初中英語語法

匯報(bào)人：xxx20xx-03-20初中英語語法目錄FundamentalsofpartsofspeechSentencestructureanalysisAnindepthanalysisoftensionsandvoicesRulesfordirectandindirectspeechconversionTechniquesforusingattributiveclausesandadvisoryclausesTheapplicationofsubconjunctivemoodinvarioussensestructures01FundamentalsofpartsofspeechClassificationandUsageofNounsCommonNounsRefertopeople,places,things,orideasthatarenotspecific(e.g.,book,table,happiness)PropNounsRefertospecificindividuals,places,orthings(e.g.,John,NewYork,Microsoft)CollectiveNounsRefertogroupsofpeopleorthingstreatedasasingleunit(e.g.,team,crowd,flow)AbstractNounsRefertoideas,concepts,orqualitiesthatcannotbeperceivedthroughthesenses(e.g.,love,justice,happiness)TensesIndicatethetimeofanactionorstateinrelationtothespeakeroranothertime(e.g.,present,past,future)VoicesDescribewhichsubjectoftheverbperformstheaction(activevoice)orisaffectedbytheaction(passivevoice)RegularandIrregularVerbsRegularVerbsfollowapredictablepatternwhenformingpastandpastparticletensions,whileIrregularVerbsdonotVerbTenseandVoiceComparativeobjectivesandadvertisementsComparativeFormsUsedtoparetwothings(e.g.,bigger,faster,morebeautiful)SuperlativeFormsUsedtoparethreeormorethings(e.g.,big,fast,mostbeautiful)FormationRulesUnderstandinghowtoformparisonsandsuperlativescorrectly(e.g.,adding-eror-est,usingmoreormost)Indicaterelationshipsbetweennounsorpronounsandotherwordsinasense(e.g.,in,on,under)PositionsConnectwords,phrases,clauses,orsenses(e.g.,and,but,or)ConnectionsDeterminethenounasspecificornon-specific(e.g.,a/an,the)TheyalsohelpinunderstandingthemonformsofnounsArticlesTheuseofpositions,connections,andarticles02Sentencestructureanalysis02010403SubjectPredictionObjectComplexElementsofsimplepresenceconstructionThesubjectisthemainactorordooftheverb'sactionItcanbeanoun,pronoun,ornounphraseThepredictionisthepartofthepresencethatexpressestheactionorstateofbeingandincludingtheverbandanymodifiersorpletenessTheobjectisthereceiveroftheverb'sactionandistypicallyanoun,pronoun,ornounphraseApletionisaword,phrase,orclausethatpletesthemeaningofaverborobjectiveApoundpresencecontainstwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinatingconnection(e.g.,and,but,or)orasemiconductorCompoundsensesAplexpresencecontainsanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclauseThedependentclausecannotstandaloneasapletethoughtandistypicallyintroducedbyasuborderingconnection(e.g.,because,although,when)ComplexsensesDistinguishingbetweencompoundsensesandcomplexsensesYes/Noquestions01Thesequestionscanbeansweredwithasimple"yes"or"no."Theytypicallybeginwithanauxiliaryverbormodalverb(e.g.,Doyoulikeicecream?)Whquestions02ThesequestionsbeginwithaWhword(e.g.,who,what,where,when,why,how)andrequireamoredetailedanswerthanyes/noquestions(e.g.,whydidyoudrivelate?)Alternativequestions03Thesequestionsoffertwoormorepossibilitiesandrequiretheresponsetochooseone(e.g.,Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?)TypesofaggressiveintentionsandtheirresponsemethodsExplanationintentionsExplanationintentionsexpressstrongemotionsorsurpriseandoftenendwithanexplanationmark(e.g.,Howbeautifultheflowersare!)ImperativesensesImperativesensesgivemandsorrequestsandtypicallybeginwithaverbinitsbaseform(e.g.,Sitdown!)Theycanalsoexpresspromotionsoradvicebyusingtheword"don't"or"never"beforetheverb(e.g.,Don'ttouchthehotstock!)Applicationofdeclarationandintrinsicsenses03Anindepthanalysisoftensionsandvoices03TemporarysituationsThetenseofsuggestionsatemporarystateorsituationthatisnotpermanent01ExpressingongingactionsThepresentcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeactionsthatarehappeningatthemomentofspeaking02FuturearrangementsItcanalsobeusedtotalkaboutfutureeventsthathavebeenplannedorarrangedThepresentcontinuoustenseindicatesmeaningandusageCompletedactionsThepastperfecttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthatwerepletedbeforeacertainpointinthepastOngoingactionsThepastcontinuoustense,ontheotherhand,isusedtodescribeactionsthatwereinprogressataspecifictimeinthepastSequentialeventsThepastperfecttensecanbeusedtoestablishtheorderofeventsinthepast,whilethepastcontinuoustenseprovidesabackgroundforthoseeventsComparisonbetweenthepastperfecttenseandthepastcontinuoustense123Sentenceswithtimeclausessuchas"when,""after,""before,"and"assoonas"ofindicatefutureeventsUsingtimeclausesUnderstandingthecontextofaconversationortextcanhelppredictfuturetenseeventsContextincludesModalverbssuchas"will,""shall,""would,"and"could"areoftenusedtoexpressfuturepossibilitiesorprobabilitiesModalverbsMethodforpredictingfuturetenseeventsIdentifyingtheagentInpassivevoicedetections,theagent(theperformeroftheaction)isoftenmittedorappearsinapreliminaryphraseIdentifyingtheagenthelpsintransitioningtoactivevoiceUsing"by"phrases"By"phrasescanbeusedtointroducetheagentinpassivevoicesentences,makingiteasiertoconvertthemtoactivevoiceRearrangingwordorderPassivevoicedetectionstypicallyhavetheobjectoftheactionasthesubjectRearrangingthewordordertoputthesubjectfirstcanhelpintransitioningtoactivevoiceTechniquesfortransitioningpassivevoicestructuresPracticeandfamilyWithpracticeandfamily,onecanbeemoreprofessionalinrecognizingpassivevoicestructuresandtransitioningthemtoactivevoiceTechniquesfortransitioningpassivevoicestructures04RulesfordirectandindirectspeechconversionStepstoconvertdirectspeechintoindirectspeechIdentifythereportedspeechandthereportingverbChangethetenseoftheverbinthereportedspeechtomatchthetenseofthereportingverbChangetheproposalsandpositiveobjectivestomatchthesubjectofthereportingverbMoveanyadditionalinformationthatisnotpartofthereportedspeechoutsidethequotamarksThechangingpatternsofpersonandtenseintransformationmonlybackstiftthetenseonestep(e.g.,presenttopass),butthereareexceptionsTensechanges"I"or"we"benefits"he,"she,""it,""they,"dependingonthecontextFirstpersonchangestothirdperson"You"benefits"he,""she,""it,""they,"orretains"you"ifthelistenerisbeingaddressedSecondpersonchangestofirstorthirdpersonchangetheorderofthewordstomakeitadeclarativepresencewithinthequotamarks,andaddwhichpersonaskedaquestionInterrogtiveintentionsconverttheinhibitoryverbintoaninfinitiveanduseappropriateverbslike"ask,""tell,"or"order"beforethequotamarksImperativesensesMethodsforprocessingaggressiveandaggressiveintentionsasquotasEnsurethattheconversiondoesnotaltertheoriginalmeaningofthesentenceAdjustwordorderandpresencestructuretoconformtoChinesegrammarandexpressionbitsPayattentiontoculturaldifferencesandaverageliteraltranslationsthatmaynotmakesenseinthetargetlanguagePreservetheoriginalmeaningandconformtoChineseexpressionbits05TechniquesforusingattributiveclausesandadvisoryclausesIdentifythenounbeingmodifiedDeterminethenounthattheclauseisintendedtomodifyandensurethattherelevantpronounagreementswithitinnumberandgenderUnderstandtheroleoftherelevantproposalRecognizethatrelevantproposalssuchas"who,""which,"and"that"serveassubjectsorobjectswithintheclauseandconnectittothemainclauseAdvisorofthemeaningoftheclauseChoosetherelevantknowledgethatbestfitsthemeaningoftheclauseandmaintainsthecoherenceofthepresenceTheselectionstrategyofrelevantproofsinattributeclauses010203DefinetheadvisoryclauseIdentifytheclausethatfunctionsasanadvisory,modifyingaverb,advisory,oranyotheradvisoryinthemainclauseDeterminethetypeofadvisoryclauseClassifytheadvisoryclausebasedonitsfunction,suchastime,place,reason,condition,process,purpose,orresultAnalyzetherelationshipbetweenclausesExplainhowtheadvisoryclauserelatestothemainclauseandhowitaffectsthemeaningofthesentenceAnalysisoftheFunctionofAdvisoryClauseinSentencesOmittingorsimplifyingclausestructurestoimprovefluencyUtilizeellipsistoomitwordsorphrasesthatareunderstandingfromthecontext,improvingthefluencyofthepresenceEmployeeellipsisIdentifyclausesthatareunnecessarywordsorrepetitiveandconsistentomittingthemorsimplifyingtheirstructuresRecognizeredundantorplexclausestructuresReplaceplexclauseswithphrasalverbsorpositionalphrasestoacmodatethesamemeaningmoreconsensusUs