定語從句講義

語法復(fù)習(xí)專題（1）定語從句定語從句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。

關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。

關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why等。

一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1、who,whom,that：這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：

Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?（who/that在從句中作主語）

Heisthemanwho/whom/thatIsawyesterday.（who/whom/that在從句中作賓語）

2、Whose用來指人或物，(只用作定語,若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換）,例如：

Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.

Pleasepassmethebookwhosecover/thecoverofwhichisgreen.3、which,that：它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。

Thecarwhich/thatwasstolenbelongstoJack.（which/that在句中作主語）

Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisfromLondon.(which/that在句中作賓語）4、只能用that的情況：a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。先行詞指人的時候，可以用who.Therearealargenumberofcarsthataredamagedintheflood.Thereare50workersthat/whodemandtogettheirpayraised.

b)先行詞是不定代詞all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,some,much,few,little,theone,等，關(guān)系代詞必須用thatTheydidall(that)theycouldtohelpthepoor.Sheislookingforsomethingthatwaslostyesterday.--Doyoufindanythingthatinterestsyouverymuch?--Sorry,thereislittlethatinterestsmeverymuch.--Whichbookdoyouwant?--Iwanttheonethathasabluecover.c)先行詞被all,every,some,any,nofew,little等修飾，關(guān)系代詞必須用thatHaveyoureadanybookthatiswrittenbyMarkTwain?Wecanfindfewriversinthecountrythatarecleanandclear.d)先行詞指的是事、物，而且被theonly,thevery修飾時，只用that。如果先行詞是人，也可以用who。ThisistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.Itistheonlychancethatyoumustcatchtogoabroad.Iwastheonlypersonwhowasinvited.You’retheverypersonwho/whomI’mlookingfor.

e)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時，只用that。.Chinaisthefirstcountrythatinventedpaper.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeversee.

f)先行詞既有人，又有物時。Inherdiary,MarydescribedthepeopleandplacesthathesawonherjourneytoYunnan.g)在疑問句中，有疑問詞which,who,為了避免重復(fù)，定語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)：Whichisthecomputerthatyouboughtlastweek?Whoisthepersonthatyouarelookingfor?5、只能用which的情況：a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。

Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介詞后。

Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

1、when,where,why：關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和|“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：

Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustgivein.

Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.

Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?2、that代替關(guān)系副詞：that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when,where,why和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：

Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.3.先行詞為抽象地點的定語從句，關(guān)系副詞用where。這些抽象地點的名詞有：situation,case,point,position,activity,story等。You

reach

a

point

where

medicine

can’t

help.你已到了藥物無法治療的地步。Today,wewilldiscuss

a

number

of

casesswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.He

got

into

a

situation

where

it

is

hard

todecide

what

is

right

and

wrong.Itputs

me

in

a

position

where

I

can’t

afford

to

take

the

job.Those

successful

deaf

dancers

think

thatdancing

is

an

activitywhere

sight

matters

morethanhearing.Remember

that

the

best

relationship

is

onewhere

your

love

for

each

other

is

great.

三、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

方法一：用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：

ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.

I’llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.

（錯）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（對）Thisisthemountainvillage(which/that)Ivisitedlastyear.

（錯）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（對）I'llneverforgetthedays(which/that)Ispentinthecountryside.方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

1.Isthismuseum_______youvisitedafewdaysage?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

2.Isthisthemuseum__________theexhibitionwasheld.

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseumis_________youvisitedafewdaysago.

例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthemuseum_________theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到賓語的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。

而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因inthemuseum詞組，可用介詞in+which引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on用的不對，所以選A。

關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點狀語，when時間狀語，why原因狀語)。

四、限制性和非限制性定語從句

1、定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：

Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）

Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2、當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.

Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.3、非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進(jìn)行修飾,這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：

HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.Jennypassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisedallofus.五、介詞+關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

介詞+which/whom/whose+n.

1、介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

Thisisthefilmaboutwhichtheyhavebeentalking.(talkaboutsth)Tomisthepersonwithwhomwewenttothecinema.(wenttothecinemawiththeperson)Mr.BrownisthemanagerinwhosecompanyIhaveworkedforages.(Ihaveworkedinhiscompanyforages.)Theywentintoashopwhoseownerwasatallman.=theownerofwhichwasatallman.=ofwhichtheownerwasatallman.Jackhascollectedover2,000stamps,mostofwhicharevaluable.Chinawon36goldmedalsinthegames,20ofwhichwerewonbywomen.Weneed46employees,20ofwhomshouldbegirls.YesterdayImetMr.Smithinwhosecompanyemployeesmustbewelleducated.

2、某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，地點或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以和關(guān)系副詞when、where、why互換。

Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhich/whenyoujoinedourclub?

Thisisthereasonforwhich/whyIwaslate.六、as,which非限定性定語從句

1、由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。as一般放在句首，也可以放在主句后，甚至放在主句中，翻譯成“正如”。而which只能放在主句后，翻譯成“這”。

Asweknow,/Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Chinaisadevelopingcountry,asisknowntoall.LuXun,asyouknow,wasagreatChinesewriter.

Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.2、固定句型：Asweknow/Asisknown(toall/us)眾所周知；Aswementionedabove/Aswasmentionedabove正如上面提到的Asisoftenthecase情況總是這樣

3、as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：thesame…as；such…asIhavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我已經(jīng)陷入了和他一樣的困境中。

ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.這塊表和我丟失的表一樣。（兩塊表）ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.這就是我丟失的那塊表。（一塊表）Ihaveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過像他講得故事。精典名題導(dǎo)解1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.（NMET2001）A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where解析：答案為C。本題考查分隔定語從句的關(guān)系詞的選擇。作好本題的關(guān)鍵是要能辨認(rèn)出該定語從句的先行詞thehours和關(guān)系詞被介詞短語tome所分隔。定語從句的先行詞是表時間的名詞hours,并且關(guān)系詞在從句中用作狀語，故應(yīng)選擇表示時間的關(guān)系副詞when。___________isknowntoeverybody,thenoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What解析：答案為B。本題考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句。as作“正如……”解時，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句來修飾整個句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時，常用于下列短語：asisknown、asissaid、asisreported、asisannounced等。要注意掌握作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown___________hegrewupasachild.(NMET1996)A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when 解析：答案為B。本題考查限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞的選擇。定語從句的先行詞是表示地點的名詞短語thesmalltown,且關(guān)系詞不作定語從句中的主語和賓語而作地點狀語，因此定語從句必須用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。要注意分清先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，然后選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。4.TheEnglishplaymystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich解析：答案為C?？级ㄕZ從句。主句部分應(yīng)是TheEnglishplayattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.從句補(bǔ)全為獨立句子應(yīng)是mystudentsactedintheplay。所以應(yīng)選inwhich，其余介詞不妥。5.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousersshehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that解析：答案為A。本題考地點狀語從句，用where引導(dǎo)。句意是“她的褲子上她擦過手的地方有臟痕”。此處不能用時間狀語從句，排除C，本題易被誤認(rèn)為考定語從句，意為“在她擦過手的褲子上有臟痕”。定語從句修飾trousers，也只能用where。B和D可引導(dǎo)定語從句，但只作主、賓等成分。定語從句缺少狀語，不缺主語、賓語，故不可用。Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich解析：答案為A。本題考定語從句，關(guān)系代詞which指代thejourney，定語從句恢復(fù)為獨立句子應(yīng)是：Thesailingtimeofthejourneywas226days,故選ofwhich。三、高考真題練習(xí)1..Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothof________havebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.

A.them B.that C.which D.what2.Theairqualityinthecity,___isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.A.that B.itC.as D.whatEllenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,______,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whomWeliveinanage_______moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich5.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_______urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A.which B.who C.whereD.whatＡlotoflanguagelearning,hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A.asB.itC.whichD.This7．By16:30,wasalmostclosingtime,nearlyallthepaintingshadbeensold. A．which B．WhenC．WhatD．thatCareofthesoulisagradualprocess______eventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.A.whatB.inwhatC.whichD.inwhichSalesdirectorisaposition_______communicationabilityisjustasimportantassales.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where10.Inourclassthereare46students,_____halfwearglasses.A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem11.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.A.that B.where C. which D.what12.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,______heoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.that B.which C.where D.when13.Thatevening,_____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when14.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without_______helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.whoB.whose C.whom D.whichTheprizewillgotothewriter________storyshowsthemostimagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.whatTedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,______isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.whichMarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_________,ofcourse,makealltheothersupset.A.who B.which C.what D.that18.You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation____youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A.which B.where C.when D.as19.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_____arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.they B.where C.what D.thatSheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_____hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhich B.withwhich C.ofwhich D.towhichBetweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,_______theaudiencecanbuyice-cream. A.whenB.whereC.thatD.whichWhateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_____itwillkeepfortwoor