審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照5篇

審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照5篇第一篇：審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照最新審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照（轉(zhuǎn)載）審計(jì)報(bào)告中英對(duì)照2008-12-2713:38:21閱讀2557評(píng)論5字號(hào)：大中小訂閱山西**聯(lián)合會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所ShanXi**UniteAccountantOffice審計(jì)報(bào)告AUDITOR’SREPORT晉**審字（2007）第000**號(hào)Jin**(2007)AuditNo.00****鑄造有限公司：To**foundryCo.,Ltd:我們審計(jì)了后附的**鑄造有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱貴公司）財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，包括2006年12月日的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表，2006年度的利潤(rùn)表以及財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表附注。Wehaveauditedtheaccompanyingbalancesheetof**foundryCo.,Ltd(the“Company”)asofDec.31,2006,andtherelatedconsolidatedincomestatementforthe2006thenended,andasummaryofsignificantaccountingpoliciesandotherexplanatorynotes.一、管理層對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的責(zé)任1.Management’sResponsibilityfortheFinancialStatements按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》的規(guī)定編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是貴公司管理層的責(zé)任。這種責(zé)任包括：（1）設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和維護(hù)與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制，以使財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表不存在由于舞弊或錯(cuò)誤而導(dǎo)致的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)：（2）選擇和運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)臅?huì)計(jì)政策：（3）作出合理的會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)。ThemanagementisresponsibleforthepreparationandfairpresentationofthesefinancialstatementsinaccordancewiththeAccountingStandardsforBusinessEnterprisesandChinaAccountingSystemforBusinessEnterprises.Thisresponsibilityincludes:(i)designing,implementingandmaintaininginternalcontrolrelevanttothepreparationandfairpresentationoffinancialstatementsthatarefreefrommaterialmisstatement,whetherduetofraudorerror;(ii)selectingandapplyingappropriateaccountingpolicies;and(iii)makingaccountingestimatesthatarereasonableinthecircumstances.二、注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的責(zé)任2.Auditor’sResponsibility我們的責(zé)任是在實(shí)施審計(jì)工作的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表發(fā)表審計(jì)意見(jiàn)。我們按照中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定執(zhí)行了審計(jì)工作。中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則要求我們遵守職業(yè)道德規(guī)范，計(jì)劃和實(shí)施審計(jì)工作以對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是否不存在重大錯(cuò)報(bào)獲取合理保證。Ourresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthesefinancialstatementsbasedonouraudit.WeconductedourauditinaccordancewiththeStandardsonAuditingforCertifiedPublicAccountants.Thosestandardsrequirethatwecomplywithethicalrequirementsandplanandperformtheaudittoobtainreasonableassurancewhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreefrommaterialmisstatement審計(jì)工作涉及實(shí)施審計(jì)程序，以獲取有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表金額和和披露的審計(jì)證據(jù)。選擇的審計(jì)程序取決于注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的判斷，包括對(duì)由于舞弊或錯(cuò)報(bào)導(dǎo)致的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表重大錯(cuò)報(bào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估。在進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估時(shí)，我們考慮與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制，以設(shè)計(jì)恰當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)程序，但目的并非對(duì)內(nèi)部控制的有效性發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。審計(jì)工作還包括評(píng)價(jià)管理層選用會(huì)計(jì)政策的恰當(dāng)性和作出會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)的合理性，以及評(píng)價(jià)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的總體列報(bào)。Theauditworkinvolvesperformingprocedurestoobtainauditevidenceabouttheamountsanddisclosuresinthefinancialstatements.Theproceduresselecteddependontheauditor’sjudgment,includingtheassessmentoftherisksofmaterialmisstatementofthefinancialstatements,whetherduetofraudorerror.Inmakingthoseriskassessments,theauditorconsidersinternalcontrolwhichrelatedtothecompilationoffinancialstatementsinordertodesignappropriateauditproceduresinthecircumstances,butnotforthepurposeofexpressinganopinionontheeffectivenessoftheentity’sinternalcontrol.Anauditalsoincludesevaluatingtheappropriatenessofaccountingpoliciesusingandthereasonablenessofaccountingestimatesmadebymanagement,aswellasevaluatingtheoverallpresentationofthefinancialstatements.我們相信，我們獲取的審計(jì)證據(jù)是充分、適當(dāng)?shù)?，為發(fā)表審計(jì)意見(jiàn)提供了基礎(chǔ)。Webelievethattheauditevidencewehaveobtainedissufficientandappropriatetoprovideabasisforourauditopinion.三、審計(jì)意見(jiàn)3.Opinion我們認(rèn)為,貴公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表已經(jīng)按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》的規(guī)定編制，在所有重大方面公允反映了貴公司2006年12月31日的財(cái)務(wù)狀況以及2006年度的經(jīng)營(yíng)成果。Inouropinion,thefinancialstatementsgiveatrueandfairviewofthefinancialpositionoftheCompanyasofDec.31,2006,andofitsfinancialperformanceforthe2006yearsthenendedinaccordancewiththeAccountingStandardsforBusinessEnterprisesandChinaAccountingSystemforBusinessEnterprises.此報(bào)告中、英文各一份，兩者若有差異，以中文為準(zhǔn)。ThereportwasmadebyChineseandEnglish.Ifthetwofilesdiffer,thestandardwillbeChinese.山西**聯(lián)合會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師：ShanXi**UniteAccountantOfficeCertifiedPublicAccountant:中國(guó)·太原二○○七年七月十日Shanxi,P.R.C.Date:Jul.10,2007第二篇：審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照最新審計(jì)報(bào)告中英文對(duì)照（轉(zhuǎn)載）審計(jì)報(bào)告中英對(duì)照2008-12-2713:38:21閱讀2557評(píng)論5字號(hào)：大中小訂閱山西**聯(lián)合會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所ShanXi**UniteAccountantOffice審計(jì)報(bào)告AUDITOR’SREPORT晉**審字（2007）第000**號(hào)Jin**(2007)AuditNo.00****鑄造有限公司：To**foundryCo.,Ltd:我們審計(jì)了后附的**鑄造有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱貴公司）財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，包括2006年12月31日的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表，2006的利潤(rùn)表以及財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表附注。Wehaveauditedtheaccompanyingbalancesheetof**foundryCo.,Ltd(the“Company”)asofDec.31,2006,andtherelatedconsolidatedincomestatementforthe2006thenended,andasummaryofsignificantaccountingpoliciesandotherexplanatorynotes.一、管理層對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的責(zé)任1.Management’sResponsibilityfortheFinancialStatements按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》的規(guī)定編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是貴公司管理層的責(zé)任。這種責(zé)任包括：（1）設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和維護(hù)與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制，以使財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表不存在由于舞弊或錯(cuò)誤而導(dǎo)致的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)：（2）選擇和運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)臅?huì)計(jì)政策：（3）作出合理的會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)。ThemanagementisresponsibleforthepreparationandfairpresentationofthesefinancialstatementsinaccordancewiththeAccountingStandardsforBusinessEnterprisesandChinaAccountingSystemforBusinessEnterprises.Thisresponsibilityincludes:(i)designing,implementingandmaintaininginternalcontrolrelevanttothepreparationandfairpresentationoffinancialstatementsthatarefreefrommaterialmisstatement,whetherduetofraudorerror;(ii)selectingandapplyingappropriateaccountingpolicies;and(iii)makingaccountingestimatesthatarereasonableinthecircumstances.二、注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的責(zé)任2.Auditor’sResponsibility我們的責(zé)任是在實(shí)施審計(jì)工作的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表發(fā)表審計(jì)意見(jiàn)。我們按照中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定執(zhí)行了審計(jì)工作。中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則要求我們遵守職業(yè)道德規(guī)范，計(jì)劃和實(shí)施審計(jì)工作以對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是否不存在重大錯(cuò)報(bào)獲取合理保證。Ourresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthesefinancialstatementsbasedonouraudit.WeconductedourauditinaccordancewiththeStandardsonAuditingforCertifiedPublicAccountants.Thosestandardsrequirethatwecomplywithethicalrequirementsandplanandperformtheaudittoobtainreasonableassurancewhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreefrommaterialmisstatement審計(jì)工作涉及實(shí)施審計(jì)程序，以獲取有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表金額和和披露的審計(jì)證據(jù)。選擇的審計(jì)程序取決于注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的判斷，包括對(duì)由于舞弊或錯(cuò)報(bào)導(dǎo)致的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表重大錯(cuò)報(bào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估。在進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估時(shí)，我們考慮與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制，以設(shè)計(jì)恰當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)程序，但目的并非對(duì)內(nèi)部控制的有效性發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。審計(jì)工作還包括評(píng)價(jià)管理層選用會(huì)計(jì)政策的恰當(dāng)性和作出會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)的合理性，以及評(píng)價(jià)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的總體列報(bào)。Theauditworkinvolvesperformingprocedurestoobtainauditevidenceabouttheamountsanddisclosuresinthefinancialstatements.Theproceduresselecteddependontheauditor’sjudgment,includingtheassessmentoftherisksofmaterialmisstatementofthefinancialstatements,whetherduetofraudorerror.Inmakingthoseriskassessments,theauditorconsidersinternalcontrolwhichrelatedtothecompilationoffinancialstatementsinordertodesignappropriateauditproceduresinthecircumstances,butnotforthepurposeofexpressinganopinionontheeffectivenessoftheentity’sinternalcontrol.Anauditalsoincludesevaluatingtheappropriatenessofaccountingpoliciesusingandthereasonablenessofaccountingestimatesmadebymanagement,aswellasevaluatingtheoverallpresentationofthefinancialstatements.我們相信，我們獲取的審計(jì)證據(jù)是充分、適當(dāng)?shù)?，為發(fā)表審計(jì)意見(jiàn)提供了基礎(chǔ)。Webelievethattheauditevidencewehaveobtainedissufficientandappropriatetoprovideabasisforourauditopinion.三、審計(jì)意見(jiàn)3.Opinion我們認(rèn)為,貴公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表已經(jīng)按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》的規(guī)定編制，在所有重大方面公允反映了貴公司2006年12月31日的財(cái)務(wù)狀況以及2006的經(jīng)營(yíng)成果。Inouropinion,thefinancialstatementsgiveatrueandfairviewofthefinancialpositionoftheCompanyasofDec.31,2006,andofitsfinancialperformanceforthe2006yearsthenendedinaccordancewiththeAccountingStandardsforBusinessEnterprisesandChinaAccountingSystemforBusinessEnterprises.此報(bào)告中、英文各一份，兩者若有差異，以中文為準(zhǔn)。ThereportwasmadebyChineseandEnglish.Ifthetwofilesdiffer,thestandardwillbeChinese.山西**聯(lián)合會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師：ShanXi**UniteAccountantOfficeCertifiedPublicAccountant:中國(guó)·太原二○○七年七月十日Shanxi,P.R.C.Date:Jul.10,2007第三篇：中英文對(duì)照A《美國(guó)口語(yǔ)慣用法例句集粹》ＡA(4)1.about1)2)3)4)5)6)7)I'dliketoknowwhatthisisallabout.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。Howaboutafishsandwich?來(lái)一塊魚(yú)肉三明治怎么樣？Whataboutme?我怎么樣？I'mnotabouttogointhatoldhouse.我是不會(huì)進(jìn)那幢舊房子的！YesIrememberthatnight.Whataboutit?是的，我記得那個(gè)晚上，那又怎樣？What'sthisallabout?這到底是怎么回事？It'sabouttimeyoushowedup!差不多是你該露面的時(shí)候了。2.above1)2)Aboveall,Iwanteverythingquiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tomthinkshe'sabovehardwork.湯姆認(rèn)為自己沒(méi)必要努力工作。3.act1)2)3)4)5)6)Wouldyoupleaseactoutwhathappened?你能把發(fā)生的事演示一下嗎？WatchRicky.Hesometimeslikestoactupinclass.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。Thatprofanecomedianneedstocleanuphisact.那個(gè)愛(ài)說(shuō)粗言穢語(yǔ)的喜劇演員應(yīng)該凈化一下自己的言行。Weneedtogetouracttogetherandcometoseeyou.我們需要統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)后來(lái)見(jiàn)你。ThenewspaperscalledtheearthquakeanactofGod.報(bào)紙上稱那次地震為天災(zāi)。Masaisaclassact.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。4.action1)2)3)4)We'regoingtobringactionagainstourdebtors.我們打算控告我們的債務(wù)人。Didyouseeanyactioninyesterday'sballgame?昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場(chǎng)面嗎？Ourcommunityisgoingtotakeactionagainsttheproposedwastedump.我地區(qū)要采取行動(dòng)反對(duì)那項(xiàng)垃圾處理場(chǎng)的提案。Jimwantstogowheretheactionis.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。5.advantage1)2)Ouropponentshaveaheightadvantageonus.我們的對(duì)手在身高上比我們占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Nobodylikestobetakenadvantageof.沒(méi)有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）6.after1)2)3)4)Ithinkthatgirlisafteryou.我想那女孩是在追你。Itlookslikethingsaregonnaworkoutafterall.看起來(lái)事情終會(huì)解決的。Thissoftdrinkhasanastyaftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。Iseeyourpoint,butdon'tyouthinkit'swayafterthefact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺(jué)得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？7.again1)IcouldgotoJapanagainandagain.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會(huì)感到厭倦）8.age1)2)Wouldyoupleaseactyourage!請(qǐng)你做事要有一個(gè)與自己年齡相稱的樣子。Thisisa“comingofage”movie.這是一部成人影片。9.air1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)Ineedtogooutsideandgetsomeair.我需要出去呼吸點(diǎn)新鮮空氣。Idon'tknowwhat'swrong,butcanfeelitintheair.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯(cuò)，但我能隱隱約約感覺(jué)到。Mikewassadwhentheytookhisfavoriteprogramofftheair.當(dāng)邁克喜歡的節(jié)目被取消時(shí)，他感到很傷心。Thesaleofourhouseisstillupintheair.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒(méi)有最后定下來(lái)。Afterwinningthechampionship,IfeltIcouldwalkonair.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Yoursisterissuchanairhead.你姐姐真是來(lái)個(gè)沒(méi)有頭腦的人。JanetJackson'snewsongisgettinglotsofairplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。ThatlasttimeItookaplane,Igotairsick.上次我乘飛機(jī)時(shí)暈機(jī)了。Ihopethere'snobadairbetweenus.我希望我們之間的關(guān)系不要很別扭。10.all1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)11)12)13)It'slookslikewewon'tbegoingafterall.看起來(lái)最后我們還是不能去。We'veallbutfinishedtheproject.我們已幾乎完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。AllinallI'dsayit'sbeenaveryproductiveday.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為這一天過(guò)得很充實(shí)。Let'sgoall-outandwinthisgame!讓我們盡全力來(lái)打贏這場(chǎng)比賽。Weknewitwasalloverwhenwesawthebuildingburst.當(dāng)我們看見(jiàn)那座建筑突然起火時(shí)，我們知道一切全完了。Wewishyouallthebest.我們大家祝福你一切如意。Ifit'sallthesametoyou,I'djustassoonnotgo.如果這對(duì)你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。Theywererunningfromthepolicelikeallget-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。Ididn'tseethemcomeinatall.我根本高沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的進(jìn)來(lái)。Let'ssettlethismatteronceandforall.讓我們來(lái)把這個(gè)問(wèn)題一次性地徹底解決掉。Markisanall-aroundathlete.馬克是一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Didyougettoplayintheall-stargame?你入選全明星隊(duì)的比賽了嗎？Hebloketheall-timerecordinthe100-meterrunathisschool.他打破了他所在的學(xué)校100米跑的歷史最高記錄。11.alley1)Workingoncarsisn'tupmyalley.修理汽車(chē)不是我拿手的活兒。12.alone1)2)Ijustwannabeleftalone.我只是想一個(gè)人呆會(huì)兒。Can'tyoujustleavewellenoughalone?你不能少管一些閑事嗎？13.along1)2)Youknewallalongwhatwasgoingon.你從一開(kāi)始就知道所發(fā)生的事。Debbiedoesn'tgetalongwithSteve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。1)2)3)4)5)Mr.PakcameheresearchingfortheAmericandream.帕克先生來(lái)到這兒尋求他的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”。SomeforeignersbecomeAmericanizedwhilelivingintheU.S.一些外國(guó)人在美國(guó)居住時(shí)被美國(guó)化了。NothavinganyjobfreedomwouldbetotallyunAmerican.沒(méi)有選擇職業(yè)的自由是完全違背美國(guó)精神傳統(tǒng)的。Billisanall-Americanquarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛(wèi)隊(duì)員。Ijustcan'tgoontheAmericanway.我無(wú)法適應(yīng)美國(guó)方式。15.animal1)2)Water-skiingreallybringsouttheanimalinTom.滑水運(yùn)動(dòng)真正激發(fā)出了湯姆的活力與激情。Theyoungactoremitsalotofanimalmagnetismonthescreen.那個(gè)年輕演員在熒幕上充分顯示出他的性魅力。16.answer1)IcalledEmibuttherewasnoanswer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒(méi)人接。17.apple1)2)3)4)5)HaveyoueverbeentotheBigApple?你去過(guò)紐約嗎？DoIsenseanappleofdiscordbetweenyoutwo?你問(wèn)我有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heatheristheappleofmyeye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Ritalikestokeepeverythinginapple-pieorder.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennishasalwaysbeenanapplepolisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個(gè)馬屁精。18.arm1)2)3)4)Youdon'thavetotwistmyarmtogetmetogowithyou.用不著你強(qiáng)迫我跟你走。Myfatherisahopelessarmchairquarterback.我爸爸是一個(gè)沒(méi)救了的紙上談兵的人。Thesuspectsarearmedanddangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險(xiǎn)。Everyspringtheparkisfilledwithloverswalkingarminarm.每到春天公園里到處都是手挽手散步的戀人。19.around1)2)CoachJohnsonhasbeenaroundfor30years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。Someoneisondutyherearound-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。20.as1)2)3)4)5)6)Itlooksasifsomeonehasalreadybeenhere.看起來(lái)在人來(lái)過(guò)這里了。Asforme,I'mgoinghome.至于我，我準(zhǔn)備回家。Martyisactingasifnothinghappened.馬蒂表現(xiàn)得像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。Iwantthisroomleftasis.我希望這間房子保持原樣。Thechangeswillbegintakingplaceasoftomorrow.變動(dòng)從明天開(kāi)始實(shí)施。Policearebaffledastothewhereaboutsofthekidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受挫。1)2)3)4)Ourgasbillaverageabout$50amonth.我們每個(gè)月的煤氣費(fèi)平均50美元。Ontheaverage,I'dsayweeatchickenonceaweek.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。KentdescribeshimselfasjustanaverageJoe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國(guó)人。Ontheaverageday,over100,000kidsbringgunstoschoolintheU.S.在美國(guó)平常日子里，有100,000個(gè)孩子帶手槍去上學(xué)。22.away1)2)3)4)5)Whatmakesyouthinkyou'regonnagetawaywiththis?是什么使你認(rèn)為你可以免受處罰？Iwishthey'ddoawaywiththesecomplicatedtaxforms.我希望他們能費(fèi)除掉這些復(fù)雜的稅務(wù)表格。We'replanningaweekendgetawayforouranniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀(jì)念日而安排一次周末的外出活動(dòng)。Tomwantstorunawayfromhome.湯姆想從家里出逃。DaveandKathyaregoingtostealawayonvacation.戴夫和凱茜計(jì)劃在假期里偷偷跑出去。第四篇：中英文對(duì)照醫(yī)院中英文對(duì)照發(fā)熱門(mén)診HaveFever主治醫(yī)師Doctor-in-charge供應(yīng)室SupplyRoom謝絕入內(nèi)Noentering紅燈亮?xí)r謝絕入內(nèi)Noenteringwhenredlight彩超、心電圖ColorfulCardiogram/ECG住院樓InpatientBuilding透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護(hù)士Nueser康復(fù)理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計(jì)價(jià)Chinamedicalpriceaccount肛腸科Ano-proctology皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、maleUrologyClinic皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、maleUrologyDept中醫(yī)科TraditionalChineseMedicine五官科ENTDept.男性科、泌尿科MaleurologyDept.安全出口Exit預(yù)防保健科Medicalcenterforhealthpreventionandcare后勤科、藥庫(kù)LogisticRoom、Seore入院登記In-patientAdmisson高壓氧治療HyperbaricOxygehationTherapy碎石中心ESWLCenter急救中心EmergencyCenter掛號(hào)收費(fèi)Registration中心藥房CenreralPharmacy內(nèi)科門(mén)診InternalMedicineClinic會(huì)議室MeetingRoom手外科HandSurgery產(chǎn)科ObstentricsDept.骨外科OrthopedicsDept.神經(jīng)、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.PlasericsurgeyDept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術(shù)室OperationRoom泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.GumorsurgeryDept.婦科GynecologyDept.內(nèi)二科InternalMedicine.Ward2產(chǎn)房及愛(ài)嬰中心DeliveryRoom內(nèi)一科InternalMedicine.Ward1洗手間Toilet普外、胸外科Surgey、ThoracicSurgeyDept.皮膚科DermatologyDept.中醫(yī)骨傷科TraditionalMediaineorThopaedics餐廳DiningRoom配餐室PantryRoom后勤科LogisticsDept.電工室ElectricianRoom接待室DermatologyRoom內(nèi)、兒科候診Internalmedicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診FunctionExam中醫(yī)科候診TCMClinic放射科候診RadiologyClinic婦科門(mén)診GynecologyDept.產(chǎn)科候診ObstentricsClinic肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診GynecologyClinic產(chǎn)科門(mén)診ObstentricsDept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic外科候診SurgeryClinic輸液中心TransfusionCenter皮膚、泌尿科候診Dermatology.MaleUrologyClinic檢驗(yàn)候診ClinicalLaborotories家屬休息RelationRestRoom口腔科門(mén)診StomatologyClinic內(nèi)兒科InternalMedicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科EndoscopeDept.外科SurgreyDept.檢驗(yàn)中心LaboratoryCenter功能檢查FunctionExamDept.登記處Registration預(yù)防保健門(mén)診Hygine＆PublicHealthDept.收費(fèi)處Cashier美容科、鏡檢科門(mén)診CosmetologyDept.EndoscopeClinic收費(fèi)健康發(fā)證GhargelssueBillofHealth試敏觀察室ScratchEspialRoom第五篇：中英文對(duì)照共軌技術(shù)隨著人們對(duì)低油耗、低廢氣排放、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低噪聲的需求越來(lái)越大，對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和燃油噴射系統(tǒng)的要求也越來(lái)也高。對(duì)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間，以及根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經(jīng)使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、低污染、高動(dòng)力性，因此柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)甚至進(jìn)入了豪華高性能轎車(chē)領(lǐng)域。達(dá)到這些需求的前提是擁有一個(gè)可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，噴油量必須精確計(jì)算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計(jì)算模型，預(yù)噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個(gè)可以達(dá)到以上需求的系統(tǒng)即共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。共軌系統(tǒng)包括以下幾個(gè)主要的部分：①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統(tǒng)組件。②高壓系統(tǒng)，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)EDC主要由系統(tǒng)模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)組成。共軌系統(tǒng)的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個(gè)可以快速開(kāi)關(guān)噴嘴的執(zhí)行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發(fā)器)，這就允許對(duì)每個(gè)氣缸的噴射進(jìn)行控制。所有的噴油器都由一個(gè)共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來(lái)。在共軌燃油噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是分開(kāi)的。噴油壓力的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和噴油量無(wú)關(guān)。EDC控制每個(gè)組件。(1)壓力產(chǎn)生。燃油噴射和壓力的產(chǎn)生是通過(guò)蓄能器分離開(kāi)來(lái)。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準(zhǔn)備的共軌系統(tǒng)的蓄能器。由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無(wú)論發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設(shè)計(jì)可以小的多，而且它的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可以比傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)低，這源于高壓泵的負(fù)載很小。高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車(chē)上有時(shí)會(huì)使用內(nèi)嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制所應(yīng)用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統(tǒng)。一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過(guò)一個(gè)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓側(cè)進(jìn)行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過(guò)壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對(duì)不同工況(如負(fù)載變化時(shí))迅速做出反應(yīng)。在第一批共軌系統(tǒng)中采用了對(duì)高壓側(cè)的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應(yīng)用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進(jìn)口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計(jì)量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統(tǒng)所需要的噴油壓力。發(fā)生故障時(shí)，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過(guò)最大值。在進(jìn)口端對(duì)燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對(duì)燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時(shí)，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統(tǒng)高壓側(cè)控制的方法相比得到了降低。雙執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過(guò)計(jì)算單元對(duì)壓力進(jìn)行控制，并且通過(guò)壓力控制閥對(duì)高壓端進(jìn)行控制，因此同時(shí)具備高壓側(cè)控制與進(jìn)口端燃料供給控制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。(3)燃油噴射噴油器直接將燃料噴到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)與噴油器結(jié)合在一起的控制閥的開(kāi)閉控制噴油嘴的開(kāi)關(guān)。噴油器的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間和系統(tǒng)油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態(tài)下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開(kāi)啟時(shí)間成正比，因此與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或油泵的轉(zhuǎn)速(以時(shí)間為計(jì)量的燃油噴射)無(wú)關(guān)。(4)液壓輔助動(dòng)力與傳統(tǒng)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)相比，將壓力的產(chǎn)生與燃油的噴射分離開(kāi)來(lái)，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統(tǒng)中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來(lái)會(huì)達(dá)到1800巴。共軌系統(tǒng)通過(guò)引入預(yù)噴射或多次噴射可以進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過(guò)多次觸發(fā)高速轉(zhuǎn)換閥的開(kāi)閉可以在每個(gè)噴射周期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)多達(dá)5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結(jié)束的快速性。(5)控制和調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的控制單元通過(guò)傳感器檢測(cè)加速踏板的位置以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車(chē)輛的當(dāng)前工況。采集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括：①曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)角；②燃油軌道的壓力；③進(jìn)氣壓力；④進(jìn)氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度；⑤進(jìn)氣量；⑥車(chē)速等。電控單元處理輸入信號(hào)。與燃燒同步，電控單元計(jì)算施加給壓力控制閥或計(jì)算模塊、噴油器和其他執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發(fā)信號(hào)。噴油器的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間應(yīng)很短，采用優(yōu)化的高壓開(kāi)關(guān)閥和專業(yè)的控制系統(tǒng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)照發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)(時(shí)間控制)，角度/時(shí)間系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)噴油正時(shí)。電控柴油機(jī)系統(tǒng)(EDC)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)燃油噴射量的精確計(jì)算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進(jìn)一步提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的響應(yīng)特性和便利性。其基本功能包括對(duì)柴油燃油噴射正時(shí)的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對(duì)油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有能耗低、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)的特點(diǎn)。其他開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)控制功能用于減少?gòu)U氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：①?gòu)U氣在循環(huán)控制；②增壓控制；③巡航控制；④電子防盜控制系統(tǒng)等。(6)控制單元結(jié)構(gòu)。由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元通常最多有8個(gè)噴油器輸出口，所以超過(guò)八缸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要兩個(gè)控制單元。它們通過(guò)內(nèi)置高速CAN網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“主/從”接口進(jìn)行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被分配給某個(gè)特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據(jù)需求情況(如檢測(cè)傳感器信號(hào))可以動(dòng)態(tài)地分配給一個(gè)或多個(gè)控制單元。TheCommonRailCallsforlowerfuelconsumption,reducedexhaust-gasemission,andquietenginesaremakinggreaterdemandsontheengineandfuel-injectionsystem.Thedemandsplacedondiesel-enginefuel-injectionsystemsarecontinuouslyincreasing.Higherpressures,fasterswitchingtimes,andavariablerate-of-dischargecurvemodifiedtotheengineoperatingstatehavemadethedieselengineeconomical,clean,andpowerful.Asaresult,dieselengineshaveevenenteredtherealmofluxury-performancesedans.Thesedemandscanonlybemetbyafuel-injectionpressure.Atthesametimetheinjectedfuelquantitymustbeverypreciselymetered,andtherate-of-dischargecurvemusthaveanexactshape,andpre-injectionandsecondaryinjectionmustbeperformable.Asystemthatmeetsthesedemandsisthecommon-railfuel-injectionsystem.Themainadvantageofthecommon-railsystemisitsabilitytovaryinjectionpressureandtimingoverabroadscale.Thiswasachievedbyseparatingpressuregeneration(inthehigh-pressurepump)fromthefuel-injectionsystem(injection).Therailhereactsasapressureaccumulator.PrincipleoftheCommonRailThecommon-railsystemconsistsofthefollowingmaincomponentgroups:①Thelow-pressurestage,comprisingthefuel-supplysystemcomponents;②Thehigh-pressuresystem,comprisingcomponentssuchasthehigh-pressurepump,fuel-rail,injector,andhigh-pressurefuellines.Theelectronicdieselcontrol(EDC),consistingofsystemmodules,suchassensors,theelectroniccontrolunit,andactuators.Thekeycomponentsofthecommon-railsystemaretheinjectors.Theyarefittedwitharapid-actionvalve(solenoidvalveorpiezo-triggeredactuator)whichopensandclosesthenozzle.Thispermitscontroloftheinjectionprocessforeachcylinder.Alltheinjectorsarefedbyacommonfuelrail,thisbeingtheoriginoftheterm“commonrail”.Inthecommon-railfuel-injectionsystem,thefunctionofpressuregenerationandfuelinjectionareseparate.Theinjectionpressureisgeneratedindependentoftheenginespeedandtheinjectedfuelquantity.Theelectronicdieselcontrol(EDC)controlseachofthecomponents.(1)PressureGeneration.Pressuregenerationandfuelinjectionareseparatedbymeansofanaccumulatorvolume.Fuelunderpressureissuppliedtotheaccumulatorvolumeofthecommonrailreadyforinjection.Acontinuouslyoperatinghigh-pressurepumpdrivenbytheengineproducesthedesiredinjectionpressure.Pressureinthefuelrailismaintainedirrespectiveofenginespeedorinjectedfuelquantity.Owingtothealmostuniforminjectionpattern,thehigh-pressurepumpdesigncanbemuchsmalleranditsdrive-systemtorquecanbelowerthanconventionalfuel-injectionsystems.Thisresultsinamuchlowerloadonthepumpdrive.Thehigh-pressurepumpisaradial-pistonpump.Oncommercialvehicles,anin-linefuel-injectionpumpissometimesfitted.(2)PressureControlThepressurecontrolmethodappliedislargelydependentonthesystem.Onewayofcontrollingrailpressureistocontrolthehigh-pressuresidebyapressure-controlvalve.Fuelnotrequiredforinjectionflowsbacktothelow-pressurecircuitviathepressure-controlvalve.Thistypeofcontrolloopallowsrailpressuretoreactrapidlytochangesinoperatingpoint(e.g.intheeventofloadchanges).Controlonthehigh-pressuresidewasadoptedonthefirstcommon-railsystems.Thepressure-controlvalveismountedpreferablyonthefuelrail.Insomeapplications,however,itismounteddirectlyonthehigh-pressurepump.Anotherwayofcontrollingrailpressureistocontrolfueldeliveryonthesuctionside.Themeteringunitflangedonthehigh-pressurepumpmakessurethatthepumpdeliversexactlytherightquantityoffuelrailinordertomaintaintheinjectionpressurerequiredbythesystem.Inafaultsituation,thepressure-reliefvalvepreventsrailpressurefromexceedingamaximum.Fuel-deliverycontrolonthesuctionsidereducesthequantityoffuelunderhighpressureandlowersthepowerinputofthepump.Thishasapositiveimpactonfuelconsumption.Atthesametime,thetemperatureofthefuelflowingbacktothefueltankisreducedincontrasttothecontrolmethodonthehigh-pressureside.Thetwo-actuatorsystemisalsoawayofcontrollingrailpressure,whichcombinespressurecontrolonthesuctionsideviathemeteringunitandcontrolonthehigh-pressuresideviathepressure-controlvalve,thusmarryingtheadvantagesofhigh-pressure-sidecontrolandsuction-sidefuel-deliverycontrol.(3)FuelInjection.Theinjectorssprayfueldirectlyintotheengine’scombustionchambers.Theyaresuppliedbyshorthigh-pressurefuellinesconnectedtothefuelrail.Theenginecontrolunitcontrolstheswitchingvalveintegratedintheinjectortoopenandclosetheinjectornozzle.Theinjectoropeningtimesandsystempressuredeterminethequantityoffueldelivered.Ataconstantpressure,thefuelquantitydeliveredisproportionaltotheswitchingtimeofthesolenoidvalve.Thisis,therefore,independentofengineorpumpspeed(time-basedfuelinjection).(4)PotentialHydraulicPower.Separatingthefunctionsofpressuregenerationandfuelinjectionopensupfuturedegreesoffreedominthecombustionprocesscomparedwithconventionalfuel-injectionsystems;theinjectionpressureatpressureatpresentis160MPa;infuturethiswillriseto180MPa.Thecommon-railsystemallowsafuturereductioninexhaust-gasemissionsbyintroducingpre-injectioneventsormultipleinjectioneventsandalsoattenuatingcombustionnoisesig