《新時(shí)代交互英語》綜合教程一課件下

Chapter6

AWorldofFastFoodLiPengfeiFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel1TeachingObjectivesReading:readtablesandgraphsunderstandthemainideasmasterthekeylanguagepointsWriting:writealetter/noteofrequestgeneralizewithsingularandpluralnounsTranslating:applytheamplificationstrategy

While-readingactivities:1)Outline2)NewwordsPre-readingactivities:Warm-upquestionsBackgroundknowledgeBrainstormingPost-readingactivities:Topicdiscussion&writingDoyouoftengotowesternfastfoodrestaurant?Why?Mcdonald's?KentuckyFriedChicken(KFC)?PizzaHut?Whatdoyouwant?BigMacFilet-O-FishSundaeIceCreamConeFrenchfriesApplepieHamburgerWhyiswesternfastfood

sopopularinChina?reasonablypriced/affordableinstantlyavailablespecialized,standardizedingredientsadaptedtolocaltastestastethesamemodernatmospheremarketingstrategywhichtargetschildren

Iswesternfastfoodhealthy?

highincalories,salt,sugarandfatlackinimportantvitaminsandmineralsnotenoughvegetablestoomanyunhealthycarbohydrates.〔碳水化合物〕WhataretheChinese

fastfoodoptions?soybeanmilkfriedbreadstickssteamedbunsdumplingswontonbraisednoodlesHowmanycalories

apersonneedsaday?500calories1000calories2000calories3000caloriesHowtoreadtablesandgraphs(P.90)TablesGraphs(chart)—line,bar,pie…Whenyoureadtablesorcharts,firstreadthecaptionsandmeasurescarefully.Thennotethetrendifthefiguresindicatechanges.

captionTables:CET9106ChangesinPeople’sDietYearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%FruitandVegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%Graphs:0206StudentUseofComputersAveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweekII.(Para3-6)Jamaicanfastfood

fast,cheap,unhealthy

Patty&Testee’sJerkedchickenandporkIII.(Para7-8)ReasonsandresultofitspopularityIV.(Para9)ImprovementstobemadeI.(Para1-2)TheinvasionoffastfoodchainrestaurantsWords

1.toenteracountry,town,orareausingmilitaryforce,inordertotakecontrolofit

HitlerinvadedPolandin1939.2togointoaplaceinlargenumbers,especiallywhenyouarenotwanted

Everysummerthetownisinvadedbytourists.

3togetinvolvedinsomethinginanunwantedandannoyingway

Whatrightdoeshehavetoinvademyprivacy?

invadev.invasionn.

標(biāo)記，符號(hào)，征兆，跡象syndrome綜合病癥symptom癥狀symbol象征signsignal信號(hào)design設(shè)計(jì)assign分配(assignment)resign辭職(resignation)signsignCn.afashion,game,typeofmusicetcthatbecomesverypopularforashorttimeShestartedacrazeforthistypeofjewellery.Thejoggingcrazebeganinthe1970s.crazyaboutsomebody/somethinglikingsomeoneverymuch,orveryinterestedinsthHe'scrazyabouther.crazen.crazyadj.

Tobecomeslowerortomakesth.slowerEconomicgrowthhassloweddown.Slowdownyourcarasyouapproachthatcurve.--【opposite】tomoveorhappenfaster,ortomakesomethingmoveorhappenfasterThetruckspeededupgoingdownthehill.Slowdownspeedupconsumerconsumer

customerguest

client

someonewhobuysandusesproductsandservices

someonewhoispayingtostayinahotel

someonewhogetsservicesoradvicefromaprofessionalperson,company,ororganization

someonewhobuysgoodsorservicesfromashop,companyetc

Consumerswillsoonbepayinghigherairfares.

Weaimtooffergoodvalueandservicetoallourcustomers.1.tousetime,energy,goodsetcAsmallervehiclewillconsumelessfuel.2.toeatordrinksomethingInordertosurvivehumanbeingsneedtoconsumefoodandwater.atime-consumingtaskFuelconsumptionispredictedtorise.consume,consumptionOtherlocaltreatslikejerkedchicken…(L12)2.aneventthatgivesyoualotofpleasureandisusuallyunexpected樂事，樂趣Whenwewerekids,atriptothebeachwasarealtreat.3.mytreat:spokenusedtotellsomeonethatyouwillpayforsomethingsuchasamealforthemLet'sgoouttolunch-mytreat.

1.aspecialfoodthattastesgood,especiallyonethatyoudonoteatveryoften美食decadedecade:tenyearscentury:ahundredyearspercent

centimeter

centigradecent-hundred

gain/grow/increaseinpopularity

(=starttobelikedbymanypeople)Countrymusicisgrowinginpopularity.Thepresident'spopularityhasdeclinedconsiderably.popularpopularity

TheauthoritieswereworriedabouttheinfluenceofWesternfilmsandTVprogrammes.affect

affection

effecteffectiveinfluencen.v.v.影響；感動(dòng)n.喜愛n.影響，效果vt.實(shí)現(xiàn)a.有效的tohaveaneffecton……

Thereformwaseffected.改革實(shí)現(xiàn)了。add+addsomethingtosomething

Doyouwanttoaddyournametothelist?

Materialaboutrecentresearchhasbeenaddedtothisnewedition.--【opposite】subtractmultiplydivide*plus,minus,prep.

Theyfoundthemselvescompetingwithforeigncompaniesforashareofthemarket.

ThestoreshavetocompeteforcustomersintheChristmasseason.competecompetitioncompetitorcompetitivecompetewith/againstcompetefor

Thecompanymustbeabletocompeteintheinternationalmarketplace.

Severaladvertisingagenciesarecompetingtogetthecontract.competeincompetetodosthscheduleThemajorityofholidayflightsdepartandarriveonschedule.Duetothebadweather,thebuildingworkwasalreadybehindschedule.Meg'snewbookisstillwellaheadofschedule.attheplannedtimeaftertheplannedtimebeforetheplannedtimeHowcanhefiteverythingintohisbusy/tightschedule?includingalotofthingsinashorttimeTheCentreoffersawiderangeofsportsfacilities.Theyofferedhimaverygoodjob,butheturneditdown.Mydadhasofferedtopickusup.Yourdoctorshouldbeabletoofferadviceondiet.offersbsth/offersthtosboffertodosthofferadvice/help/supportofferanopportunity/chance/possibilityoffer

involvingtheuseofimaginationtoproducenewideasorthingsThisjobissoboring.IwishIcoulddosomethingmorecreative.creativecreatecreation

creaturecreative

creativityreasonn.v.We'dliketoknowthereasonwhyshedidn'tacceptthejob.Hewouldn'tgivethereasonsforhisdecision.Heexplainedthereasonsbehindthedecision.Itriedtoreasonwithher.(persuade)Reading2I.McDonald’sintention:toteardowntheoldbuildingPeople’sreaction—aculturallandmark,memories……

II.McDonald’sexplanation:damageinanearthquake

People’sresponse—anexcuse,disrespect……III.McDonald’sexplanation:losingmoney

People’sresponse—notanissueofmoney……IV.People’sexplanation:McDonald’sintendstoremovetheMcDonaldbrothersfromhistory.Historians’reaction—toputitontheNRHP

McDonald’sreaction—toabandonthebuilding

People’sreaction—totakepictures……TextstructureLanguagepointsdesigndevisedesign:tomakeadrawingorplandevise(v.)想出，設(shè)計(jì)出toinventdevice(n.)手段，方法；裝置

0406/42.

I

must

congratulate

you

____

the

excellent

design

of

the

new

bridge.

A)

with

B)

at

C)

onD)

of0309/56.LouisHerman,attheUniversityofHawaii,has________aseriesofnewexperimentsinwhichsomeanimalshavelearnedtounderstandsentences.

A)installedB)equippedC)devisedD)formatted……thebuildingwasdamagedinaearthquake.(L13)damage

價(jià)值、用途降低或外表損壞等,不一定全部破壞,損壞了還可以修復(fù),Theheavyraindamagedmanyhouses.destroy

徹底毀壞以至不能或很難修復(fù),Thattownwasdestroyedinabigfire.ruin毀壞,現(xiàn)在多用于借喻中,泛指一般的“弄壞了〞,Heknockedoverabottleofinkandruinedthetablecloth.spoil損壞,搞糟,寵壞Therainhasspoiltmypainting.Ourholidayswerespoiltbybadweather.Theyspoiltheirchildren.

e.g.It’shardwork,Ienjoyit,though.Ican’tstay,butI’llhaveacoffee,though.ManypeopleinthetownofDowneydon’tbelievethatreason,though.(para4)ad.usedattheendofthesentence可是,不過resident

someonewholivesorstaysinaparticularplacereside:v.toliveinaparticularplace

0106/40.Onlyaselectednumberoflandladiesintheneighborhoodhavebeenallowedbytheuniversitytotakein____.

A)residentsB)lodgersC)settlersD)inhabitantsresidence居民，政治，人口學(xué)概念,inhabitant指自然，地域意義上的居民lodger,房客,settler定居某地的人0306/44.The____offindinggoldinCaliforniaattractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.

A)prospects

B)speculationsC)stakesD)provisionsrespect(L18),inspector(L25)prospectretrospectrespectsuspectinspectexpectspectaculara.spectatorn.0306/44.The____offindinggoldinCaliforniaattractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.

A)prospects

B)speculationsC)stakesD)provisions

…closedowntherestaurant……teardownslowdownclosedown0506/46.Thecompanyistryingeverymeansto______thewholesalepriceofitsproducts.

A)pulldownB)bringdown

C)putdownD)setdowntostopoperatingpermanently(ofabuilding)topulldown,destroydenyv.denialn.

1.tosaythatsomethingisnottrue,

orthatyoudonotbelievesomething

I'veneverdeniedthatthereisahousingproblem.Ican'tdenyherremarkshurtme.Twomenhavedeniedmurderingawomanataremotepicnicspot.deny(that)denydoingsthShecoulddenyhersonnothing.ThisistheonlycountryinEuropetodenycancerscreeningtoitscitizens.

0309/68.Theywere________admissiontothemilitaryexhibitionbecausetheywereforeigners.

A)deniedC)deprived

B)declinedD)rejected2.torefusetoallowsomeonetohaveordosomethingdenysbsthdenysthtosb0309/68.Theywere________admissiontothemilitaryexhibitionbecausetheywereforeigners.

A)deniedC)deprived

B)declinedD)rejectedremove1.totakesomethingawayfrom,outof,orofftheplacewhereitisRemovetheoldwallpaperandfillanyholesinthewalls.

2.toforcesomeoneoutofanimportantpositionordismissthemfromajobremovesthfromsthReferencebooksmaynotberemovedfromthelibrary.removesbfromsthCongresscouldremovethePresidentfromoffice.……,thisexplanationmakessensetothehistorians.

Whydidshedoathinglikethat?Itdoesn'tseemtomakesense.

amanofsense有理智的人commonsense常識(shí)[理]asenseofresponsibility責(zé)任感asenseofhumour幽默感inasense在某種意義上來說ifsomethingmakessense,thereseemstobeagoodreasonorexplanationforit有意義,合[有]理sensitiveadj.敏感的,靈敏的sensibleadj.有感覺的,明智的,有判斷力的0312/70.Someplantsarevery

_____tolight;theyprefertheshade.

A)sensible

C)objective

B)flexible

D)sensitive0312/70.Someplantsarevery

_____tolight;theyprefertheshade.

A)sensible

C)objective

B)flexible

D)sensitive

putputup

建造，支起搭起,張貼puton穿上，戴上；上演增加(體重)putforward提出,推舉出putout熄滅，出版,生產(chǎn)；伸出putoff

推遲

putaway

放好，收好

putaside儲(chǔ)存…備用，保存把…放在一邊putupwith忍受,容忍putacross/over解釋清楚使被理解NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces國(guó)家歷史遺跡名冊(cè)v.toputsomeone'sorsomething'snameonanofficiallistHowmanystudentshaveregisteredforEnglishclasses?Youmustbringyourinsurancecardwithyouwhenyouregisterwithadentistordoctor.registerabirth/death/marriagen.anofficiallistofnamesofpeople,companiesetc,Haveyousignedthehotelregister?0501/33.Withintwoweeksofarrival,allforeignershadto______withthelocalpolice.

A)inquire

B)consult

C)

register

D)resolve0501/33.Withintwoweeksofarrival,allforeignershadto______withthelocalpolice.

A)inquire

B)consult

C)register

D)resolvehistorichavingimportanceinorinfluenceonhistory在歷史上重要的,有歷史意義的,有歷史影響的e.g.ahistoricmeetingofworldleadershistoricalreferstowhateverexistedinthepast,anythingconcernedwithhistoryorthestudyofthepast歷史上的e.g.ahistoricalnovel,historicalcharacters

historianhistorichistoricalhistoryTogoawayfromaplace,vehicle,etc.especiallybecausethesituationmakesitimpossibleforyoutostay拋棄

Theyweregiventheordertoabandonthesinkingship.Toleavesomeone,especiallysomeoneyouareresponsiblefor

Howcouldsheabandonherownchild?遺棄Togiveup

放棄

Becauseofthefogtheyabandonedtheirideaofdriving.0312/63.ItisreportedthatUruguayunderstandsand

_____

Chinaonhumanrightsissues.

A)grants

C)abandons

B)changes

D)

backsabandonTheytakepictures……beforeit’stakenaway.(L45)Shewhiskedthetrayoffthetableandtookitaway.Hewastakenawaytobeginaprisonsentence.Thisshouldtakesomeofthepainaway.1.toremovesomeoneorsomething,ormakesomethingdisappear0309/70.Residentswerecuttingtheirlawns,washingtheircarsandotherwise________apleasant,sunnyday.

A)idlingaway

B)takingaway

C)chasingawayD)drivingaway2.ifyoubuyfoodtotakeaway,youbuycookedfoodfromarestaurantandtakeitoutsidetoeatitsomewhereelsetakeafter(外貌、性格)與(父、母等)相像takedown拆卸；記下，寫下takein吸收，接納；理解；欺騙；takeoff脫下；起飛；takeon呈現(xiàn)，承擔(dān)，takeover接受，接管；taketo對(duì)…產(chǎn)生好感，開始喜歡；takeup開始從事；著手處理；占去，占據(jù)；takeWriteanoteofrequest(P.102)Writeanotetoyourbosstorequestasalaryraise

Nov.18,TuesdayDearMr.Harper,Iwishtobringtoyourattentionthefactthatmyperformancehasimprovedsignificantlyoverthepastthreemonths.NowIamabletohandlemorecustomersperhour,evenmorethansomeskilledworkersintherestaurant,andImakemuchfewerdeliverymistakesthanbefore.Therefore,intheinterestoffairness,Irequestanappropriateraiseinsalary.Sincerely,LiMingWriteanessayonthefollowingtopicaccordingtotheoutlineMyViewontheWesternFastFood洋快餐在中國(guó)很流行人們吃洋快餐的原因洋快餐的弊端要健康飲食Writing(supplementarymaterial)4步快速寫作流程①審題與構(gòu)思②打腹稿③行文落筆④核查錯(cuò)誤核查錯(cuò)誤

1．句子是否有明確的主語誤：Tooeasyortoodifficultisnogoodforus.正：Thebookswhicharetooeasyortoodifficultarenogoodforus.誤：Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.正：Throughreadingonecanacquireknowledge.2．可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞是否用得正確誤：TVpresentsuswithmanyusefulinformations.正：TVpresentsuswithalotofusefulinformation.information,advice,knowledge,work等都是不可數(shù)名詞3．時(shí)態(tài)選取是否正確誤：Wecollegestudentshadenoughtimetotakeapart-timejob,nomatterhowbusywewere...正：Wecollegestudentshaveenoughtimetotakeapart-timejob,nomatterhowbusyweare...論說文一般都是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。只有舉例，表達(dá)過去的事才會(huì)用到過去時(shí)。4.是否有謂語動(dòng)詞或

只有一個(gè)謂語形式的動(dòng)詞誤：Ifnoelectricity,allactivitiessuchaswatchingTVandseeingmovieswillbeimpossible.正：Ifthereisnoelectricity,allactivitiessuchaswatchingTVandseeingmovieswillbeimpossible.誤：Peoplethinkgotothemoviewillcostalotofmoney.正：Peoplethinkthatgoingtothemoviewillcostthemalotofmoney.4.是否有謂語動(dòng)詞或

只有一個(gè)謂語形式的動(dòng)詞誤:Therearemanypeopletakepartinsportsandgamesnow.正:Manypeopletakepartinsportsandgamesnow.誤:Althoughdifficultyisexist,wecanovercomeit.正:Althoughdifficultyexists/doesexist,wecanovercomeit.5.代詞泛指是否一致誤：Eachofusmaytakeapart-timejobtohelpsupportourselves,butifyouspendtoomuchtimeonit,yourstudywillbeaffected.正：Eachofusmaytakeapart-timejobtohelpsupportourselves,butifwespendtoomuchtimeonit,ourstudieswillbeaffected.6．詞性是否使用正確誤：ThecomputerlikeTV,ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.正：LikeTV,thecomputerhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.

誤：Computersbringconvenienttomywork.正：Computersbringconveniencestomywork.Translation翻譯基本技巧增詞法英譯漢時(shí)，根據(jù)意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭上的需要可以加一些詞，使譯文既忠實(shí)于原文又通順、流暢。這種翻譯的方法叫做增詞法。但是增詞決不等于增意，而是要把潛在于原文字里行間的意思充分表達(dá)出來。虛加：出于語法考慮，添加虛詞〔功能詞〕增加表示時(shí)態(tài)的詞

Ithoughtthismachinewouldneverbeanythingbutatoy.我原先以為這部機(jī)器不過是一種沒有什么價(jià)值的玩具。增詞表達(dá)分句的隱含邏輯關(guān)系Thedaybeingfine,wedecidedtogoswimming.由于天氣很好，我們決定去游泳。增詞表達(dá)含蓄條件句Theywouldnothavedonesuchathingwithoutgovernmentapproval.如果沒有得到政府的同意，他們是不會(huì)做這種事的。

Chapter7

LoveandMarriageLiPengfeiFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel1Weddingsareimportantinnearlyeveryculture.Andeveryculturehasitsownweddingtraditions.Thischapterlooksatsomecustomsfromdifferentcultures.Italsolooksatthehistoryofsomeweddingcustoms.TeachingObjectives●IdentifyargumentsofReading1●FindthetopicsentencestounderstandthemainideasofReading2●keylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructures●Makeandusean“IdeaFile〞toincreasetheircreativityandstoreideasforwriting●GrasptheskillofamplificationintranslationTheTraditionalWesternMarriage.

Romanceisoftenassociatedwithloveandmarriage.“Ido.〞toAmericans,thosetwowordscarrygreatmeaningespeciallyifyousaythematyourownwedding.Thekeyelements(根本組成局部)utilizedinmostWesternweddingceremonies,intheirmostcommonorder,are:1)Introduction,Opening,orInvocationinwhichtheministertypicallyannouncesthepurposeofthegathering,indicatesthenamesofthebrideandgroom,welcomestheguestsandsolicits(請(qǐng)求，懇求)themtoparticipateintheceremonybytheirpresenceand,perhaps,theirprayers.2)MainBodyinwhichtheministerruminates(沉思，反復(fù)思考)onthemeaningofmarriageandthesignificanceofthebrideandgroom’sdecisiontojointogetherinwedlock(婚姻).Theministermayalsosharemorecasualremarksaboutthebrideandgroomasheorshehascometoknowthem,andaboutthefitnessoftheirunion.Thisportionoftheceremonymightalsoincludereligiousorotherreadingsbytheministerorbyotherpersonswhohavebeenaskedbythebrideandgroomtospeak3)IntroductiontotheVowsinwhichthe

ministerexplainsthesignificanceofthevowswhichthecouplearegoingtoexchange.4)Vowsinwhichthebrideandgroomindividuallyaffirmtheircommitmenttoeachother,inresponsetoquestionsposedbytheminister;theresponsesusuallytaketheformof“Ido〞or“Iwill〞.IntheWesternChristiantradition,thisisthepointatwhichtheyareofficiallymarried.5)ExchangeofRingsinwhichthecouple,usuallyrepeatingphrasesattheminister’sdirection,declaretheircommitmenttoeachotherandplaceaweddingringonthehandoftheirbetrothed(未婚夫或妻).InthewesternJewishtradition,thisisthepointatwhichtheyareofficiallymarried.6)AnnouncementoftheCoupleinwhichtheministerannouncesthatthecoupleisofficiallywed.thismayalsoincludeafinalprayerorbenediction(祝福，祝愿),theministerindicatingthatthegroommay“kissthebride〞,and/ortheminister“introducing〞thenewlymarriedcoupletotheguests..Attheweddingreception,thebrideandgroomgreettheirguests.Thentheycuttheweddingcakeandfeedeachotherabite.Guestsminglewhileenjoyingcake,andothertreats.Laterthebridethrowsherbouquetofflowerstoagroupofsinglegirls.Traditionsaysthattheonewhocatchesthebouquet(花束)willbethenexttomarry.Duringthereception,playfulfriends“decorate〞thecouple’scarwithtissuepaper,tincansanda“JustMarried〞sign.Whenthereceptionisover,thenewlywedsgettotheir“decorated〞carandspeedoff.Manycouplestakeahoneymoon,aone-to-two-weekvacationtrip,tocelebratetheirnewmarriageReadingIBridesforSale?●GettingReadytoRead1.Warm-upReading1presentstheargumentsofAfricansforandagainstlobola.Beforeyoureadit,discussthefollowingquestionswithyourclassmates.1)Describesomeimportantweddingtraditions,accordingtoyourknowledge.2)Doyouthinkweddingsareimportanttofamilies?3)Explainwhysomepeoplesupportthecustomoflobola.4)StatethereasonswhysomeAfricansthinklobolashouldbestopped.5)Whatisyouropinionaboutlobola?2.WorkouttheoutlineofthetextFromthequestionmarkinthetitle,wecanfigureoutthewritingstyleofthetext:argumentation.1)Introduction:ThecustomoflobolaisbeingdebatedinBotswana.(Para.1)2)Argumentsforlobola(Para.2-4)a)LobolashowsthatfamilyarecomingtogetherandisaformofgenerosityinAfricanculture.(Para.2)b)Thetraditionoflobolawasamatterofpride.(Para.3)c)Althoughthesupportersknowsomepeopleabusethecustom,theybelievelobolashouldjustbeexplainedbetterratherthangetridofit.(Para.4)3)Argumentsagainstlobola(Para.5-7)a)Lobolalooksbadbecauseithasbecomecommercializedandfamiliesmakelotsofdemandsonthegroom.(Para.5)b)Lobolaisoutdatedbecausethereisnoneedtocompensatefamiliesforthelossofadaughterasmaleandfemalechildrenareequal.(Para.6)c)Lobolaisafinancialburdenforthecouple.(Para.7)4)Conclusion:ThedebateoflobolacontinuesinBotswana,asdoesthecustom.(Para.8)

●LanguageStudy

2.Althoughitisanoldcustom,noteveryoneinAfricanculturesishappywithit.Infact,itisbeingdebatedinBotswana.(Para.1)bebeing+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞=被動(dòng)語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)e.g.Anewrailwayisbeingbuilt.正在修建一條新鐵路。Themachineisbeingrepairedintheschoolfactory.機(jī)器正在校辦工廠修理。debatea)v.todiscussasubjectformallywhenyouaretryingtomakeadecisionorfindasolution爭(zhēng)論，辯論e.g.TheissuewillbedebatedonTuesday.b)n.adiscussioninvolvingopposingpoints爭(zhēng)論，辯論e.g.Thenewdrughasbecomethesubjectofheateddebatewithinthemedicalprofession.Therewasmuchlivelydebateaboutwhetherwomenshouldspendmoretimeinthehome.3.TheyexplainthatinTswanaculture,amarriagemeansjoininginafamily,notjustmarryinganindividual.(Para.2)meanv.(pt,ppmeant)1)(ofwords,sentences,etc)signify(指詞、句)表示…的意思，含…之意e.g.Adictionarytriestotellyouwhatwordsmean.2)beasignof;belikelytoresultin；(inthatcasethewordmeanisusuallyfollowedbyagerund,ratherthanbyaninfinitiveverbto)為…的征兆；意味；可能造成〔后接動(dòng)名詞〕e.g.Thesenewordersforourmanufactureswillmeanworkingovertime.這些訂購(gòu)我們產(chǎn)品的新訂單意味著要加班。3)mean(by):haveasapurpose;intend;referto意指；方案，意欲，企圖e.g.Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat?你那樣說是什么意思？I’msorryifIhurtyourfeelingsIdidn’tmeanto.假設(shè)我傷了你的感情，真對(duì)不起——我并不是成心的。(alsoseetheusageofitinSentence3,Para4)individual1)n.aperson,consideredseparatelyfromtherestofthegrouporsocietythathelivesin個(gè)人，個(gè)體e.g.thefreedomoftheindividual個(gè)人自由Meanwhile,philosophersdebatewhetherit’srighttocloneanindividual.2)a.belongingtoorintendedforonepersonratherthanagroup個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的，個(gè)人的e.g.Eachindividualleafonthetreeisdifferent.樹上的每一片葉子都不相同。Youcanhavethebathroomdesignedtosuityourindividualneeds.4.Throughmarriage,theyoungwoman’sfamilylosestheirdaughteras

shethenbecomesapartofherhusband’sfamily.(Para.2)

asconj.1)usedtostatewhyaparticularsituationexistsorwhysomeonedoessomething由于e.g.Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.2)usedtosaythatwhatyouaresayingisalreadyknownorhasbeenstatedbefore正如e.g.David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.AsNapoleononcesaid,attackisthebestmethodofdefense.3)though盡管e.g.Difficultasitshouldbe,wemustfulfillthetaskintime.Cf.表示原因的連詞as，since，because，for

表示原因的連詞as，since，because，for這些表示原因的連詞在意義上和用法上都不盡相同。在用法方面，because,since,as都是附屬連詞，用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句；而for是并列連詞，用來連接分別表示結(jié)果和原因的兩個(gè)并列分句。because是這四個(gè)連詞中語勢(shì)最強(qiáng)的一個(gè)，它表示的原因通常是聽話人所不知道的，而且通常是造成某一結(jié)果的直接原因，因此由它所引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句往往是句中最重要的局部，于是也就經(jīng)常被放在句末〔當(dāng)然有時(shí)也可以放在句首〕。例如：Shetookoffherjacketbecauseshefelthot.她脫下上衣，因?yàn)樗X得很熱。IwaslatebecauseImissedthebus.我遲到是因?yàn)槲艺`了車。Becauseitwasraining,Ididn’tgooutforawalk.因?yàn)橄掠?，所以我沒出去散步。since和as區(qū)別不大〔since比as略為正式〕，通常表示聽話人的原因。帶有since/as的句子的側(cè)重點(diǎn)往往在于結(jié)果，而原因只是附帶說明。由since/as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句經(jīng)常放在句首〔也可以放在句末〕。例如：Sinceyousayso,Imustbelieveit.既然你這么說，我得相信你。Asyouwon’thelp,Ihavetodothejobmyself.既然你不肯幫助，我只好自己做。for后面的分句通常表示較間接的原因，有時(shí)是對(duì)造成某一結(jié)果的原因作補(bǔ)充說明，如下例〔1〕；有時(shí)是為所作的推斷或預(yù)見提供理由，如下例〔2〕。for后面的分句只可放在句末，前面通常用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與前一分句隔開。例如：〔1〕Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.他今天沒來，因?yàn)樗×??！?〕Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.昨晚肯定下過雨了，因?yàn)榈厣鲜菨竦??！?〕Itwillrain,forit’sgettingdark.要下雨了，因?yàn)樘彀迪聛砹?。?qǐng)注意,在以下情況下,只能用because,不能用其他連詞:1.在答復(fù)以why開頭的問題時(shí)。例如：A:Whycan’tIgo?我為什么不能去？B:Becauseyouaretooyoung.因?yàn)槟闾　?.在only,just,simply等副詞以及否認(rèn)詞not或not…but結(jié)構(gòu)之后。例如：Hegotangryjustbecausesomeonespokeillofhim.他勃然大怒，只是因?yàn)橛腥苏f他的壞話。Ilikethejob,notbecauseit’seasy,butbecauseit’sdifficult.我喜歡這個(gè)工作，不是因?yàn)樗菀祝故且驗(yàn)樗茈y。3.在itis之后。例如：Ifyoufeelcold,itisbecauseyoudidn’tputonyourovercoat.如果你覺得冷，那是因?yàn)槟銢]穿大衣。Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tcometotheclass.他沒來上課是因?yàn)樗×恕?.TheideaofmarryingintoafamilyisveryAfrican.Awomandiesnotgetmarriedtojusttheman.Throughmarriage,theyoungwoman’sfamilylosestheirdaughterasshethenbecomesapartofherhusband’sfamily.(Para.2)marryv.takeasahusbandorwife結(jié)婚，娶，嫁e.g.JohnisgoingtomarryJane.湯姆要和簡(jiǎn)結(jié)婚。TomandAlicearegoingtogetmarr