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Grammar
非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞功能比較
todo的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
-ingform的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞的否定式
-ingform與pp的區(qū)別獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
1.謂語動詞與非謂語動詞:
在句子中擔(dān)任謂語的動詞,叫做謂語動詞;在句子中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語等的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Iamreadinganovel.ShefoundEnglishhardtolearn.
Seeingisbelieving.
Thebuildingbuiltisquitesatisfactory.Pleasestopspeaking.(謂語)(謂語)(狀語)(主語和表語)(定語)(賓語)2.非謂語動詞的分類不定式(todo)
分詞動名詞(doing)
注意:havingdone/havingbeendone不作定語beingdone不作狀語todo/tobedonetobedoingtohavedone/tohavebeendonetohavebeendoing一般式/一般式的被動進(jìn)行式完成式/完成式的被動完成進(jìn)行式現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞done
既表被動又表完成一般式/一般式的被動完成式/完成式的被動doing/beingdonehavingdone/havingbeendone主語表語賓語定語補(bǔ)語狀語todo-ingformpp(done)非謂語動詞功能比較eg.Ilikeskating,butIdon’tliketoskatetoday.
Playingwithfireisdangerous.Lookout!Toplaywithfireisdangerous.主語todo表示具體的動作,
-ingform表示泛指的動作。2.不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語之后,用it
作形式主語。
Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.
Itmademeveryhappytohearhertalkaboutit.【注意1】Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth(for引出動作發(fā)出者)(of引出adj
修飾的對象)主語Itisnouse/good/useless/fundoing…【注意2】Itisgreatfunsailingaboat.但I(xiàn)tisworthwhile+doing/todo都可Itiseasyfor
metofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorfor
ustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.Itisverykind
ofyoutogivemesomehelp.It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.注意:常用在of
句型中的adj有:kind,nice,wise,unwise,clever,foolish,cruel,careless,stupid,naughty,polite,impolite,silly,wrong,brave,honest,noble,right,rude等=Y(jié)ouareverykindtogivemesomehelp.
=Y(jié)ouareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.
主語Theofficersnarrowlyescaped_____inthehotbattle.
A.havekilled
B.tokill
C.tobekilled
D.beingkilledDon’tyouremember_____themanbefore?
A.seeingB.toseeC.sawD.tohaveseen“Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?”
“Yes,tomorrowmorning.”
A.tobeleaving
B.toleave
C.willyouleaveD.areyouleavingShe_____mewhenIpassedby.A.didn’tpretendtoseeB.pretendednotseeingC.pretendednottoseeD.pretendedtohavenotseen賓語
賓語
注意:不定式短語作賓語時,如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語,往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,而用it作形式賓語。
Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim.
小結(jié):find/think/feel/make/considerit+adj/n+todosth.MyteachermadeitaruleonlytospeakEnglishinclass.考點一:
demand,want,expect,promise,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,decide,prepare,pretend,wish,afford
等+todoEg.老板要求被告訴一切。Eg.Thebossdemandedtobetoldeverything.
考點二:
admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feellike,finish,forgive,fancy(想到)giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,pardon,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can’thelp,can’tstand(無法忍受)等+doing賓語
like,love,hate,prefer,begin,start,continue,intend+doing/todo意義無區(qū)別考點三:forget,remember,regret,goon,mean,stop,try
等動詞可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別。
Irememberdoingtheexercise.
Imustremembertodoit.
Imeantocomeearlytoday.
Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.我記得做過練習(xí).
我必須記得去做這事.我打算今早些來.誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時.賓語
regrettosay/tell/inform…遺憾要regretdoing/havingdone后悔做過考點四:
allow,advise,forbid,permit+doing
allow,advise,forbid,permit+sbtodo
beallowed/advised/forbidden/permitted+todo
Wedon’tallow__________here.
Wedon'tallowstudents___________.Studentsarenotallow____________.smokingtosmoke賓語
tosmoke
考點五:在短語pay/drawattentionto,
devote…to,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,getdownto,be(kept)busy,beworth,havedifficulty/trouble/problem(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in)+doing考點六:動詞need,require,want
作“需要”解,
+doing(主動表被動)
tobedoneThewindowrequires_____________._____________.
cleaningtobecleaned賓語
考點七bewellworth名詞doing(主動形式表被動意思)beworthytobedoneofbeingdoneof+名詞賓語Thisplaceis
worthworthyavisitvisitingtobevisitedofavisitbeingvisited1.Thestorywas___,wewereall____.
A.moving,movingB.moved,movedC.moving,movedD.moved,moving2.Thereisa___expressiononhisface.Maybetheproblemistoodifficultforhim.A.puzzledB.puzzlingC.puzzleD.topuzzle3.Withhissontoo___,thefatherwassad.A.disappointedB.disappointing定語和表語doing作定語或表語表令人…done表人感到…eg.Heattendsthemeetingbeingheldintheroomnow.正在被Heattendedthemeetingheld
yesterday.已被
Hewillattendthemeetingtobeheld
將要被tomorrow.2.表示被修飾詞的內(nèi)容時,用todo.eg.Shehasastrongwishtogotocollege.theway/chance/ability/right/willingnesstodo但chance/wayof+doing1.從時態(tài)上看,-ingform表示正在進(jìn)行的動作,pp表示已經(jīng)完成的動作,todo表示將來的動作。定語3.當(dāng)名詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時用todo作定語Eg.I’mthefirstwomantotravelacrosstheAntarctic.定語Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.Shehasasmallandcoldroom
tolivein.
注意:todo在該結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時主動表被動不定式后有介詞時介詞保留
動名詞作定語
diningcar livingroom typingpaper waitingroomwashingmachine注:動名詞作定語表示被修飾名詞的用途定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語peoplediningtherelivingtheretypingtheletter
….現(xiàn)在分詞作定語多表示修飾的名詞正在發(fā)出該動作Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair_____againstyourface.
A.moved
B.moving
C.moves
D.tomoveTheywouldnotallowhim_____acrosstheenemyline.
A.toriskgoing
B.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoingDon’tleavethewater__whileyoubrushyourteeth.A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun賓語補(bǔ)足語eg.Ifoundhim__________themoney.(steal)Ifoundthemoney____________.Whenhecametohimself,hefoundhimself_______________byanoldlady.(lookafter)IoftenhearMary_________thisEnglishsong.-ingform與賓語為主動關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行;
pp與賓語為被動關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成;
(to)do只單純表示一個事實,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的全過程。補(bǔ)足語stealingstolen
beinglookedaftersing
注意2:在feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch,have,1et,make
等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句中如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,就必須帶to。
注意1:
ask,advise,allow,permit,get,beg,cause,command,order,force,encourage,instruct,remind,warn,want,wish,expect,prefer,wouldlike,callon,dependon,askfor,waitfor,
help
+sbtodoIoftenhearhimsingthesong.
Heisoftenheardtosingthesong·
補(bǔ)足語
注意3:catch,keep,mind,prevent,remember,stop,start,smell,send,fancy(想到)+sbdoing例如:Shecaughthersonsmokingacigarette.We’dbetterkeepthefireburning.Idon’tmindyoujoking.Ilikeit.Theheavyrainpreventeduscominghereontime.Wemusttrytostopthemgettingintotrouble.Idon’trememberhimeversayinganythinglikethat.Hiswordsstartedmethinkingseriously.Canyousmellsomethingburning?Theearthquakesentthechinaandglasscrashingtotheground.
補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足語Heapologizedforthere_______somemisunderstandingbetweenus.Hedoesn'tallowthere________anymistakesinhiswork.Canyouimaginethere_________livingthingsonthemoon?tobebeingbeing作狀語時的區(qū)別:-ing/pp表示時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨情況等等,eg.Theyworkedhardtopayforthenecklace.Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.Iamgladtoseeyou.todo
表示1.目的;2.結(jié)果—表示出人預(yù)料的情況或結(jié)果。常用only強(qiáng)調(diào)。
3.原因—表示造成情感變化的原因。目的結(jié)果原因狀語但Heisbusywritinganovel,onlystopping
tosmokeacigaretteonceinawhile.only(僅僅)+doing作伴隨狀語Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.
Weranallthewaysoasnottobelate.
2.
在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。
Iamverygladtohearit.
Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer(主動表被動).
3.too+adj/adv+todo作狀語Heistoooldtodothat.
4.enough+adj/adv+todo作狀語Theroomisbigenoughtoholdus.
1.目的狀語:inorderto或soastotodo
作狀語的其它幾種情況:5.so/such…astodo表結(jié)果Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.Iamnotsuchafoolastobelieveyou.-ingform與pp作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)與過去分詞(短語)作狀語,
表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
When
leaving
the
airport,
they
waved
againand
again
to
us.United,westand;divided,wefall.
(=When/Ifweareunited…)Seenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.Climbing
to
the
top
of
the
tower,
we
saw
a
magnificent
view.(1)表示時間(2)表示原因
Being
sick,
I
stayed
at
home.She
caught
cold
sitting
on
the
grass.(3)表示條件Adopting
this
method,
we
will
raise
the
average
yield(產(chǎn)量)
by
40
percent.Wewillnotattackunlessattacked.Evenifinvited,Iwon’tgo.注意1:連詞+非謂語動詞只用他們的一般式既doing和done但也有asif+todo(4)表示讓步Admitting
what
she
has
said,
I
still
think
that
she
hasn't
tried
herbest.(5)表示結(jié)果It
rained
heavily,
causing
severe
flooding
in
that
country.It
rained
for
two
weeks
on
end,
completely
ruining
our
holiday.(6)表示方式或伴隨情況He
ran
up
to
her
breathing
heavily.Please
fill
in
the
form,
giving
your
name,addressSurroundedbyagroupofpupils,theoldteacherwalkedintotheroom.With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和
獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(With)theboy_________theway,Ihavenodifficultyinfindingthevillage.(With)nobody___________toforhelp,hefelthopeless.(With)thework____________,theycanrelaxth
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