第18講 閱讀理解主旨大意題（講義）-2024年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測(cè)（新教材新高考）含答案及解析

?第18講主旨大意題（講義）【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】掌握主旨大意兩大類題型特征區(qū)分主旨大意題的正確選項(xiàng)和干擾項(xiàng)特征掌握主旨大意題不同文體的解題技巧掌握主旨大意題不同題型的解題技巧【考情分析】年份卷別題號(hào)主旨大意題2023新高考I卷3212023新高考II卷2712022新高考I卷3412022新高考II卷3112021新高考I卷3112021新高考II卷311【網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建】主旨大意題概述命題規(guī)律：主旨大意題即考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力,又考查深層次的推理、概括能力,難度較大。不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。題型和考查角度：1.主題類：文章大意題和段落大意題(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)2.標(biāo)題類：標(biāo)題判斷題（選擇最佳標(biāo)題）。要做好主旨大意題，我們首先必須了解其正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。選項(xiàng)特征：正確選項(xiàng)特征涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩語(yǔ)言精練，若是標(biāo)題類，則應(yīng)當(dāng)醒目且語(yǔ)言具有概括性和針對(duì)性。干擾項(xiàng)特征過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)范圍太大，超出文章內(nèi)容。以偏概全只是文章的某一部分或者某一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，或是某一個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)或者部分。主觀臆斷與文章內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)，只是涉及個(gè)別單詞或按現(xiàn)實(shí)生活生搬硬套。命題方式：Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?What'sthefirst/second/third....paragraphmainlyabout?What'sthemainideadiscussedinthefirst/second/..paragraph?不同文體解題技巧：議論文或說(shuō)明文：議論文或說(shuō)明文的主題句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼應(yīng)。新聞報(bào)道：新聞報(bào)道的主題句就是導(dǎo)語(yǔ),即文章的首句或首段。正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事實(shí),次要事實(shí),最次要事實(shí)科研報(bào)告或調(diào)查報(bào)告：反映科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)研結(jié)果的報(bào)道或科普類說(shuō)明文，內(nèi)容主要包括“科研實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果或調(diào)查結(jié)果+實(shí)驗(yàn)研究過(guò)程或調(diào)查的具體情況”兩大部分,文章主旨就是科研或調(diào)查結(jié)果，因此主題句通常在首段,且常伴有accordingtoastudy,astudyshowed/proved,thisissuggestedbytheresultsofnewresearchon,scientistsrecentlyreported,astudyclaimed等。記敘文：純記敘文通常沒(méi)有主題句,需要讀者自己領(lǐng)悟,從中歸納提煉;但有的在文尾作者會(huì)發(fā)表感慨、感悟或就此發(fā)表議論,主旨也就在此;還有的先發(fā)表某種議論或感慨再講一個(gè)故事或經(jīng)歷,主旨就在文首。知識(shí)點(diǎn)一文章大意題文章大意題借助各段段落主題句歸納段首；段中；段尾借助文章主題段進(jìn)行歸納首段（新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文、議論文）；尾段（記敘文、議論文）借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵句歸納文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行歸納，多為主題詞根據(jù)位置確定主題句:主題句在文首文章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，給出了主題句，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋、支撐。作者在首段常常亮出觀點(diǎn)、表明立場(chǎng)。大多數(shù)文章的主題句就是文章的首句,所以要認(rèn)真閱讀文章首句。主題句在文末有的主題句放在文章的末尾,先擺出事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，最后總結(jié),從而形成強(qiáng)有力的結(jié)論,要求考生耐心地讀完全文。有時(shí)主題句首尾呼應(yīng)，開(kāi)篇先提出主題，結(jié)尾再次升華主題。主題句在文中或隱含主題句在段中間或隱含在文中,讓讀者很難發(fā)現(xiàn),這種情況難度較大,考生要通觀全文,分清主旨細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)行歸納推理。最后概括出來(lái)的中心意思一定要涵蓋全文或整個(gè)段落,切忌以偏概全或離題太遠(yuǎn)、太籠統(tǒng)。解答此類題時(shí)考生需要把握作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、語(yǔ)氣等,分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),抓住文章開(kāi)頭的主題句或文章最后的結(jié)論,捕捉與題目有關(guān)的信息,從而找出能概括文章主旨的題目和中心思想。【真題典例】（2023年新高考II卷B篇）Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardens B.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape知識(shí)點(diǎn)二段落大意題通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)或暗示概括段落大意根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)概括段落大意：要準(zhǔn)確概括段落大意，務(wù)必知道該段落的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段為總分順序組織，則主題句在段首；如該段為分總順序組織，則主題句在段尾；如該段為分總分順序組織，則主題句在段中；如該段對(duì)比各事物，則其異同點(diǎn)即為該段大意。一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開(kāi)頭,其后是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在說(shuō)明文、論述文或新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種形式通過(guò)暗示揣摩段落大意：有時(shí)，作者不直接寫(xiě)出主題句，而是通過(guò)情感態(tài)度等方法暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題，此時(shí)要根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)和線索綜合判斷去揣摩并概括出段落大意?！菊骖}典例】(2020年全國(guó)卷ⅢB篇)Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion-capture(動(dòng)作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor'sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(圖像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-lookingape.25．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Thecostofmaking“Apes.”B．Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.C．Thepublicityabout“Apes.”D．Theperformanceofrealapes.知識(shí)點(diǎn)三標(biāo)題歸納題三大方法定標(biāo)題最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備以下三大特征：①概括--準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短;②針對(duì)性--標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符;③題目--能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；②反面否定法：撇開(kāi)原文，設(shè)想各選項(xiàng)寫(xiě)出來(lái)應(yīng)是什么樣的文章，然后和原文比對(duì)，逐一排除不符項(xiàng)；③研讀備選項(xiàng)：認(rèn)真研讀備選項(xiàng)里的中心詞、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性、修飾詞的變化，查看與中心思想是否相符。【真題典例】(2021年全國(guó)乙卷C篇)You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse，”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168，000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來(lái)源)ofplasticpollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat'spartofVonWong'sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說(shuō)明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload'sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic，”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10，000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey'dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.31．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Artists'OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB．MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC．ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD．OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures考向一文章大意和段落大意題1.（2023年湖北武漢校考階段練習(xí)）Blinkist,awebsiteandanapp,nowsummarizesnonfictiontitlesintheformofquicktakeslabeled“blinks”.Theendresultismorethanonesentence,butnotbymuch.SarahBakewell’s“AttheExistentialistCafé”isbrokeninto11screensofinformation;MichelleObama’s“Becoming”fills13.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A．WhatBlinkistis. B．WhyBlinkistispopular.C．HowtouseBlinkist. D．WhereyoucanuseBlinkist.考向二標(biāo)題判斷題（2023年浙江紹興高三統(tǒng)考）Recyclingisagreatwayofdoingyourbitfortheenvironmentandhelpingtoprotecttheearth’spreciousresources.However,anewstudyhasrevealedthatourdesiretobesustainablemaybedoingmoreharmthangood.AccordingtowastecompanyBiffa,thisisbecauseof“wish-cycling”—assumingthatitemssuchasdisposablecoffeecupsandpizzaboxeswillberecycledifputintherecyclingbin.Infact,pollutionfromthoseitemsorothernon-recyclablescanresultinrecyclableitemsthathavebeenputinthecorrectbingoingtolandfill.DavidHeaton,abusinessdirectoratBiffa,said:“Pollutionhappenswhenitemsaredisposedofinthewrongbinsorhaven’tbeencleanedbeforebeingrecycled.”ExpertsatBiffaanalyzedtheamountsofnon-targetandnon-recyclablematerialsthatenteredUKmaterialrecyclingfacilitiesbetween2016and2020.Itwasfoundthat,in2016,theaveragepollutionrateofrecyclingwastewas13.4percent,risingoverfouryearsto17percentbytheendof2020.Thisshowsthat,evenaspeoplearebecomingmoreeco-conscious,wish-cyclingisincreasingbothinhouseholdsandbusinesses.TheBiffaexpertssaythatoneofthebestwaystopreventpollutionofrecyclingistocleanrecyclablewastebeforeputtingitinthebin.Theysuggestcuttingoffthetopofoldpizzaboxesandonlyrecyclingthatparttoavoidpollutionfromthegrease(油脂).Checktheon-packagingrecyclinglabeltocheckitcanactuallyberecycledWhenitcomestoplastics,Biffarecommendscheckingtheresincode,thenumberintheplastictriangle,toknowwhetheritshouldgointherecyclingbin.Ingeneral,resincodes1,2,4and5arerecyclable,while3,6and7arenot.Largeritems,likeelectronics,furnitureandbatteries,canalsoberecycledbutoftencannotgoinhouseholdrecyclingbinsastheyneedspecialistseparating.Thesewillneedtobetakentorecyclingcentersorsustainablewastemanagementcompanies.“It’svitalasanationthatwegetbetterateffective‘pre-cycling’—sortingwastecorrectlybeforecollectiontoreducepollutionrates,”addedMr.Heaton.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．Recycling:aBigProject B．Wish-cycling:aNewTrendC．Wish-cycling:aGrowingConcern D．Pre-cycling:anEffectiveMethod（2023年新高考I卷D篇）Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.22.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.34．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B．Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C．Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D．Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

?第19講七選五（講義）【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】掌握七選五命題規(guī)律掌握段首句解題策略掌握段中句解題策略并熟知邏輯關(guān)系詞掌握段位句解題策略【考情分析】七選五題型詞數(shù)300左右(正文詞數(shù)200左右，選項(xiàng)詞數(shù)100左右)。選材多是社會(huì)生活和文化科技方面；具有貼近生活、新穎、體現(xiàn)正能量、時(shí)代性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密、層次分明，突出對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的整體理解，側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。設(shè)空題型包括短中、段首、段尾題，其中段中題是考查的重難點(diǎn)。段首和段尾為輔。七個(gè)選項(xiàng)意義都與文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)，兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)。年份卷別段首題及題號(hào)段中題及題號(hào)段尾題及題號(hào)2023新高考I卷04個(gè)；36/37/39/40題1個(gè)；38題2023新高考II卷1個(gè)；39題3個(gè)；36/38/40題1個(gè)；37題2022新高考I卷04個(gè)；36/37/38/39題1個(gè)；39題2022新高考II卷1個(gè)；36題4個(gè)；37/38/39/40題02021新高考I卷1個(gè)；39題4個(gè)；36/37/38/40題02021新高考II卷1個(gè)；38題3個(gè)；37/39/40題1個(gè)；36題【網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建】知識(shí)點(diǎn)一段首題命題規(guī)律：段首題具有鮮明的語(yǔ)言特征，要么是段落標(biāo)題句(主旨句)，要么就是段落主題句，七選五解題時(shí)可采用先易后難的原則，而段首的這兩種題型即可作為七選五解題的突破口。題型和考查角度：1.段落小標(biāo)題：概括段落大意，特征突出，短小且語(yǔ)言精煉2.段落主題句：段落主旨概括性，與其它段落承上啟下一段落小標(biāo)題解題策略：1.觀察其它段落標(biāo)題的形式。閱讀段落內(nèi)容，提煉段落中心詞、高頻詞和中心詞的近義詞。選項(xiàng)特征：1.其形式應(yīng)和其他小標(biāo)題相同。選項(xiàng)語(yǔ)言短小精煉。3.多為名詞詞組、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使向。二段落主題句主題句分兩種類型。設(shè)空處在段首通常為主旨概括句，有時(shí)也可能為承上啟下(過(guò)渡)句。如果設(shè)空處位于段首，要瞻前顧后找提示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與之銜接，并結(jié)合本段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否能將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)。1.主旨概括句解題策略：認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，段落的第一、二句是關(guān)鍵信息，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句，有時(shí)也要參考最后一句，因?yàn)槎温渲谐＿\(yùn)用首尾呼應(yīng)的原則，根據(jù)尾句進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。選項(xiàng)特征：準(zhǔn)確概括段落大意，避免以偏概全或偏離主題2.承上啟下(過(guò)渡)句在段首設(shè)空的題有時(shí)也可能起承上啟下的作用，此時(shí)既要熟悉上一段內(nèi)容，又要去結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容。解題策略：做題時(shí)要聯(lián)系上下文，把握邏輯關(guān)系，分析所選答案是否能將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)。選項(xiàng)特征：過(guò)渡句與段落主旨相關(guān)，且與上下文語(yǔ)意連貫。【真題典例】（2023年新高考II卷）·___19___Seekingandacceptingconstructivefeedback(反饋)iscrucialtogrowth.Ipostmyworkonsocialmediaand,inturn,havemetsomeofthekindestpeople.Theymakemefeelvaluedandrespected,nomattermylevelofartisticability.AGetoutofyourcomfortzone.B.Makecareerplansandsetgoals.C.Don’tthrowawayyourbeginnerart.D.Shareyourworkifyoufeelcomfortabledoingso.E.You’llhitroadblocks,andyou’llfeeldiscouragedattimes.F.Evaluateyourperformanceand,ifneeded,redefineyourrole.G.You’lldevelopthatpaintingmusclememorythatonlycomeswithrepetition.【答案】19.D【解析】設(shè)空處位于段首，是本段的中心句，根據(jù)后文“Seekingandacceptingconstructivefeedback(反饋)iscrucialtogrowth.Ipostmyworkonsocialmediaand,inturn,havemetsomeofthekindestpeople.Theymakemefeelvaluedandrespected,nomattermylevelofartisticability.(尋求并接受有建設(shè)性的反饋對(duì)于你的成長(zhǎng)非常重要。我在社交媒體上發(fā)布我的作品，并因此結(jié)識(shí)了一些最友好的人。無(wú)論我的藝術(shù)水平如何，他們都讓我感到受到了重視和尊重)”可知，本段主要講述了是分享自己的作品，所以D項(xiàng)“Shareyourworkifyoufeelcomfortabledoingso.(如果你感覺(jué)舒適的話，分享你的作品)”符合文意，是本段的中心句。故選D項(xiàng)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)二段中題命題規(guī)律：段中設(shè)空的題目即為主題句的展開(kāi)句。此種題要注意分析前后的邏輯性和內(nèi)容的連貫性，注意句子之間的銜接手法，如代詞、邏輯連接詞等。做題時(shí)，首先要依據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息將選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行排除，然后將剩下的可能答案逐一代入，達(dá)到選項(xiàng)和設(shè)空處的前后內(nèi)容達(dá)到語(yǔ)意連貫及邏輯通順，最終確定最佳選項(xiàng)。解題策略：利用結(jié)構(gòu)或暗示利用邏輯關(guān)系一利用結(jié)構(gòu)或暗示設(shè)空位于段中，首先閱讀選項(xiàng)并畫(huà)出關(guān)鍵詞；然后重點(diǎn)閱讀設(shè)空處的前一句和后一句，畫(huà)出關(guān)鍵詞，找出它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系或根據(jù)意義的連貫性得出答案；1.先看選項(xiàng)七選五的選項(xiàng)較少，并且給出的都是句子?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)句子的完整性或者句子后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)先判斷該句在文章中的位置。另外，通過(guò)閱讀選項(xiàng)，有可能找出跟其它選項(xiàng)表達(dá)完全不同意思的句子，這樣可以直接將該選項(xiàng)排除。2.再看空前空后由于七選五空出的是整個(gè)句子，而這些句子與句子之間，必然有一種聯(lián)系，可以通過(guò)選項(xiàng)中某個(gè)名詞或動(dòng)詞跟空前或空后的一致性或者相關(guān)性來(lái)確定這兩個(gè)句子之間有一種關(guān)聯(lián)性，從而選擇正確的答案。3.注意代詞或定冠詞一定要注意句子中出現(xiàn)的人稱代詞或者指示代詞，因?yàn)槲覀冎溃~是指代一個(gè)名詞或者一個(gè)句子的，然后通過(guò)代詞在句子中所做的成分我們可以推斷出它指代的句子的類型，這樣可以迅速的確定備選選項(xiàng)?！菊骖}典例】（2023年新高考I卷）Youcouldaskafriendorfamilymembertohelpaddtoyourlist.____19____Thatway,youcouldexchangethoughtsonwhatmakeseachofyouspecialandtheaspectsofyourpersonalitythatshinethrough.Infact,don’twaituntilyou’vemadeamistaketotrythis—it’sagreatwaytoboostself-confidenceatanytime.A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.D.It’sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsomeforgiveness.E.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhavetoignorewhat’shappenedorforgetit.F.Whateveritis,nomatterhowsmallitmightseem,writeitdown.G.Whateverthemistake,rememberitisn’tafixedaspectofyourpersonality.【答案】19.C【解析】根據(jù)空后內(nèi)容“Thatway,youcouldexchangethoughtsonwhatmakeseachofyouspecialandtheaspectsofyourpersonalitythatshinethrough.(這樣，你們就可以交換意見(jiàn)，談?wù)勈鞘裁醋屇銈兠總€(gè)人都與眾不同，以及你們個(gè)性中閃光的方面。)”可知，空處提到了某種方式，這種方式會(huì)使得你和朋友們一起交換意見(jiàn)等。選項(xiàng)C“Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.(他們甚至可能想試一試做練習(xí)。)”符合語(yǔ)境，C項(xiàng)中的“they”與空前的“Youcouldaskafriendorfamilymembertohelpaddtoyourlist.(你可以讓朋友或家人幫你增加你的列表內(nèi)容。)”中的“afriendorfamilymember”保持一致，同時(shí)選項(xiàng)C和下文“Infact,don’twaituntilyou’vemadeamistaketotrythis—it’sagreatwaytoboostself-confidenceatanytime.(事實(shí)上，不要等到你犯了錯(cuò)誤才去嘗試這個(gè)——這是一個(gè)在任何時(shí)候都能增強(qiáng)自信的好方法。)”中的“this”一致。故選C。4.注意一些特殊疑問(wèn)詞選項(xiàng)中或空前出現(xiàn)特殊疑問(wèn)詞，一定要把這句話仔細(xì)讀幾遍，因?yàn)閷?duì)于不同特殊疑問(wèn)詞的回答方式是不一樣的，比如對(duì)why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的詞，對(duì)when的回答，后面要有表時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)where的回答，后面要有表地點(diǎn)的名詞，對(duì)how的回答，后面要有方式狀語(yǔ)等。注意選項(xiàng)和設(shè)空處是否為完整的句子有時(shí)選項(xiàng)可能不是一個(gè)完整的句子，這樣子可以在選項(xiàng)中圈定一些從句如if,when等開(kāi)頭的選項(xiàng)，再結(jié)合文章設(shè)空處前后的關(guān)聯(lián)即可迅速判定正確選項(xiàng)。二利用邏輯關(guān)系連詞可以表現(xiàn)句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，通過(guò)不同的連詞我們可以推知句子與句子之間不同的關(guān)系。如一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，but，However，yet，though，nevertheless等，另外還有一些表示并列關(guān)系的連詞如and，also，aswellas，neithernor，eitheror，notonly...butalso，ontheonehand....ontheotherhand等。并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系是指后一句對(duì)前一句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)的表示并列關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),next/then,finally/last,firstofall,foronething,foranotherthing,some...others...,tobeginwith,toconclude等；常見(jiàn)的表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,inaddition,what'smore,notonly...butalso...等。【真題典例】(2021全年國(guó)甲卷)●Invite5－10peoplesoyouhaveaniceselection.Lesspeoplethanthat,andtheremaynotbeenoughthingstochoosefrom;morethanthat,anditbecomesuncontrollable.●18.Theyshouldalsoprepareplentyofreusablebagstocarrytheir“new”clotheshome.G．Telleveryonetobringcleanclothesingoodcondition【答案】G【解析】下文“Theyshouldalsoprepareplentyofreusablebagstocarrytheir‘new’clotheshome.(他們還應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備大量的可重復(fù)使用的袋子，把他們的‘新’衣服帶回家。)”說(shuō)明去的時(shí)候應(yīng)該為交換所得的“新衣服”準(zhǔn)備袋子。G項(xiàng)(告訴每個(gè)人帶來(lái)品相完好的衣服)說(shuō)明去參加衣物交換的時(shí)候應(yīng)該帶完好的衣服，G項(xiàng)中的“bring”和下文中的“carry”相呼應(yīng)，都是為交換衣物所做的準(zhǔn)備。下文中的“also”也是提示詞，其中“They”指代G項(xiàng)的“everyone”。故選G。轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系是指后一句對(duì)前一句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有but,however,nevertheless,still,yet,while/though/although,or/otherwise,instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,incomparison,bycomparison等。【真題典例】(2019年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Weallgrewuphearingpeopletellusto“gooutandgetsomefreshair”.36Accordingtorecentstudies,theanswerisabigYES,iftheairqualityinyourcampingareaisgood.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?【答案】E【解析】設(shè)空上一句的句意為：我們都是聽(tīng)著人們說(shuō)的“出去呼吸點(diǎn)兒新鮮空氣”長(zhǎng)大的，設(shè)空下一句表示答案是肯定的。設(shè)空處應(yīng)是針對(duì)去戶外呼吸新鮮空氣是否真有好處的一個(gè)問(wèn)句。由此可知，E項(xiàng)(但是新鮮空氣真的像你媽媽總說(shuō)的那樣對(duì)你有好處嗎？)與前一句構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，邏輯合理。故選E。因果關(guān)系因果關(guān)系是指后一句為前一句的結(jié)果(有時(shí)也為原因)。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult(of),so/such...that...,sothat,resultin/from,leadto,dueto,thanksto,owingto等?！菊骖}典例】(2020年浙江高考)MymotheralsoencouragedmetomakewhatIwanted.Itriedmakingtoycarswithcardboardboxesandconstructingbuildingsfromleftovercardboardandbitsofwoodmyfathergaveme.Whenmymothersawmycreations,shetoldmehowcreativemydesignswere.34Ilearnedalotabouthowtoextendthelifeofobjectsandtransformthemintosomethingnewanduseful.Itwasatrait(特點(diǎn))othersfoundhelpful,andIsoonhadfriendswhowantedtomakethingswithme.F．Thus,Ibeganmylifelonginterestinmakingthings.【答案】F【解析】根據(jù)前句“當(dāng)我的母親看到我的創(chuàng)作時(shí)，她說(shuō)我的設(shè)計(jì)很有創(chuàng)意”可知，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)(于是，我開(kāi)始對(duì)制造東西產(chǎn)生了長(zhǎng)久的興趣。)和前句構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，“我”正是在聽(tīng)了母親那句話后才開(kāi)始對(duì)制造東西產(chǎn)生興趣。故選F。例證關(guān)系例證關(guān)系是前后句的某句是為了證明或解釋另一句而舉的例子。例證的形式具有多樣性，思維過(guò)程基本是歸納(從例子到觀點(diǎn))和推理(從觀點(diǎn)到例子)。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)有forexample,forinstance,infact/asamatteroffact,actually,inotherwords,thatis(tosay)等?！菊骖}典例】(2021年浙江高考)“ManypeopleinChinahavelimitedexposuretoEnglish.35Thatsaid,weknowofmanypostcrossingmembers,includingChinese,whohaveactuallyimprovedtheirEnglishskillsthroughtheiruseofpostcrossing，”P(pán)aulosays.B.Thatmakesitextrahardtolearnandpracticeit.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)上文“ManypeopleinChinahavelimitedexposuretoEnglish.(許多中國(guó)人很少能接觸到英語(yǔ)。)”可知，對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的門(mén)檻較高。根據(jù)下文“Thatsaid,weknowofmanypostcrossingmembers,includingChinese,whoactuallyimprovedtheirEnglishskillsthroughtheiruseofpostcrossing(也就是說(shuō)，我們知道很多交換明信片的人，包括中國(guó)人，他們通過(guò)交換明信片提高了英語(yǔ)水平)”可知，寫(xiě)明信片成為一種練習(xí)英語(yǔ)的渠道。B項(xiàng)(這使得學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)它變得格外困難。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選B。知識(shí)點(diǎn)三段尾題命題規(guī)律：段尾設(shè)空的題多為總結(jié)本段內(nèi)容，偶有起承上啟下的作用。即要么是結(jié)論句，要么就是承上啟下句。題型和考查角度：結(jié)論句：用于總結(jié)本段內(nèi)容，常含有總結(jié)性的詞語(yǔ)。承上啟下句：此空處的答案能夠?qū)⑸隙魏拖露蔚膬?nèi)容連貫起來(lái)?？偨Y(jié)概括句解題策略：1.做題時(shí)一要注意設(shè)空的前一句或前兩三句；2.要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)的詞語(yǔ)如thus,therefore,hence,so,asaresult,inaword,inshort,toconclude,tosumup等；承上啟下(過(guò)渡)句解題策略：1.在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)要考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有銜接，認(rèn)真閱讀下一段的開(kāi)頭幾句，看是否能緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)。2.如果第一段的段尾是空白，往往是和下一段能連貫起來(lái)。3.通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。要注意表示總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞，如therefore,asaresult,hence,thus,tosumup,toconclude,inshort,inaword等詞語(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。4.與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對(duì)立、對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折、排比、并列、遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系。根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項(xiàng)中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，【典例】(2023屆福建省高三聯(lián)合測(cè)評(píng)試題)●Sende-mailsinsteadoftraditionalmail.Traditional,postedmailsrequirealotofpaper.Therearealsosomeotherdisadvantagestotraditionalmail.E-mailshaveafewadvantages,includingbeingdeliveredmuchquickerthantraditionalmail,theabilitytobesenttoonepersonoralargergroup,andbeingabletosendthematanytime.A．TakingcareoftheEarthiseveryone’sjob.B．Youcouldusenoteapporwordprocessortodothis.C．Usingoldnewspapersisagreat,eco-friendlywaytowrapgifts.D．Youcouldalsotextorcallsomeoneasopposedtosendingtraditionalmail.E．Thebackofapieceofpapercanbeusedforthingslikedraftsorothernotes.F．Ittakesalotlessenergytorecyclepaperthantomakesomefromrawmaterial.G．Traditionalmailisperhapsoneofthemostexcitingwaystohearfromsomeone.【答案】D【解析】本段的標(biāo)題是“Sende-mailsinsteadoftraditionalmail.(用電子郵件代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)信件。)”可知，根據(jù)D項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞“traditionalmail”提示，D項(xiàng)：Youcouldalsotextorcallsomeoneasopposedtosendingtraditionalmail.(你也可以發(fā)短信或打電話，而不是發(fā)送傳統(tǒng)的郵件。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選D?？枷蛞欢问拙洌?023屆遼寧省沈陽(yáng)市二中模擬試題）___It’seasytogiveinwhenyourchildrenarelosingtheirtempers.Buteachtimeyougivethemwhattheywant,youteachyourchildrenthattheirunacceptableactsareaneffectivewaytogettheirneedsmet.Ifyouwanttoraisementallystrongkids,sticktoyourlimits.A．GivingintomisbehaviorB．KeepingtoyourprinciplesC．TeachthemnottogiveupdreamseasilyD．KidstendtohaveawidevarietyofemotionsE．Therefore,setlimitsonwhatyougiveyourchildrenF．Youmaythinkit’scutetospendmoremoneyonyourchildrenG．Theyarealsomorelikelytostrugglewithself-confidenceissues【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)下文“It’seasytogiveinwhenyourchildrenarelosingtheirtempers.Buteachtimeyougivethemwhattheywant,youteachyourchildrenthattheirunacceptableactsareaneffectivewaytogettheirneedsmet.Ifyouwanttoraisementallystrongkids,sticktoyourlimits.(當(dāng)你的孩子發(fā)脾氣時(shí)，你很容易屈服。但每次你給他們想要的東西，你都會(huì)教育你的孩子，他們不可接受的行為是滿足他們需求的有效途徑。如果你想培養(yǎng)心智健全的孩子，就要堅(jiān)持自己的極限)”可知，這里指出父母向孩子的要求屈服的不當(dāng)做法。選項(xiàng)A“向不當(dāng)行為屈服”和下文意思一致。故選A。考向二段中句（2023屆吉林省長(zhǎng)春吉大附中實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校模擬試題）Don’twatchorreadscarycontentbeforebed.Images-fromanyexcitingordisturbingcontentyouwatchbeforebedcanappearinyourdreams.

164Readingthenewsmediaandthenhoppingintobedismorelikelytogiverisetoupsettingdreamsthanlookingthroughpicturesfromyourlastvacationwithyourfamily.A．Useawhitenoisemachine.B．Practicestress-relievingactivities.C．Ahealthysleeproutinebegetssoundsleep.D．Instead,tryherbalteasandotherdrinksaidingsleep.E．Howcanwereducenightmaresandimproveoursleep?F．Duringthepandemic,evenoureverydaylivesarelookingprettyscary,too.G．Dreamsandrapideyemovementsleepisessentialformemoryimprovement.【答案】F【解析】根據(jù)上文提示“Images-fromanyexcitingordisturbingcontentyouwatchbeforebedcanappearinyourdreams.”（睡前觀看的任何令人興奮或不安的內(nèi)容都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你的夢(mèng)中。）可知，睡覺(jué)前看那些好的或不好的消息都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你的夢(mèng)中，再根據(jù)下文提示“Readingthenewsmediaandthenhoppingintobedismorelikelytogiverisetoupsettingdreamsthanlookingthroughpicturesfromyourlastvacationwithyourfamily.”（閱讀新聞媒體，然后跳到床上，比瀏覽上次和家人度假的照片更容易引發(fā)令人不安的夢(mèng)。）可知，閱讀這些新聞使你不安，這說(shuō)明閱讀的新聞是不好的消息，由此可知，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)“Duringthepandemic,evenoureverydaylivesarelookingprettyscary,too.”（在大流行病期間，甚至我們的日常生活看起來(lái)也相當(dāng)可怕。）符合，引起下文，新聞媒體播放的那些消息正是疫情期間那些人們可怕的生活，即下文“thenewsmedia”內(nèi)容指的是“evenoureverydaylivesarelookingprettyscary”。故選F?？枷蛉挝簿洌?023屆遼寧省沈陽(yáng)市二中模擬試題）ExpectingPerfectionWhilehighexpectationsaregoodforkids,settingthegoaltoohighislikelytogettheoppositeeffect.Whetheryouexpecttoomuchfromyourchildonthesportsfield,oryouracademicexpectationsareunreasonable,kidswhofeeltheycan’tsucceedarelikelytostoptrying..A．GivingintomisbehaviorB．KeepingtoyourprinciplesC．TeachthemnottogiveupdreamseasilyD．KidstendtohaveawidevarietyofemotionsE．Therefore,setlimitsonwhatyougiveyourchildrenF．Youmaythinkit’scutetospendmoremoneyonyourchildrenG．Theyarealsomorelikelytostrugglewithself-confidenceissues【答案】G【解析】根據(jù)上文“Whilehighexpectationsaregoodforkids,settingthegoaltoohighislikelytogettheoppositeeffect.Whetheryouexpecttoomuchfromyourchildonthesportsfield,oryouracademicexpectationsareunreasonable,kidswhofeeltheycan’tsucceedarelikelytostoptrying.(雖然高期望值對(duì)孩子有好處，但設(shè)定過(guò)高的目標(biāo)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果。無(wú)論你對(duì)孩子在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上的期望過(guò)高，還是對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)的期望不合理，那些覺(jué)得自己無(wú)法成功的孩子都可能停止嘗試)”可知，這里提出對(duì)孩子期望值太高的壞處。選項(xiàng)G“他們也更有可能與自信問(wèn)題作斗爭(zhēng)”和上文意思一致。故選G。（2023年新高考I卷）PersonalForgivenessTakingresponsibilityformistakesisapositivestep,butdon’tbeatyourselfupaboutthem.Toerr(犯錯(cuò))ishuman.____16____Youcanusethefollowingwritingexercisetohelpyoudothis....Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading“Personalstrengths.”____17____Areyoucaring?Creative?Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?Theydon’thavetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythatyou’reproudof.A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercis