英語(yǔ)介紹艾滋病

演講人：日期：英語(yǔ)介紹艾滋病目錄AIDSDefinitionandBackgroundTransmissionofHIV/AIDSSymptomsandStagesofHIV/AIDSDiagnosisandTestingforHIV/AIDSTreatmentOptionsforHIV/AIDSPatientsAccesstoCareandSupportServicesforHIV/AIDSPatients01AIDSDefinitionandBackgroundAIDSstandsforAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome,alifethreadingconditioncausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)HIVtargetsanddestructionCD4Tlymphocytes,acriticalcomponentoftheimmunesystem,leavingthebodyvulnerabletoinfectionsanddiseasesWithouttreatment,theprogressionofHIVcanleadtoAIDS,characterizedbythedevelopmentofsevereimmunodeficiencyandtheonsetofopportunisticinfectionsandcancerWhatisAIDSThefirstcasesofAIDSwerereportedintheUnitedStatesintheearly1980s,primaryamongmenwhohavesexwithmenSincethen,theepisodehasspreadglobally,affectingpeopleofallages,genders,andbackgroundsTheoriginofHIVisbelievedtobetracedbacktonon-humanprinciplesinWestAfrica,wherethevirusisthoughttohavejumpedspecificationsandaffectedhumansHistoryandOriginofAIDSAsof2021,anestimated38millionpeopleworldwidearelivingwithHIV,withapproximately70%oftheminsubSaharaAfricaEachyear,thereareapproximately1.5millionnewHIVinfectionsandover600000AIDSrelateddeathsTheglobalresponsetoHIV/AIDShasledtosignificantprogressinprevention,treatment,andcare,resultinginadecreaseinnewinfectionsandAIDSrelateddeathsinmanyregionsHowever,theempiricalcontinuestoposesignificantchallenges,specificallyinresourcelimitedsettingsGlobalImpactandStatistics02TransmissionofHIV/AIDSHIVcanbetransmittedthroughunprotectedsexualintercourse,includingvaginal,anal,andoralsexUnprotectedSexHavingmultiplesexualpartnersincreasestheriskofHIVtransmission,asdoeshavingsexwithsomeonewhohasmultiplepartnersMultiplePartnersConsistentandcorrectuseofconventionscansignificantlyreducetheriskofsequentialtransmissionofHIVCondomUseSexualTransmissionSharedNeeds01HIVcanbetransmittedthroughthesharingofneeds,symmetries,orotherinjectionequipmentusedtoinjectdrugsBloodTransfusion02Althoughrayindevelopedcountries,HIVcanbetransmittedthroughbloodtransfersifthebloodisnotproperlyscreenedTattooingandPiercing03ThereisapotentialriskofHIVtransmissionthroughunsterilizedequipmentusedfortattooingorbodyPiercingBloodTransmission

MothertoChildTransmissionPreGNANCYHIVcanbetransmittedfromaninfectedmothertoherchildduringpreGNANCY,childbirth,orbreakfeedingAntiviralTherapyTheuseofantiviraltherapy(ART)bythemothercansignificantlyreducetheriskofmothertochildtransmissionCesareanSectionInsomecases,acesareansectionmayberecommendedtoreducetheriskoftransmissionduringchildbirthSalivaAlthoughtheriskislow,HIVcanbetransmittedthroughsalivaifthereareopensoresorblendinggumspresentTearsandSweetThereissomeevidencetosuggestthatHIVmaybetransmittedthroughtearsandsweet,althoughthisisconsideredtobeaverylowriskOrganTransformationHIVcanbetransmittedthroughorganictransmissioniftheorganicdonorisaffectedwithHIVandtheorganicisnotproperlyscreenedOtherPotentialRoutes03SymptomsandStagesofHIV/AIDSFever,headache,andfatigueThesearecommonsymptomsthatmayappearwithin2-4weeksafterHIVinfectionSwollenlymphnodesEnlargedlymphnodes,particularlyintheneck,groin,orarmpits,canbeasignofHIVinfectionRashSomepeoplemaydevelopaskinrashthatcanbeitchyorpaidEarlyStageSymptomsClinicalLatentStagePeopleinthisstagecanstilltransmitthevirustoothersthroughunprotectedsequentialcontactorsharingofinvestmentequipmentRiskoftransmittingHIVDuringthisstage,whichcanlastformanyyears,peoplewithHIVmaynotexperienceanysymptomsNosymptomsHowever,thevirusisstillactiveandgraduallydestroystheimmunesystembyreducingthenumberofCD4cellsProgressivedeclineinCD4countPersistentfeverandnightsweatsAstheimmunesystemweakens,peoplewithHIVmayexperiencepersistentfeverandnightsweatsWeightlossanddiarrheaUnexplainedweightlossandchronicdiarrheaarecommonsymptomsduringthisstageOpportunisticinfectionsPeoplewithHIVareatincreasedriskofdevelopingOpportunisticinfectionssuchaspneumonia,tuberculosis,andcancer010203SymptomaticStageSevereweightlossandwastingPeopleintheterminalstageofHIV/AIDSoftenexperiencesevereweightlossandwasting,knownascachingExtremefatigueandweaknessFatigueandweaknesscancomesomuchthatitinterfereswithdailyactivitiesPersistentorcurrentinfectionsAstheimmunesystemcontinuestotreat,peoplewithHIVareatriskofdevelopingpersistentorcurrentinfectionsthataredifficulttotreatTerminalStageSymptomsNeurologicalsymptomsHIVcanalsoaffectthenervoussystem,causingsymptomssuchasfusion,memoryloss,anddiffusionconcentrationTerminalStageSymptoms04DiagnosisandTestingforHIV/AIDSAntibodytestsThesearethemostcommonHIVtests,whichlookforantibioticsinthebloodorotherbodilyfluidsthatareproducedinresponsetoHIVinfectionAntigen/AntibodyCombinationTestsThesetestsdetectbothHIVantibodiesandaspecificHIVprotein(calledp24antigen)thatappearssoafterinfectionNuclearAcidTests(NATs)Thesehighlysensitivetestsdetecttheactualvirus(HIVRNAorDNA)inthebloodTheyarecommonlyusedtoconfirmHIVinfectionortomonitortheeffectivenessoftreatmentTypesofTestsAvailable010203AfterPotentialExposureItisrecommendedtogettestedassoonaspossibleafteranypotentialexposuretoHIV,suchasunprotectedsexorsharingneedsRegularTestingforHighRiskGroupsIndividualswhoengageinhighriskbehaviors,suchashavingmultiplesexpartnersorinjectingdrugs,shouldgettestedregularlyPregnantWomenPregnantwomenshouldbetestedforHIVaspartofroutineprecaretoensuretimelytreatmentandpreventmothertochildtransmissionWhentoGetTestedConfidentialTestingHIVtestingisconfidential,andtestresultsareonlysharedwiththeindividualbeingtestedandtheirhealthcareproviderLegalProtectionTherearelawsinplacetoprotecttheprivacyandconfidenceofHIVtestresultsandtopreventdiscriminationbasedonHIVstatusAnonymousTestingOptionsInsomecases,anonymoustestingoptionsmaybeavailable,allowingindividualstogettestedwithoutprovidinganyidentifyinginformationConfidentialityConcernsManyhealthcareprovidersofferHIVtestingaspartofroutinemedicalcareoruponrequestTherearecommunitybasedorganizationsthatprovidefreeorlowcostHIVtestingservices,bothinaconfidentialandsupportiveenvironmentHometestingkitsforHIVarealsoavailable,allowingindividualstocollecttheirownsamplesandsendittoalaboratoryfortestingHowever,itisimportanttofollowtheinstructionscarefullyandseekmedicaladviceifthetestresultispositiveHealthcareprovidersCommunitybasedOrganizationsHomeTestingKitsAccesstoTestingFacilities05TreatmentOptionsforHIV/AIDSPatientsHighActiveAntiviralTherapy(HAART)CombinationofdrugsthatsuppressHIVreplication,reducingvirusloadandimprovingimmunefunctionNucleoside/NucleotideReverseTranscriptaseInhibitors(NRTIs)InferewithHIV'sabilitytoreplicatebyblockinganenzymecalledreversetranscriptaseNonNucleosideReverseTranscriptaseInhibitors(NNRTIs)Bindtoadifferentsiteonreversetranscriptase,furtherembeddingHIVreplicationProteinInhibitors(PIs)PreventHIVfrommaturingandbecominginfectedbyblockingtheactionofanenzymecalledprotocolAntiviralTherapy(ART)ManagingOpportunisticEffectsTherapeuticinterventionstoboosttheimmunesystem,suchasintrauterineimmunoglobulintherapyorcryptokinesImmunesystemsupportClosemonitoringforsignsofopportunisticinfectionsandprompttreatmentwithappropriateantibioticsorantibioticsPreventionandearlytreatmentofinfectionsUseofmedicinetopreventinfectionssuchasPneumocystispneumoniaortoxoplasmosisinhighriskindividualsProphylaxisforspecificopportunisticinfectionsNutritionalsupportEnsuringequalintakeofnutrients,vitamins,andmineralstomaintaingoodhealthandsupporttheimmunesystemComprehensiveandalternativemedicine(CAM)Useofmedicalexpenses,education,masstherapy,andotherCAMpracticestomanageHIV/AIDSsymptomsandimprovequalityoflifePsychosocialsupportProvidingcounseling,supportgroups,andotherpsychologicalinterventionstohelppatientsscopewiththeemotionalandsocialchallengesoflivingwithHIV/AIDSComprehensiveandAlternativeTherapyHealthyeatinghabitsAdoptingabalanceddierichinfruits,veg