翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題13

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題13EnglishChineseTranslationThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatare（江南博哥）widelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksonbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.

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Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.

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Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.

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Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

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Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.

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Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.1.

正確答案：把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊的目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有注意到測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對(duì)測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。

2.

正確答案：這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適用性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

3.

正確答案：因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，需憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和實(shí)用性等因素。

4.

正確答案：一般來說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。

5.

正確答案：例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

OneofthemostimportantresultsoftheMrs.GlobalSurveyormissionisthatacomparisonofMarsandEarthwillallowscientiststounderstandEarth'shistoryandpossiblyitsfuture.Oneofthemostintriguing,unansweredscientificquestionsiswhydoEarthandMarsappeardifferenttoday?Atthetimeoftheirformationseveralbillionyearsago,MarsandEarthsharedsimilarconditions.

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Bothplanetsharboredvastquantitiesofsurfacewater,thickatmospheres,andclimateswarmerthanatpresent.

Today,Earthisalushworldfilledwithacountlessnumberofanimalsandplantspecies.

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Incontrast,datagatheredfromMarsoverthelast30yearsshowsthattheplanetliestrappedinconditionsreminiscentofaglobaliceage.ThedryandseeminglylifelessMartiansurfacemakestheSaharaDesertlooklikeanoceanincomparison,andaveragedailytemperaturesmakeAntarcticaseembalmy.ComparingthehistoryandevolutionofthetwoplanetswillyieldcluesintoEarth'spastandpossiblyitsfuture.

Despiteitsforbiddingclimate,surfacetemperaturesonMarsresembletheEarth'smorethananyotherplanet.

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ThesesimilaritiesintemperatureresultinpartfromthefactthatMarsorbitstheSunonlyslightlyfartheroutthantheEarthascomparedtootherplanets.Forexample,thegroundatsomelocationsneartheequatormaywarmuptoashighas25℃atnoon.However,daytimetemperaturesstillaveragewellbelowfreezing,andnighttemperaturesdipmuchlower.

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Martiantemperaturesmayseemalmostinvitingtotheseasonedoutdoorsexplorer,butthecompositionoftheatmosphereleavesmuchtobedesiredfromahumanperspective.MostoftheMartianairconsistsofcarbondioxideCO2,similartoconditionsonVenus.Ifbreathingcarbondioxideseemsuninviting,thedensityoftheairwillappearworse.AveragebarometricpressuresonMarsmeasurelowerthanthatfoundatEarth'ssealevelbyafactorofmorethan125.Inotherwords,theairatthesurfaceofMarsisthinnerthanthatfoundonEarthatanaltitude19timeshigherthanDenver,Colorado.

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TheextremelythinMartianaircontributestothemysteryofwhetherthereislifeonMars,eitherinthepastorpresence.ThereasonisthatalmostallofthewaterliestrappedintheMartianpolaricecapsorfrozenbeneaththesurface.Liquidwatercannotexistonthesurfacebecausethethinatmospherewillcausemeltingicetoevaporatedirectlyintowatervapor.6.

正確答案：兩個(gè)星體都蘊(yùn)藏著大量的表層水和厚厚的大氣層，而且氣候比現(xiàn)在溫暖。

7.

正確答案：相反，過去30多年從火星上收集的數(shù)據(jù)資料表明，該星體陷入的困境使人聯(lián)想到地球冰河時(shí)代。

8.

正確答案：氣溫上之所以有這些相似之處，部分原因在于：與其他星體相比，火星的軌道與太陽距離只比地球的軌道與太陽的距離稍遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)。

9.

正確答案：盡管火星上的溫度看起來對(duì)訓(xùn)練有素的戶外勘探者有相當(dāng)大的誘惑力，但從人類的角度看，其大氣成分還有許多欠缺。

10.

正確答案：火星上極度稀薄的空氣使火星上無論是過去還是現(xiàn)在是否有生命這一問題更加神秘化了。

Communicationtechnologyisinaperiodofrevolutionarychange.

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Thenewinventionsanddevelopments,suchascommunicationsatellite,opticalfiber,large-scaleintegration,computersandmicrocomputers,videotelephonedatabanks,andpacketswitchingnetworks,etc.,areinvolved.Anyoneofthemhasenormouspotential.Takenincombination,theywillchangetheentirefabricofsociety.

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Fewtechnologiescouldhaveasprofoundaneffectonhumanconditionasthefulldevelopmentoftheseinventions,andcertainlyadditionalinventionsintelecommunicationsareyettocome,someperhapsofevengreaterimpact.

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Thelastquarterofthetwentiethcenturywillberememberedastheerawhenmanacquirednewcommunicationchannelstoothermen,tolibrariesoffilmanddata,andtotheprodigiousmachines.

Internationalcooperation,inthenewera,withflourishwiththehelpofworldwidecomputernetworks.Humantalent,thescarcestresourceinthecomingcyberneticage,willbemadeavailableworldwide.Communicationsareessentialfactortoagrowingworldeconomy.Businessandsocialpatternswillchangeasscreen-to-screencommunicationprovesmoreefficientthantraveling.Inthefuture,travelingwillbemoreforpleasurethanforbusiness.Certaintypeofpeoplemayworkathomemuchofthetime,dialingcomputersandparticipatinginteleconferences.Inaddition,theymayshopathome,receiveseducationathome,beentertainedathome,andinterlinkeachother'shomeswithvideodevices.

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Moneytransactionswillgenerallybehandledwithoutcashorcheck,andaman'screditratingwillmeanmorehispedigree.Furthermore,ourconceptsofprivacymaychangeinaworldofinterconnectingcomputers.

Inaneraof"LimitstoGrowth"intheconventionaltrappingofaffluenceandlimitstogrowthintransporation,becauseofworld'srapidlydecliningresourcesandrapidlygrowingpopulationandpollution,therearenolimitstogrowthintelecommunicationsorculture.

PhysicalcommunicationslikerailwaysandcanalshadamajoreffectonthegrowthoftheIndustrialRevolution.Toalargeextent,theymadeitpossible.

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Thesameistrueintheinformationrevolution,andunavailabilityofcommunicationlinkswillimpedeprogress.11.

正確答案：這一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了許多新的發(fā)明和進(jìn)步，諸如通信衛(wèi)星、光導(dǎo)纖維、大規(guī)模集成電路、計(jì)算機(jī)及微型計(jì)算機(jī)、視頻電話數(shù)據(jù)庫、分組交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。

12.

正確答案：很少有技術(shù)能像這些得到充分發(fā)展利用的發(fā)明一樣對(duì)人類生活的條件產(chǎn)生如此深刻的影響，而且通訊領(lǐng)域里肯定還會(huì)有更多新發(fā)明，有些甚至?xí)哂懈蟮挠绊懥Α?/p>

13.

正確答案：20世紀(jì)的最后25年將作為一個(gè)歷史的新紀(jì)元而被人們永遠(yuǎn)記?。辉谶@個(gè)時(shí)期，人們獲得了新的通訊手段來同別人、同圖像和數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)，以及同復(fù)雜的機(jī)器打交道。

14.

正確答案：銀行業(yè)務(wù)將不通過現(xiàn)金和支票處理，一個(gè)人的信譽(yù)將高于他的門第出身。

15.

正確答案：信息革命也面臨同樣的情形，沒有通訊鏈接，信息革命是不可能取得進(jìn)展的。

Ancientpeoplemadeclaypotterybecausetheyneededitfortheirsurvival.Theyusedthepotstheymadeforcooking,storingfood,andcarryingthingsfromplacetoplace.

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Potterywassoimportanttoearlyculturesthatscientistsnowstudyittolearnmoreaboutancientcivilizations.Themoreadvancedthepotteryintermsofdecorations,materials,glazesandmanufacture,themoreadvancedthecultureitself.

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TheartisanwhomakespotteryinNorthAmericatodayutilizeshisorherskillandimaginationtocreateitemsthatarebeautifulaswellasfunctional,transformingsomethingordinaryintosomethingspecialandunique.

ThepotterusesoneoftheEarth'smostbasicmaterials,clay.Claycanbefoundalmostanywhere.Goodpotteryclaymustbefreefromallsmallstonesandotherhardmaterialsthatwouldmakethepottingprocessdifficult.

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MostNorthAmericanartisanpottersnowpurchasecommerciallyprocessedclay,butsomefindtheclaytheyneedrightintheearthclosetowheretheywork.

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Themostimportanttoolspottersusearetheirownhands;however,theyalsousewirelooptools,woodenmodelingtools,plainwireandsponges.Plainwireisusedtocutawaythefinishedpotfromitsbaseonthepotter'swheel.

Afterafinishedpotisdriedofallitsmoistureintheopenair,itisplacedinakilnandfired.Thefirstfiringhardensthepottery,anditisthenreadytobeglazedandfiredagain.

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Forareaswherethey,donotwantanyglaze,suchasthebottomofthepot,artisanspaintonmeltedwaxthatwilllaterburnoffinthekiln.Theythenpourontheliquidglazeandletrunovertheclaysurface,makinganykindofdecorativepatternthattheywant.16.

正確答案：陶器在早期文化中占據(jù)了如此重要的地位，以至于科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在通過研究陶器來獲取對(duì)古代文明的更多了解。陶器的裝飾、材料、釉彩、制作等工藝越進(jìn)步，就說明這種文明越進(jìn)步。

17.

正確答案：今天，北美的陶藝匠人運(yùn)用他們的技藝和想象力制作出既美觀又實(shí)用的陶藝制品，把普通的用品變?yōu)楠?dú)特的藝術(shù)品。

18.

正確答案：現(xiàn)在，大多數(shù)北關(guān)制陶藝人購買現(xiàn)成的專用黏土，也有些陶匠在自己作坊附近就能挖到所需的黏土。

19.

正確答案：制作陶器最重要的工具是工匠們自己的雙手，但有時(shí)他們也用些別的工具，如繩圈、木模具、光面鋼絲、海綿等。

20.

正確答案：陶器上有些地方不需要上釉彩，像罐子底部，匠人們就在這些部位涂上蠟，一加熱就會(huì)融化掉。

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TheancientGreektheorists,puzzledbythestrangenessoftraditionstakenfromapreliteratepast,attemptedtoexplaintheirownmythsbyassimilatingthemto"correct"modelsofrealityascreatedbyphilosophy.Theysawinmythallegoriesforphilosophicdescriptionsofthewaythephysicalandmetaphysicalworldreallyisor,inEuhemerism,asasourceforhistoricalreconstructionofthehumanpast.Latermethodshaveworkedmuchthesameway,adaptingmythstonewmodelsofrealityastheyemergedfromChristiantomoderntimes.Weneedtobeawarethatthescientificmodel,whichhasincreasinglydominatedthoughtsincetheEnlightenment,andespeciallysincethenine-teenthcentury,isonlythelatestinalonglineofsuchmodels.Althoughthenineteenth-centurytheoryofmythasa"diseaseoflanguage"centeringonnaturalphenomenawasencouragedbyscientificlinguistics,itisremarkablysimilartotheinterpretationproposedbyPalaephatusin300BC.

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Modernpsychologicaltheories,especiallythoseofJung,offermodelsthatinimportantwaysrepeatandrefineanapproachusedbymuchearlierinterpreterswhosoughtinmythallegoriesofspiritualandpsychologicaltruths.

Thestrengthofscienceliesindefiningideaspreciselyandtreatingthemwithinstrictlycontrolledguidelines.

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Thepowerofhumanisticstudies,ontheotherhand,liesintheirconcernwiththecapacityofhumans,assymbol-makingbeing,tocreatealternativeworld.Mythisonesuchalternativeworld,andtheinterpretationofmythisanother;eachisanexpressionofthesamehumancapacity.Historically,theinterpretationofmythisfullyasimportantasmythitselfandinfactoccursonafargranderscale.

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Theinterchangeableuseofthewordsmyth,(thestoryitself)andmythology(reflectiononmyth)inEnglishusageunintentionallypointstothiscrucialrelationship,afactrecogni