管理信息系統(tǒng)（第11版）課件：Building Information Systems

BuildingInformationSystemsSTUDENTOBJECTIVESEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsWhatarethecoreproblem-solvingstepsfordevelopingnewinformationsystems?Whatarethealternativemethodsforbuildinginformationsystems?Whataretheprincipalmethodologiesformodelinganddesigningsystems?Howshouldinformationsystemsprojectsbeselectedandevaluated?Howshouldinformationsystemsprojectsbemanaged?LEARNINGTRACKSANDVIDEOCASESEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsLearningTracksCapitalBudgetingMethodsforInformationSystemsInvestmentsEnterpriseAnalysis:BusinessSystemsPlanningandCriticalSuccessFactorsUnifiedModelingLanguageInformationTechnologyInvestmentsandProductivityVideoCasesCase1:IBM:BPMinaService-OrientedArchitectureCase2:IBMHelpstheCityofMadridWithReal-TimeBPMSoftwareInstructionalVideo1:BPM:BusinessProcessManagementCustomerStoryInstructionalVideo2:WorkflowManagementVisualizedANewOrderingSystemforGirlScoutCookiesProblem:inefficientmanualprocedures,higherrorrate.Solutions:eliminatemanualprocedures,designneworderingprocess,andimplementdatabasebuildingsoftwaretobatchandtrackordersautomaticallyandscheduleorderpickups.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsANewOrderingSystemforGirlScoutCookiesIntuit’sQuickBaseforCorporateWorkgroupssoftwareserviceincreasedefficiencyandreducederrorsforafractionofwhatcompetingoptionscost.DemonstratesIT’sroleinupdatingtraditionalbusinessprocesses.Illustratesdigitaltechnologyasthefocusofdesigningandbuildingnewinformationsystems.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsANewOrderingSystemforGirlScoutCookiesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentNewinformationsystemsarebuiltassolutionstoproblemsFourstepstobuildinganinformationsystemDefineandunderstandtheproblem.Developalternativesolutions.Chooseasolution.Implementthesolution.ThefirstthreestepsarecalledsystemsanalysisEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-1Developinganinformationsystemsolutionisbasedontheproblem-solvingprocess.ProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentDevelopinganInformationSystemSolutionEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsDefiningandUnderstandingtheProblemWhatcausedtheproblem?Whydoesitpersist?Whyhasn’titbeensolved?Whataretheobjectivesofasolution?DifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentideasaboutthenatureoftheproblemanditsseverityInformationrequirementsIdentifieswhoneedswhatinformation,when,where,andhowRequirementsanalysisProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentDevelopingAlternativeSolutionsPathstoasolutiondeterminedbysystemsanalysis.Somesolutionsdonotrequireaninformationsystem.Somesolutionsrequiremodificationofexistingsystems.Somesolutionsrequirenewsystems.EssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsEvaluatingandChoosingSolutionsFeasibilitystudy:Issolutionfeasiblefromfinancial,technical,andorganizationalstandpoint?SystemsproposalreportDescribes,foreachalternativesolutionCostsandbenefitsAdvantagesanddisadvantagesProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsImplementingtheSolutionSystemsdesignCompletingimplementationHardwareselectionandacquisitionSoftwaredevelopmentandprogrammingTestingTraininganddocumentationConversionProductionandmaintenanceManagingthechangeProblemSolvingandSystemsDevelopmentEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-2Whendevelopingatestplan,itisimperativetoincludethevariousconditionstobetested,therequirementsforeachconditiontested,andtheexpectedresults.Testplansrequireinputfrombothendusersandinformationsystemsspecialists.ASampleTestPlanfortheGirlScoutCookieSystemAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsTraditionalSystemsDevelopmentLifecycleAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesSLDC:OldestmethodforbuildinginformationsystemsPhasedapproachwithformalstagesWaterfallapproachFormaldivisionoflaborUsedforbuildinglarge,complexsystemsTimeconsumingandexpensivetouseEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-3Thesystemsdevelopmentlifecyclepartitionssystemsdevelopmentintoformalstages,witheachstagerequiringcompletionbeforethenextstagecanbegin.TheTraditionalSystemsDevelopmentLifecycleAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsPrototypingPreliminarymodelbuiltrapidlyandinexpensivelyFour-stepprocessIdentifytheuser’sbasicrequirements.Developaninitialprototype.Usetheprototype.Reviseandenhancetheprototype.EspeciallyusefulindesigningauserinterfaceAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-4Theprocessofdevelopingaprototypeconsistsoffoursteps.Becauseaprototypecanbedevelopedquicklyandinexpensively,systemsbuilderscangothroughseveraliterations,repeatingsteps3and4,torefineandenhancetheprototypebeforearrivingatthefinaloperationalone.ThePrototypingProcessAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsEnd-UserDevelopmentAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEnduserscreatesimpleinformationsystemswithlittleornoassistancefromtechnicalspecialists.Useuser-friendlyquery,reporting,graphics,Websitedevelopment,andPCsoftwaretoolstodevelopinformationsystems.CompletedmorerapidlythansystemsdevelopedwithconventionaltoolsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsEnd-UserDevelopmentEnd-userdevelopmenttoolscannothandlelargenumbersoftransactions,extensiveprocedurallogicOftenleadstohigherlevelofuserinvolvementandsatisfactionwithsystemsOrganizationalrisks:Becausesystemsarecreatedsoquickly,withoutformaldevelopmentmethodology,testing,documentationAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsPurchasingSolutions:ApplicationSoftwarePackagesandOutsourcingRequestforProposal(RFP)ApplicationsoftwarepackagesGeneralizedsystemsforuniversalfunctionswithstandardprocessesCustomizationOutsourcingDomesticoutsourcingOffshoreoutsourcingAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-5Ifafirmspends$10milliononoffshoreoutsourcingcontracts,thatcompanywillactuallyspend15.2percentinextracostsevenunderthebest-casescenario.Intheworst-casescenario,wherethereisadramaticdropinproductivityalongwithexceptionallyhightransitionandlayoffcosts,afirmcanexpecttopayupto57percentinextracostsontopofthe$10millionoutlayforanoffshorecontract.TotalCostofOffshoreOutsourcingAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsMobileApplicationDevelopmentMobileWebsites,appsNativeappsDifferentrequirementsformobiledevicesthanforPCsReducedsizeofscreensTouchscreensSavingresources:bandwidth,memory,processing,dataentryResponsiveWebdesignAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsInteractiveSession:TechnologyWhatDoesItTaketoGoMobile?ReadtheInteractiveSessionandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:Whatpeople,organization,andtechnologyissuesneedtobeaddressedwhenbuildingmobileapplications?Howdoesuserrequirementdefinitionformobileapplicationsdifferfromthatintraditionalsystemsanalysis?DescribethebusinessprocesseschangedbyUSAA’smobileapplicationsbeforeandaftertheapplicationsweredeployed.AlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsRapidApplicationDevelopmentforE-BusinessNeedforagilityandscalabilityFast-cycletechniques:Rapidapplicationdevelopment(RAD)CreatingworkablesystemsinaveryshortperiodoftimeJointapplicationdesign(JAD)EndusersandinformationsystemsspecialistsworkingtogetherondesignPrototypesReusablesoftwarecomponentsAlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsStructuredmethodologiesDataflowdiagramProcessspecificationsStructurechartObject-orienteddevelopmentBasedonconceptsofclassandinheritanceComponent-baseddevelopmentandWebservicesComputer-aidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)ModelingandDesigningSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-6Thesystemhasthreeprocesses:Verifyavailability(1.0),Enrollstudent(2.0),andConfirmregistration(3.0).Thenameandcontentofeachofthedataflowsappearadjacenttoeacharrow.Thereisoneexternalentityinthissystem:thestudent.Therearetwodatastores:thestudentmasterfileandthecoursefile.DataFlowDiagramforMail-inUniversityRegistrationSystemModelingandDesigningSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-7Thisstructurechartshowsthehighestormostabstractlevelofdesignforapayrollsystem,providinganoverviewoftheentiresystem.High-LevelStructureChartforaPayrollSystemModelingandDesigningSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-8Thisfigureillustrateshowclassesinheritthecommonfeaturesoftheirsuperclass.ClassandInheritanceModelingandDesigningSystemsEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsObject-OrientedDevelopmentModelingandDesigningSystemsUsestheobjectasthebasicunitofsystemsanalysisanddesignClassInheritanceMoreiterativeandincrementalthantraditionalstructureddevelopmentComponent-baseddevelopmentGroupsofobjectsassembledintosoftwarecomponentsUsedtocreatee-commerceapplicationsWebservices,cloud-baseddevelopmentEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsComputer-AidedSoftwareEngineering(CASE)ModelingandDesigningSystemsProvidessoftwaretoolstoautomatethepreviouslydescribedmethodologiesReducesrepetitiveworkinsystemsdevelopmentCASEtoolsfacilitateCleardocumentationCoordinationofteamdevelopmenteffortsModestproductivitybenefitsiftoolsareusedcorrectlyEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsProjectManagementObjectivesProjectManagementProjectManagementApplicationofknowledge,skills,tools,andtechniquestoachievetargetswithinspecifiedbudgetandtimeconstraintsFivemajorvariables:ScopeTimeCostQualityRiskEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsInteractiveSession:OrganizationsAustinEnergy’sBillingSystemCan’tLightUpReadtheInteractiveSessionandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:IstheAustinEnergyprojectafailure?Explainyouranswer.DescribethebusinessimpactofthefalteringAustinEnergyproject.HowmuchwasIBMresponsiblefortheproblemscounteredbytheAustinEnergybillingproject?AustinEnergy?Explainyouranswer.Whatwerethespecificorganizationalortechnicalfactorsaswellasmanagementfactorsinvolvedinthisprojectfailure?DescribethestepsAustinEnergyandIBMshouldhavetakentobettermanagethisproject.AlternativeSystems-BuildingApproachesEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsSelectingProjects:MakingtheBusinessCaseforaNewSystemProjectManagementDeterminingprojectcostsandbenefitsTangiblebenefitsIntangiblebenefitsCapitalbudgetingmethodsInformationsystemsplanPortfolioanalysisScoringmodelEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-9Companiesshouldexaminetheirportfolioofprojectsintermsofpotentialbenefitsandlikelyrisks.Certainkindsofprojectsshouldbeavoidedaltogetherandothersdevelopedrapidly.Thereisnoidealmix.Companiesindifferentindustrieshavedifferentinformationsystemsneeds.ASystemPortfolioProjectManagementEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsManagingProjectRiskandSystem-RelatedChangeImplementationandchangemanagementImplementationUser–designercommunicationsgapControllingriskfactorsFormalplanningandtoolsGanttChartPERTchartProjectmanagementsoftwareOvercominguserresistanceErgonomicsOrganizationalimpactanalysisUnderstandingtheBusinessValueofSystemsandManagingChangeEssentialsofManagementInformationSystemsChapter12BuildingInformationSystemsFigure12-10AAGanttChartProjectManagementTheGanttchartinthisfigureshowsthetask,person-days,andinitia