《典型生物質(zhì)顆粒的安全性能分析綜述》2200字

典型生物質(zhì)顆粒的安全性能分析綜述目錄TOC\o"1-2"\h\u13627典型生物質(zhì)顆粒的安全性能分析綜述 1271991.1燃燒熱 1119251.2自燃溫度 1289561.2.1玉米秸稈粉的自燃溫度 135531.2.2鋸木屑的自燃溫度 245371.2.3稻殼的自燃溫度 287461.3引燃時(shí)間及熱釋放速率 2239661.3.1引燃時(shí)間 2253081.3.2熱釋放速率 3293121.4著火指數(shù) 3212301.5綜合燃燒指數(shù) 4315561.6熱危險(xiǎn)指數(shù) 51.1燃燒熱三種生物質(zhì)顆粒的燃燒熱如表2-7所示。燃燒熱是物質(zhì)與氧氣完全燃燒時(shí)釋放的熱量，燃燒熱越大，物質(zhì)完全燃燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱量越多，物質(zhì)本身具有的能量越高。稻殼的燃燒熱最大，其次為鋸木屑和玉米秸稈粉，因此相同質(zhì)量條件下稻殼完全燃燒釋放的熱量最多。表2-7生物質(zhì)的燃燒熱Table2-7Combustionheatofthebiomass樣品玉米秸稈粉鋸木屑稻殼燃燒熱（kJ/g）10.311.812.21.2自燃溫度1.2.1玉米秸稈粉的自燃溫度根據(jù)前文分析的熱解特性參數(shù)，玉米秸稈粉揮發(fā)分析出的初始溫度為170°C，實(shí)驗(yàn)中先設(shè)定恒溫箱內(nèi)腔環(huán)境溫度為180°C。待爐體溫度穩(wěn)定后，將松散堆積的20g樣品放入恒溫箱內(nèi)并將熱電偶插入樣品中心位置，隨后啟動(dòng)空氣壓縮機(jī)供氣，供氣量為4.5L/min。根據(jù)圖2-5的流程進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，當(dāng)溫度為180°C和190°C時(shí)，玉米秸稈粉未發(fā)生自燃，如圖2-14(a)和2-14(b)所示；當(dāng)溫度為200°C時(shí)，樣品溫度迅速升高至400°C以上，如圖2-14(c)所示，因此玉米秸稈粉在環(huán)境溫度為200°C時(shí)發(fā)生自燃。綜上，可以確定玉米秸稈粉的自燃溫度在190~200°C之間。圖中開始時(shí)溫度突然大幅下降是由于打開箱門放入樣品導(dǎo)致的，關(guān)門后恒溫箱內(nèi)溫度迅速回升，而樣品中心溫度上升滯后的原因是樣品具有一定的蓄熱保溫作用。1.2.2鋸木屑的自燃溫度鋸木屑揮發(fā)分析出的初始溫度為210°C，實(shí)驗(yàn)中先設(shè)定恒溫箱內(nèi)腔環(huán)境溫度為210°C，待爐體溫度穩(wěn)定后，將松散堆積的12g樣品放入恒溫箱內(nèi)并將熱電偶插入樣品中心位置，隨后啟動(dòng)空氣壓縮機(jī)供氣，供氣量為4.5L/min。根據(jù)圖2-5的流程進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，當(dāng)溫度為210°C時(shí)，鋸木屑未發(fā)生自燃，如圖2-15(a)所示；當(dāng)溫度為220°C時(shí)，樣品溫度迅速升高至400°C以上，如圖2-15(b)所示，因此鋸木屑在環(huán)境溫度為220°C時(shí)發(fā)生自燃。綜上，可以確定鋸木屑的自燃溫度在210~220°C之間。1.2.3稻殼的自燃溫度稻殼揮發(fā)分析出的初始溫度為190°C，實(shí)驗(yàn)中先設(shè)定恒溫箱內(nèi)腔環(huán)境溫度為200°C，待爐體溫度穩(wěn)定后，將松散堆積的20g樣品放入恒溫箱內(nèi)并將熱電偶插入樣品中心位置，隨后啟動(dòng)空氣壓縮機(jī)供氣，供氣量為4.5L/min。根據(jù)圖2-5的流程進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，當(dāng)溫度為200°C時(shí)，稻殼未發(fā)生自燃，如圖2-16(a)所示；當(dāng)溫度為210°C時(shí)，樣品溫度迅速升高至400°C以上，如圖2-16(b)所示，因此稻殼在環(huán)境溫度為210°C時(shí)發(fā)生自燃。綜上，可以確定稻殼的自燃溫度在200~210°C之間。1.3引燃時(shí)間及熱釋放速率1.3.1引燃時(shí)間引燃時(shí)間定義為從熱輻射開始到出現(xiàn)連續(xù)氣體火焰的時(shí)間。生物質(zhì)顆粒的引燃時(shí)間如表2-8所示，玉米秸稈粉中纖維素和半纖維素的含量較高，而纖維素和半纖維素的引燃時(shí)間較短，因此在相同熱輻射下，玉米秸稈粉的引燃時(shí)間最短，其次是鋸木屑和稻殼。生物質(zhì)顆粒的引燃時(shí)間隨熱輻射的增加而減小，原因是熱輻射增大使燃燒加劇，引燃時(shí)間縮短。表2-8生物質(zhì)的引燃時(shí)間Table2-8Ignitiontimeofthebiomass生物質(zhì)熱輻射（kW）引燃時(shí)間（s）玉米秸稈粉305404502602鋸木屑309404503602稻殼30114065036031.3.2熱釋放速率生物質(zhì)顆粒在不同熱輻射下熱釋放速率（HRR）隨時(shí)間的變化曲線如圖2-17所示。HRR反映了燃燒的產(chǎn)熱速率，HRR越大，傳遞到材料表面的熱量越多，熱分解速率加快，燃燒越劇烈。鋸木屑的揮發(fā)分含量較高，在相同熱輻射下，鋸木屑的峰值熱釋放速率最大，燃燒較劇烈，其次為稻殼和玉米秸稈粉。隨著熱輻射的增大，生物質(zhì)顆粒吸收的輻射量增加，更多生物質(zhì)顆粒被燃燒，釋放的熱量增多，HRR增大。1.4著火指數(shù)著火指數(shù)可用于分析可燃物的著火性能，通過下式計(jì)算ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xie</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>330</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[70]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>330</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">330</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XieCD</author><author>LiuJY</author><author>ZhangXC</author><author>XieWM</author><author>SunJ</author><author>ChangKL</author><author>KuoJH</author><author>XieWH</author><author>LiuC</author><author>SunSY</author><author>BuyukadaM</author><author>EvrendilekF</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,InstituteofEnvironmental-HealthandPollutionControl,GuangdongUniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou510006,China;;InstituteofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalSunYat-SenUniversity,Kaohsiung80424,Taiwan;;DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,AbantIzzetBaysalUniversity,Bolu14052,Turkey</auth-address><titles><title>Co-combustionthermalconversioncharacteristicsoftextiledyeingsludgeandpomelopeelusingTGAandartificialneuralnetworks</title><secondary-title>AppliedEnergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedEnergy</full-title></periodical><pages>786-795</pages><volume>212</volume><keywords><keyword>Oxy-fuelcombustion</keyword><keyword>Textiledyeingsludge</keyword><keyword>Pomelopeel</keyword><keyword>Thermogravimetricanalysis</keyword><keyword>Artificialneuralnetworks</keyword><keyword>Principalcomponentanalysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0306-2619</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]： (2-1)式中，為著火指數(shù)，%/min3；為最大失重速率，%/min；為引燃時(shí)間，min；為對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間，min。生物質(zhì)顆粒的著火指數(shù)如表2-9所示。在不同升溫速率下，鋸木屑的著火指數(shù)最高，說明的著火性能好，更容易發(fā)生火災(zāi)。在生物質(zhì)顆粒的堆積存儲(chǔ)過程中，要注意堆垛內(nèi)部的溫度變化，通過加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)等措施促進(jìn)散熱。表2-9生物質(zhì)的著火指數(shù)Table2-9Ignitionindexofthebiomass生物質(zhì)升溫速率(°C/min)rmax(%/min)ti(min)tmax(min)Ci(%/min3)玉米秸稈粉53.520.083348.60.87107.570.066725.64.431510.510.033317.318.242013.690.033313.330.91鋸木屑58.540.1554.61.041016.250.066728.68.521523.940.0519.524.552029.320.033314.959.09稻殼52.640.183348.20.3105.50.127.61.99158.540.0517.39.872011.050.0512.917.131.5綜合燃燒指數(shù)綜合燃燒指數(shù)體現(xiàn)了可燃物的著火、燃盡等綜合特性，通過下式計(jì)算ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xie</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>330</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[70]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>330</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">330</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XieCD</author><author>LiuJY</author><author>ZhangXC</author><author>XieWM</author><author>SunJ</author><author>ChangKL</author><author>KuoJH</author><author>XieWH</author><author>LiuC</author><author>SunSY</author><author>BuyukadaM</author><author>EvrendilekF</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,InstituteofEnvironmental-HealthandPollutionControl,GuangdongUniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou510006,China;;InstituteofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalSunYat-SenUniversity,Kaohsiung80424,Taiwan;;DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,AbantIzzetBaysalUniversity,Bolu14052,Turkey</auth-address><titles><title>Co-combustionthermalconversioncharacteristicsoftextiledyeingsludgeandpomelopeelusingTGAandartificialneuralnetworks</title><secondary-title>AppliedEnergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedEnergy</full-title></periodical><pages>786-795</pages><volume>212</volume><keywords><keyword>Oxy-fuelcombustion</keyword><keyword>Textiledyeingsludge</keyword><keyword>Pomelopeel</keyword><keyword>Thermogravimetricanalysis</keyword><keyword>Artificialneuralnetworks</keyword><keyword>Principalcomponentanalysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0306-2619</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]： (2-2)式中，為綜合燃燒指數(shù)，%2/(min2?°C3)；為最大失重速率，%/min；為平均失重速率，%/min；為著火溫度，°C；為燃盡溫度，°C。生物質(zhì)顆粒的綜合燃燒指數(shù)如表2-10所示。在不同升溫速率下，鋸木屑的綜合燃燒指數(shù)最大，說明鋸木屑的燃燒性能最好。鋸木屑的值較小，失重速率較大，說明其燃燒區(qū)域更集中，原因是鋸木屑的揮發(fā)分含量更高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>X</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>394</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[71]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>394</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610501911">394</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>TianX</author><author>WeiRC</author><author>WangZ</author><author>WangJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparativeanalysisofthermaloxidativedecompositionandfirecharacteristicsfordifferentstrawpowdersviathermogravimetryandconecalorimetry</title><secondary-title>ProcessSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProcessSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection</full-title></periodical><pages>121-130</pages><volume>134</volume><section>121</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>09575820</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.028</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[71]。雖然鋸木屑的自燃溫度和著火溫度較高，相對(duì)難自燃和點(diǎn)燃，但其一旦被引燃，將會(huì)迅速燃燒并燃盡，因此要合理設(shè)計(jì)鋸木屑堆垛，以免發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)造成更大危害。表2-10生物質(zhì)的綜合燃燒指數(shù)Table2-10Comprehensivecombustibilityindexofthebiomass生物質(zhì)升溫速率(°C/min)rmax(%/min)rmean(%/min)Ti(°C)Tf(°C)C×107(%2min-2°C-3)玉米秸稈粉53.521.262365151.55107.572.622485176.241510.513.9825052512.752013.695.324952822.16鋸木屑58.541.982854644.491016.253.7629748514.281523.945.5230149329.592029.327.2130550245.27稻殼52.641.772434551.74105.53.362544795.98158.544.8725849112.732011.056.1926051119.81.6熱危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)根據(jù)熱危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)可燃物的火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，其定義如式，表2-11為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Petrella</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>383</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[72]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>383</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">383</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>PetrellaRV</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FlamconAssociates3712HillgroveCourtMidland,MI48642</auth-address><titles><title>TheAssessmentofFull-ScaleFireHazardsfromConeCalorimeterData</title><secondary-title>JournalofFireSciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofFireSciences</full-title></periodical><pages>14-43</pages><volume>12</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><isbn>0734-9041</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[72]： (2-3)式中，為熱危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)，kW/(m2?min)；為峰值熱釋放速率，kW/m2；為引燃時(shí)間，min。表2-11評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>V</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>383</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="s