折光法測(cè)定在制品錘度Determinationofi課件講解

折光法測(cè)定在制品錘度Determinationofin-processhammerinessbyrefractivemethod知識(shí)點(diǎn)

pointofknowledge(math.)01實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康囊驲equirementsforthepurposeoftheexperiment02實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Experimentalprinciple03實(shí)驗(yàn)主要原料、試劑、設(shè)備及儀器Experimentalmainrawmaterials,reagents,equipmentandinstruments04實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟experimentalstep05數(shù)據(jù)處理及計(jì)算折光法Dataprocessingandcalculationofrefractiveindex06注意事項(xiàng)caveat一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康囊螈?Requirementsforthepurposeoftheexperiment了解、掌握固溶物、干固物、視固溶物、折光錘度的概念。Understandandgrasptheconceptsofsolidsolids,drysolids,apparentsolidsolids,andrefractivehammeriness.掌握錘度的測(cè)定方法：折光法。Knowledgeofthemethodofdeterminationofhammeriness:refractivemethod.要求request固溶物：溶于糖汁中的固體物質(zhì)(包括蔗糖和非蔗糖物)。Solids:Solids(bothsucroseandnon-sucrose)dissolvedinsugarjuice.二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples概念conceptual干固物（干物質(zhì)）：糖品經(jīng)干燥后所得的殘留物。Solids:Solids(bothsucroseandnon-sucrose)dissolvedinsugarjuice.視固溶物：用錘度計(jì)或糖用折射儀測(cè)定糖液中的可溶性固體物質(zhì)。它只是近似的固溶物。Apparentsolidsolids:thesolublesolidsinasugarsolutionasdeterminedbyahammermeterorarefractometerforsugar.Itisonlyanapproximationofthesolidsolids.二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples概念conceptual折光錘度：在20℃時(shí)用糖用折射儀測(cè)得的讀數(shù)。對(duì)純蔗糖溶液為蔗糖質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)；對(duì)不純蔗糖溶液則表示溶液中視固溶物的質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)。Refractivehammermetricindex:thereadingtakenbyarefractometerat20°Cwithsugar.Forpuresucrosesolutionisthemasspercentageofsucrose;forimpuresucrosesolution,itindicatesthemasspercentageofvisiblesolidsolutesinthesolution.錘度測(cè)定方法HammernessMeasurementMethod二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples錘度測(cè)定方法：①比重法；②折光法Hammerinessdeterminationmethods:①specificgravitymethod;②refractivemethod折光法是根據(jù)糖液的折光率與糖液的濃度成正比的原理，通過測(cè)定糖液的折光率而得出樣液的濃度。

Therefractionmethodisbasedontheprinciplethattherefractiveindexofasugarsolutionisdirectlyproportionaltotheconcentrationofthesugarsolution,andtheconcentrationofthesamplesolutionisderivedbymeasuringtherefractiveindexofthesugarsolution.折光法refraction二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples同比重法一樣，折光錘度計(jì)（阿貝折光儀）以純蔗糖的質(zhì)量百分濃度作為其刻度基準(zhǔn)。Aswiththespecificgravitymethod,therefractivehammermeter(Abbeyrefractometer)usesthemasspercentconcentrationofpuresucroseasitsscalebase.折光錘度計(jì)refractometer二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples錘度計(jì)hammergauge測(cè)量純蔗糖溶液時(shí)：Whenmeasuringpuresucrosesolutions:測(cè)量結(jié)果=樣液中蔗糖含量的質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)Measurement=mass%sucrosecontentinsamplesolution測(cè)量一般非純蔗糖溶液時(shí)：Whenmeasuringgeneralnon-puresucrosesolutions:測(cè)量結(jié)果=樣液中干固物含量的質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)Measurement=masspercentofdrysolidscontentinthesamplesolution二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理Ⅱ.Experimentalprinciples折光錘度計(jì)的刻度溫度也是20℃Thescaletemperatureoftherefractivehammermeterisalso20°C.若測(cè)定溫度不是20℃，則要進(jìn)行溫度校正。Ifthemeasurementtemperatureisnot20°C,performatemperaturecorrection.折光錘度計(jì)refractometer三、實(shí)驗(yàn)主要原料、試劑、設(shè)備及儀器Ⅲ,themainexperimentalrawmaterials,reagents,equipmentandapparatus糖

汁Sugar1.原料1.Rawmaterials實(shí)驗(yàn)材料及器具Experimentalmaterialsandapparatus實(shí)驗(yàn)材料及器具Experimentalmaterialsandapparatus2.設(shè)備及儀器2.Equipmentandinstruments三、實(shí)驗(yàn)主要原料、試劑、設(shè)備及儀器Ⅲ,themainexperimentalrawmaterials,reagents,equipmentandapparatus溫度計(jì)（0～100℃）Thermometer(0-100°C)量筒volumetriccylinder燒杯beaker錘度計(jì)

（阿貝折射儀）Hammerometer(Abbeyrefractometer)四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟Ⅳ.Experimentalsteps折光法測(cè)定折光錘度Determinationofrefractivehammerinessbyrefractometricmethod樣品的處理：Samplehandling:含有未溶解蔗糖結(jié)晶的樣品，要用已知量的蒸餾水稀釋（通常質(zhì)量比1∶1）

。Samplehandling:Samplescontainingundissolvedsucrosecrystalsaredilutedwithaknownamountofdistilledwater(usually1:1massratio).

四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟Ⅳ.Experimentalsteps含有懸浮物的樣品，要經(jīng)過濾或離心分離；Samplescontainingsuspendedmaterialareseparatedbyfiltrationorcentrifugation;將樣品的溫度調(diào)整至接近于儀器的溫度。

thetemperatureofthesampleisadjustedtoatemperatureclosetothatoftheinstrument.樣品的處理：Samplehandling:折光法測(cè)定折光錘度Determinationofrefractivehammerinessbyrefractometricmethod四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟Ⅳ.Experimentalsteps折光法測(cè)定折光錘度Determinationofrefractivehammerinessbyrefractometricmethod四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟Ⅳ.Experimentalsteps折光錘度的測(cè)定：Determinationofrefractivehammeriness:先用蒸餾水將阿貝折光儀的進(jìn)光棱鏡洗凈，并用軟布擦干。ThefeedprismoftheAbberefractometerwasfirstwashedwithdistilledwateranddriedwithasoftcloth.折光法測(cè)定折光錘度Determinationofrefractivehammerinessbyrefractometricmethod用膠頭滴管將樣液1～2滴滴加在進(jìn)光棱鏡上（磨砂玻璃），迅速輕輕閉合棱鏡，調(diào)整反光鏡，使視野明亮，旋動(dòng)補(bǔ)償器旋鈕以消除色散，使視野產(chǎn)生清晰的明暗分界。Usearubber-tippeddroppertoadd1to2dropsofthesamplesolutiontothelight-intakeprism(frostedglass),quicklyandgentlyclosetheprism,adjustthereflectorsothatthefieldofviewisbright,androtatethecompensatorknobtoeliminatedispersion,sothatthefieldofviewproducesacleardivisionbetweenlightanddark.四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟Ⅳ.Experimentalsteps折光錘度的測(cè)定：Determinationofrefractivehammeriness:旋動(dòng)棱鏡調(diào)節(jié)旋鈕，使視野的明暗分界線剛好通過十字線的交點(diǎn)。Turntheprismadjustmentknobsothatthelight/darkdividinglineofthefieldofviewjustpassesthroughtheintersectionofthecrosshairs.折光法測(cè)定折光錘度Determinationofrefractivehammerinessbyrefractometricmethod從讀數(shù)鏡筒中讀取折光率（準(zhǔn)確至小數(shù)后四位），或直接讀出折光錘度，同時(shí)記錄測(cè)定時(shí)的校液溫度。Readtherefractiveindexfromthereadingcylinder(accuratetofourdecimalplaces),orreadtherefractivehammerdegreedirectly,whilerecordingthetemperatureofthecalibrationfluidatthetimeofmeasurement.五、數(shù)據(jù)處理及計(jì)算折光法Ⅴ.Dataprocessingandcalculationoftherefractiveindexmethod阿貝折光儀是以20℃為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如讀數(shù)時(shí)溫度不是20℃，須查糖液折光錘度溫度改正表進(jìn)行校正。Abbeyrefractometeris20℃asthestandard,suchasreadingswhenthetemperatureisnot20℃,mustcheckthesugarrefractivehammerdegreetemperaturecorrectiontableforcorrection.計(jì)算computing錘度值的處理：HandlingofHammernessValues:五、數(shù)據(jù)處理及計(jì)算折光法Ⅴ.Dataprocessingandcalculationoftherefractiveindexmethod溫度低于20℃時(shí)，測(cè)定值-查表數(shù)值=折光錘度Measuredvalueattemperaturesbelow20°C-checklistvalue=refractivehammeriness溫度高于20℃時(shí)，測(cè)定值+查表數(shù)值=更正折光錘度Attemperaturesabove20°C,measuredvalue+checklistvalue=correctedrefractivehammer.對(duì)于稀釋樣品，稀釋樣品折光錘度

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稀釋倍數(shù)=原樣品折光錘度Fordilutedsamples,refractiveindexofdilutedsample×dilutionfactor=refractiveindexoforiginalsample五、數(shù)據(jù)處理及計(jì)算Ⅴ.Dataprocessingandcalculations實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)及結(jié)果處理填入下表Theexperimentaldataandtheprocessingoftheresultsarefilledinthefollowingtable實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)及結(jié)果處理Experimentaldataandresultprocessing項(xiàng)

目

Item數(shù)

據(jù)

及

結(jié)

果Dataandresults樣液折光率Refractiveindexofsample

樣液觀測(cè)折光錘度(°Bx)Observedrefra