英文金融科普

英文金融科普演講人：日期：BasicsofFinanceFinancialMarketsandInstrumentsFinancialInstitutionsandTheirFunctionsCorporateFinanceandInvestmentDecisionsPersonalFinanceandWealthManagement目錄01BasicsofFinanceFinanceisthestudyofhowindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsmanagemoneyandinvestmentsItencompassestheallocationofresources,theassessmentofriskandreturn,andtheplanningforfuturefinancialneedsThescopeoffinanceincludespersonalfinance,corporatefinance,publicfinance,andinternationalfinanceDefinitionandScopeofFinance01Financeplaysacriticalroleintheeconomybyfacilitatingtheflowoffundsfromsaverstoinvestors02Ithelpsintheeffectiveallocationofresources,promotingeconomicgrowthanddevelopment03FinancealsolimitsrisksbyadvancingtoolsandtechniquestomanageuncertaintyandvariabilityinfinancialmarketsTheRoleofFinanceintheEconomyBankingInvestmentsacceptingdeposits,lendingmoney,andprovidingotherfinancialservicessuchaswealthmanagementandpaymentsystemsInvestingInvestmentsallocatingfundstovariousassetssuchasstocks,bonds,realestate,andcommoditieswiththeexpectationofearningareturnInsuranceProvidesprotectionagainstfinanciallossesduetounexpectedeventssuchasaccidents,naturaldisasters,ordeathTypesofFinancialActivitiesRiskManagementInvolvesidentifying,assessing,andprioritizingrisksfollowedbycoordinatedandeconomicapplicationofresourcestominimize,monitor,andcontroltheprobabilityorimpactofunfoundedeventsTypesofFinancialActivities02FinancialMarketsandInstrumentsDefinitionFinancialmarketsrefertotheplatformswherebuyersandsellersengageinthetradeofassetssuchasstocks,bonds,currencies,andderivativesFunctionsFinancialmarketsserveasamediumforraisingcapital,allocatingresources,improvingliquidity,andtransferringriskParticipantsFinancialmarketsarecomposedofawiderangeofparticipants,includingindividuals,corporations,governments,andinstitutionalinvestorsOverviewofFinancialMarketsTypesofFinancialInstrumentsStocksRepresentownershipinacompanyandentityholderstoashareofthecompany'sprofitsandvotingrightsBondsAredebtsecuritiesthatreportaloanmadebyaninvestortoaborrower(typicallyagovernmentorcorporation)BondholdersreceiveperiodicinterestpaymentsandthereturnoftheprincipalatmaturityCurrenciesAreamediumofexchangeforgoodsandservicesandaretradedintheforeignexchangemarketDerivativesArefinancialcontractswhosevalueisderivedfromanunderlyingassetsuchasastock,bond,currency,orcommunityTheyareusedforhedging,calculation,andarbitrationPriceDiscoveryFinancialmarketsfacilitatethediscoveryofassetpricesthroughtheinteractionofbuyersandsellersPricesreflectthecollectiveexpectationsofmarketparticipantsaboutfuturecashflows,risks,andreturnsLiquidityFinancialmarketsprovideliquidity,whichreferstotheeasewithwhichassetscanbebulkedandsoldwithoutaffectingtheirpricesThisallowsinvestorstoenterandexitpositionsquicklyandatareasonablecostCapitalAllocationFinancialmarketsallocatecapitaltoitsmostproductiveusesbychannelingfundsfromsaverstoborrowersThisprocesssupportseconomicgrowthanddevelopmentbyfundinginnovativeprojectsandenterprisesRiskTransferFinancialmarketsenablethetransferofriskfromthosewhoareunwellingorunabletobearittothosewhoarebetterabletomanageit.ThisfunctionisparticularlyimportantinareassuchasinsuranceandhedgingstrategiesHowFinancialMarketsWork03FinancialInstitutionsandTheirFunctionsAcceptingdepositsBanksactasintermediariesbetweendepositsandborrowers,acceptingdepositsfromindividualsandbusinessesGrantingloansBanksusethefundsdepositedbycustomerstograntloanstoothercustomers,thatfacilityeconomicactivityProvidingpaymentservicesBanksofferarangeofpaymentservices,includingwiretransfers,checks,andelectronicpayments,whichareessentialforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomyManagingrisksBanksalsomanagerisksbydiversifyingtheirloanportfoliosandusingfinancialderivativestohedgeagainstpotentiallossesBanksandTheirRoleintheFinancialSystemUnderwritingandissuingsecuritiesInvestmentbanksandsecuritiesfirmhelpcompaniesraisecapitalbyunderwritingandissuingsecuritiessuchasstocksandbondsFacilitatingmergersandacquisitionsTheseinstitutionsadvisecompaniesonmergersandacquisitions,helpingthemtoidentifysuitabletargetsandnegotiatedealsOfferingmarketmakingservicesInvestmentbanksandsecuritiesfirmsalsoprovidemarketmakingservices,whichinvolvebuyingandsellingsecuritiesontheirownaccounttomaintainliquidityinthemarketOfferingassetmanagementservicesManyinvestmentbanksandsecuritiesfirmsalsoofferassetmanagementservicestohighnetworthindividualsandinstitutionsInvestmentBanksandSecuritiesFirmsInsuranceCompaniesandPensionFundsProvidingriskcoverageInsurancecompaniesofferpoliciesthatprovidecoverageagainstawiderangeofrisks,includingpropertydamage,personalincome,andreliabilityManagingpensionfundsPensionsfundsarepoolsofmoneysetasidebycompaniesorgovernmentstoprovideretirementincometoemployeesorcitizensInsurancecompaniesoftenmanagethesefundsonbehalfoftheirclientsInvestingfundsInsurancecompaniesandpensionfundsinvestthepremiumtheyreceivefrompolicyholdersorcontributionsfromemployeesinadiverseportfolioofassetssuchasstocks,bonds,andrealestateOfferingsubsidiesandotherfinancialproductsInadditiontoinsurancepolicies,insurancecompaniesalsooffersubsidiesandotherfinancialproductsthatprovideastreamofincometopolicyholdersduringretention04CorporateFinanceandInvestmentDecisionsFirmsengageincapitalbudgetingtoevaluatepotentialinvestmentsanddeterminewhichofthemareworthpursuingThisprocessinvolvesestimatingthefuturecashflowsofaninvestment,consideringthetimevalueofmoney,andassessingtheriskinvolvedCapitalBudgetingProcessTomakeinformeddecisions,firmsusevariableinvestmentcriteriasuchaspaybackperiod,netpresentvalue(NPV),internalrateofreturn(IRR),andfeasibilityindexThesecriteriahelpfirmcomparedifferentinvestmentopportunitiesandselectthemostsuitableonesInvestmentCriteriaCapitalBudgetingandInvestmentCriteriaCorporationscanraisefundsbyborrowingmoneyfrombanks,financialinstitutions,orbyissuingbondsDebtfinancingisacommonsourceoffundsforfirmsasitallowsthemtoleveragetheirassetsandexpandtheiroperationsFirmscanalsoraisecapitalbysellingownershippilesinthecompanythroughtheissuanceofstocksEquityfinancingprovidesfirmwithpermanentcapitalthatdoesnotneedtoberepairedHybridfinancingoptionssuchasconvertiblebondsandpreferredstockscombinefeaturesofbothdebtandequityfinancingTheseoptionsprovidefirmwithflexibilityinconstructingtheircapitalstructureDebtFinancingEquityFinancingHybridFinancingSourcesofFinancingforCorporationsDividedPolicyAfirm'sdividedpolicyreferstoitsdecisiononwhichtopaydividendstoshareholdersandhowmuchtopayDividedpolicycanaffectshareholdervalueasitsignsthefirm'sfinancialhealthandfutureprospectsShareholderValueShareholdervalueisameasureofthetotalreturnthatshareholderscanexpecttoreceivefromtheirinvestmentinacompanyItisaffectedbyfactorssuchasthefirm'searnings,dividedpayments,andstockpricerecommendationImpactofDividedPolicyonShareholderValueAconsistentandgrowingdividedpolicycanenhanceshareholdervaluebyprovidingastablesourceofincomeandindicatingthefirm'sabilitytogeneratesufficientcashflowsConversely,areductionorestimationofdividendscannegativelyimpactshareholdervaluesDividedPolicyandShareholderValue05PersonalFinanceandWealthManagementImportanceofBudgetingBudgetinghelpsindividualstracktheirincomeandexpenses,identifyareaswheretheycansavemoney,andplanforfuturefinancialgoalsCreatingaBudgetTocreateabudget,individualsneedtogatheralltheirfinancialinformation,includingincomesources,fixedexpenses,andvariableexpensesTheycanthenusebudgetingsoftwareorasimplespreadsheettocategorizetheirexpensesandsetspendinglimitsSavingstrategiesSavingmoneycanbechallenging,butthereareseveralstrategiesthatcanhelp,suchassettingupautomaticsavingplans,savingwindfallsliketaxrefundsorbonds,andcuttingbackonunnecessaryexpensesBudgetingandSavingforIndividualsImportanceofInvestingInvestingiscrucialforachievinglong-termfinancialgoalslikesavingforretention,fundingachild'seducation,orbuyingahomeTypesofInvestmentsTherearemanydifferenttypesofinvestmentsava