是不可缺少的成分,沒有了附加信息,我們就不知道談?wù)摰氖钦l或是什么事,在這樣的從句中不使用逗號(hào).ThehousethatIboughtlastyearhasgotalovelygarden.2.非限定性定語從句非限制性定語從句起補(bǔ)充說明作用，缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開，如若將非限制性定語從句放在句子中間，前后都需要用逗號(hào)隔開。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.△翻譯方法：限制性定語從句翻譯在先行詞前，非限制性定語從句翻譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。如：1)ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（限制性定語從句）我昨天買的那本書很有趣。2）Mybrother,whoisasoldier,istalkingwithmyteacher.(非限制性定語從句）我哥哥正在和我的老師談話，他是當(dāng)兵的?！拗菩远ㄕZ從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明確。主從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開。而非限制性定語從句則不然。試比較：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.(2)限制性定語從句的先行詞總是一個(gè)名詞或一個(gè)代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是部分或整個(gè)主句的意思。此時(shí)，一般用關(guān)系代詞as或which引導(dǎo)。(3)限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，而非限制性定語從句則不能。(4)在非限制性定語從句中，不能省略關(guān)系代詞，而在限制性定語從句中則可以。