初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法l)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，

初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every...,sometimes,at...,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。hehov.sdeShanghailiesintheeastofChina.表示格言或警旬中。Pridegoesbeforeafall 驕者必?cái)　难^語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例: Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwrit:esgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Ia:mdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法l) 在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?) 表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。WhenIwasachild.,IoftenplayedfootbaHinthestreetWhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit.,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.) 句型：I.isefor.odosth”“IiI.ise.didsh.”間該．．．．．．了“I.iseforyouogoobed.你該睡IiItistimeyouwenttobedwould(had)rathersb.didsth.表示寧愿某人儂某事'I'dratery,ucae4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較：—般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherhfe.（：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基1寸。）

現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基外寸，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。l)want.hope,wond,er,thinkintend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbite?usedto/beusedtousedto+do:“過(guò)去常常”示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。MotherusnottobesoforgetfulScarfusedtotakeawalk.（過(guò)去常常散步）beu司o+doing: 對(duì)．．，．到習(xí)慣或習(xí)慣,o介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedokingaa

現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步）典型例題Yourphonenumberagain?-IIfs69568442.

quit:ecat.chit..A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't答案A.本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)但從語(yǔ)意上著出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。4一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall用于第一will

所代替。in在陳述中用于各稱

在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用千第二人稱凸WhichparagraphshaHIreadfirst.Willyoubeat,homeatseventhisevening?begoingto＋不定式，表示將來(lái)。主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.計(jì)劃，

安排要發(fā)生的享。eplaysgingobeproducednxtth。有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkcloudsthereisgoingtobeastorm.beWearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto定式，

意為馬上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意beaboutto不tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。eong/用于條件句時(shí)win表意愿

begoingto表將來(lái)Ifyouaregoingt.omakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforit.as soonaspossible.wfyouHeoffyour,eUfiten·wsonyounfrn.ofe訂or.beto和begoingtobeto表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。begoingto表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I.oplayfooalo.rrowftr.n（觀安排）rmgoingtoplayfoot:balltomorrowaft:emoon.（主觀安排）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)l)下列動(dòng)詞：come,go,aniveleave,start.,beginreturn的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。3enavestxwWhendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.3月) 月Herecomesthebus. Thebusiscoming.'TheregoesthebeH. ?ThebeHisringing.) 在時(shí)間或條件句中。WhenBiHcomes（wincome),askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.)hopetakecarethatmakesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsare,closedbeforeyouleavetheroom.11．用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的旬型1) Itsefirs./dbme....t..結(jié)構(gòu)中的，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It.isthefirsttimethatIhavevisit司the,city.It.wasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.)'Thisisthe...thatthat從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)'ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。'Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhi1nsing.這是我第一次盺他唱歌。典型例題DoyouknowourtownataH?

here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcomingB.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)故選B。veyu beenoournbee?ifsthefirsttime-I here.A.evencomeB.even,haveco1neC.ever,comeD.ever,havecomeD.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。ThisistbelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+thatclause的旬型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）Ihavereceivedhislett.erforamonth.(X寸）Ihavent.receivedhisletterforalmostamonth.比較sincefor4.Since用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度4.Ihavehvedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavehvedheresinceIwasborn..Myaunthaswork.edinacHnicsincel949.Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.IhaveknownXiaoLisinceshewasaIittlegirl.MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.Ihavenotheardfrom:myuncleforalongtime.注意：for作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Iworkedhereformorethant.wentyyears.）（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.）（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里丁作。）小竅門(mén)： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)＋一段時(shí)間，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。

這一結(jié)構(gòu)中們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化很容易就能排除l1)）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.mbegantostudyRussianthreeye.arsago,andisstHlstudyingitnow.2)（arryhasgotmarriedforsixye-ars.Harrybegantoget1n.arriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.顯然，第二旬不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為Ha訂ygot1narriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeen1narriedforsixyears.since的四種用法since＋過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980 ,lastmonthhalfpastsix)。Ihaveb心nheresince1989.since＋agoIhaveb心nheresincefivemonthsago.sinceGreatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.Itis＋since從句I.isoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestuden被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種類型l) 主語(yǔ)句中有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如：Hesawherintheshopyesterday.5Shewasseenintheshopyest:erday.52)主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Liigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenaclhemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.) 主動(dòng)旬中含賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的旬子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，

to"。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞：feel,hearhelp,listentolookatmake,observesee,notice,watchTereegooutoft,easrom.主>Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.產(chǎn)HewasseentoplayfootbaHontheplayground.to的to:Mothertoldmenottobelatewastoldtobelat:eby:mother.) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be＋過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricu]tureandindustry.) ”或相blee,rdecar,expc.feel,nr,,,,kunderstandI.issdhat..說(shuō)據(jù)報(bào)道I.isbehevedtht..．相信I.ishopedha 家希望It.iswellknownthat..．所周知I.istat 認(rèn)為I.issuggeedhat..建議It.istakengrant:edthat. 被視為當(dāng)然Ithasbeendecidedthat. 大家決定It.mustberememberthat．．．It.issaidthatshewiUleaveforWuhanonTuesday.延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞l)用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。eh,so pe.edeork.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。）I'veknownhimsincethen時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了（表經(jīng)歷）2)用tillluntil從句的差異延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用肯定旬，到＂否定旬，

表示”．．．．＂edid,'to ebackuntilno'clock.610點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。6Hesleptuntilteno'clock,點(diǎn)。典型例題Youdon'tneedtodesc門(mén)beher.I herseveralbmes..hadt.haveet.e,n.B.severalti-mes告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。一I'msorryt.okeepyouwaiting.Oh,notatan.-I hereonlyafewminute.s.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.w'illbe答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，．不定式作賓語(yǔ)

持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)l)動(dòng)詞＋不定工affordaimappearagree印angeaskbed,ecidebothercarechoose,comedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitat:elearnlong1neanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake舉例：'ThedriverfaHedtoseetheothercarinbme.司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。2) 動(dòng)詞＋不定丸； ,beg,,hate,helpdhke,,dprefer,prepare,promise,,·sh...Iliketokeepeverythingtidy口Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。In.ospeko想和湯姆談話。Iwant.youtospeaktoTom想讓你和湯姆談話。decide,kno,explain,t.eH

onsiderforget,lern,r-eme1nber, ,undstand,,rhear,findout,Pleaseshowushowtodothat.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?。Thereeoykindsofapercdsone,I么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。

cantmakeupmymindwhichtobuy7注意：疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在旬中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。7'Thequesbonishowtoputitintopractice.問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。2定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)l)動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)(todo)叫visewappointbeev,cechaeng,mandcompelrdredriveefindforbid,oreguesshireelinduceminstructeeknoworderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：FatherwiHnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！ebelievehimtobeguilty.我們相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，

再加形容詞最后加帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從旬。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et,Ifoundhitnlyingontheground.Ifoundtt,em.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant典型例題：

have。1e nextgefounde- nbed, dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

起語(yǔ)足作。在詞表主動(dòng)也to+be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，

作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。.knoedge,believe,,,deae

聲稱iovr,fan

設(shè)，feelfind,guess,ne,know,prov,笠，sho寧spose,ae為）understandero.obeoneofebesttdnsinour我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。典型例題sesgenerally- efirs.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：considertodosth.排除B、D。此旬只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)定式后用原形即C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不C。8See.,,be,besuppoed,.bebelieved,bethough,beknown,berprd,hope,desire,want,plan,expect,mean...'Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。bebelieve,expect,intend,hke,love,mean,prefer,want.,wish寧undrstandWedidnt.expecttheretobesomanypeoplethere我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪呈。注意：有些as短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consid.er.WeregardTomasourbestteacher．我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師，Maryt:ookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親，．不定式作主語(yǔ)It'seasy(forme)todothateasy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossiblecomfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt.'ssonicetohearyourvoice.聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。It.'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.、“你不用車(chē)的時(shí)候，鎖車(chē)是有必要的。Ifsverykindofyouohelp.幫助我，真好。id,nice,,rude,.,foolish,thoughfid,.,brave,conserasiUy,selfish(自私的）例旬：It.wassiHyofustobehevehim.我們

考慮周到的LI.dhofhitnnotogivemanyting.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|面＇這顯得太自私了。注意：l）其他系動(dòng)詞如，look, appear等也可用千此旬型不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。寸勹不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用Itis...o.型（o eso

百聞不如一見(jiàn)。（I.isobel