西安外國語大學(xué)翻譯碩士考試試題

西安外國語大學(xué)2011年翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位研究生招生試題科目：翻譯碩士英語（代碼：211）A卷注意事項：1.請核對本場考試科目及代碼與你所報考專業(yè)的考試安排是否一致。2.請一定使用黑色、藍色鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆，鉛筆答題無效。3.請在專業(yè)答題紙上的規(guī)定區(qū)域清楚地填寫自己的姓名和準考證號碼。4.請按照考題順序在專業(yè)答題紙上依次作答，在試卷上答題無效。5.本科目總分為100分，答題時間為3小時，請掌握好答題時間。6.考試結(jié)束后，請將試題和答題紙一并裝入考試專用試題袋，并及時交回。

TaskOne:VocabularyandGrammaticalStructure

SectionA

Directions:Thissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytointerpretthemeaningsofwordsindifferentcontexts.Readeachofthefollowingsentencescarefullyandselectonewordorphrasefromthefourchoicesthatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordineachsentence,andthenwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.(20%)1.Psychologistshavedoneextensivestudiesofhowwellpatientscomplywithdoctorsorders.[A]obey[B]understand

[C]improvewith[D]agreewith2.Starsarecomposedofintenselyhotgasesandderivetheirenergyfromnuclearreactionsoccurringintheinteriors.[A]extremely[B]uniformly

[C]explosively[D]continually3.From1775to1776theAmericansundertookanunsuccessfulcampaignagainsttheBritishinCanada.[A]wage[B]headed

[C]Paidfor[D]attendedto4.Becauseofitsoldmannerisms,theprayingmantishasalwaysintriguedhumanbeings.[A]fascinate[B]aggravated

[C]offended[D]terrified5.Industrialself-sufficiencyintheUnitedStatesdevelopedsimultaneouslywiththemassproductionoftextilesinNewEngland.[A]smoothly[B]concurrently

[C]effectively[D]spontaneously6.Theinitialappearanceofthesilverthree-centpiececoincidedwiththefirstissueofthree-centstampsin1851.[A]occurredatthesametimeas[B]collidedwith

[C]wasnecessitatedby[D]wassimilarto7.Chicago’sO’HareInternationalAirportaccommodatesforty-fourmillionpassengersperyear.[A]amazes[B]lures

[C]handles[D]counts8.Regionalplanningdealswithproposalsconcerningoutlyingcommunitiesandhighwaysaswellaswithurbanaffairs.[A]outlandish[B]exclusive

[C]exempted[D]remote9.Theintroductionofthebussignaledtheeventualdemiseofthetrolleycarasaformoftravel.[A]designation[B]mechanization

[C]disappearance[D]friskiness10.InSilentSpring,RachelCarsonforcefullydecriedtheindiscriminateuseofpesticides.[A]haphazard[B]unpleasant

[C]regional[D]periodic

11.Afteritsfounding,theUnitedStatesgovernmentfollowedapolicyexplicitlydesignedtoaidnationalshipping.

[A]prematurely[B]economically

[C]specifically[D]proudly

12.Beforesocialinequalitycanbealleviated,itsprincipalcausesmustbediagnosed.

[A]denounced[B]relieved

[C]analyzed[D]controlled13.Astronautsaresubjectedtothemostrigoroustrainingthathaseverbeendevisedforhumanbeings.[A]demanded[B]created

[C]diagnosed[D]allowed14.Weightliftingisthegymnasticsportofliftingweightsinaprescribedmanner.[A]vigorous[B]popular

[C]certain[D]careful15.ProjectSkylabwasdesignedtodemonstratethatapersoncanworkandliveinspaceforprolongedperiodswithoutilleffects[A]unexpected[B]obvious

[C]adverse[D]immediate16.Playsthatentaildirectinteractionbetweenactorandaudiencepresentnounusualdifficultiesforactors.[A]advocate[B]involve

[C]elicit[D]exaggerate17.Sincespeechissuchafamiliaractivity,itisoftenregardedasauniversalendowment.[A]event[B]habit

[C]trait[D]gift18.InthePacificNorthwest,asclimateandtopographyvary,sodothespeciesthatprevailintheforests.[A]rebuild[B]invade

[C]dominate[D]tend19.InNorthAmerica,thefirstcanoeswereconstructedfromlogsandpropelledbymeansofwoodenpad.[A]carved[B]docked

[C]drivenforward[D]carriedupright20.UnitedStatescitizensarenowenjoyingbetterdentalhealth,asshownbythedecliningincidenceoftoothdecay.[A]treatment[B]consequences

[C]occurrence[D]misfortune

SectionB

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,somepartofthesentenceorthewholeisunderlined.Rephrasetheunderlinedpartsoastoexpressmosteffectivelywhatispresentedintheoriginalsentence.Yourcorrectionshouldbedearandexact,withoutawkwardness,ambiguityorredundancy.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.(10%)21.Creditcardsarenowacceptedinexchangeformanygoodsandservicesaroundtheworldandinsomecountries,liketheAmericans,isusedevenmorewidelythancash.22.ScholarsrecognizedimmediatelythatthelanguageexperimentsinFinnegan’sWakearedifferentthananyothernovel.23.Whenitrainsoutside,mostparentsprefersmallchildrentoplayindoors.24.Requiredbylawtoregisterbytheendoftheyear,thepostofficewascrowdedwithlegalaliensattemptingtocomplywiththelawbeforethedeadline.25.Inthepastfewyears,significantchangeshavetakeplaceintheorganizationofoureconomythatwillprofoundlyaffectthecharacterofourlaborunionsaswellasinfluencingconsumerandindustriallife.TaskTwo:ReadingComprehension

SectionADirections:Readthefollowingtwotexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D];writeyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.(20%)Text1TheancientGreeksandtheChinesebelievedthatwefirstclothedourbodiesforsomephysicalreason,suchasprotectingourselvesfromtheelements.Ethnologistsandpsychologistshaveinvokedpsychologicalreasons:modesty,taboo,magicalinfluence,orthedesiretoplease.Anthropologicalresearchindicatesthatthefunctionoftheearliestclothingwastocarryobjects.Ourhunting-gatheringancestorshadtotravelgreatdistancestoobtainfood.Forthemalehunters,carryingwasmucheasieriftheywerewearingsimplebeltsoranimalskinsfromwhichtheycouldhangweaponsandtools.Forthefemalegatherers,moreelaboratecarryingdeviceswerenecessary.Womenhadtotransportcollectedfoodbacktothesettlementandalsohadtocarrybabies,sotheyrequiredbagsorslings.

Anotherfunctionofearlyclothing-providingcomfortandprotection—probablydevelopedatthesametimeasutility.Ashumanbeingsmultipliedandspreadoutfromthewarmlandsinwhichtheyevolved,theycoveredtheirbodiesmoreandmoretomaintainbodywarmth.Today,westilldresstomaintainwarmthandtocarryobjectsinourclothes.Andlikeourhunting-gatheringancestors,mostmenstillcarrythingsontheirperson,asiftheystillneededtokeeptheirarmsfreeforhunting,whilewomentendtohaveaseparatebagforcarrying,asiftheywerestillfood-gatherers.Butthesetwofunctionsofclothingareonlytwoofmanyusestowhichweputthegarmentsthatweweartoday.

Thereisacleardistinctionbetweenattirethatconstitutes“clothing”andattirethatismoreaptlytermed“costume”.Wemightsaythatclothinghastodowithcoveringthebody,andcostumeconcernsthechoiceofaparticularformofgarmentforaparticularpurpose.Clothingdependsprimarilyonsuchphysicalconditionsasclimate,health,andtextile,whilecostumereflectssocialfactorssuchaspersonalstatus,religiousbeliefs,aesthetics,andthewishtobedistinguishedfromortoemulateothers.

Eveninearlyhumanhistory,costumefulfilledafunctionbeyondthatofsimpleutility.Costumehelpedtoimposeauthorityorinspirefear.Achieftain’scostumeembodiedattributesexpressinghispower,whileawarrior’scostumeenhancedhisphysicalsuperiorityandsuggestedhewassuperhuman.Costumeoftenhadamagicalsignificancesuchasinvestinghumanswiththeattributesofothercreaturesthroughtherecenttimes,professionaloradministrativecostumeisdesignedtodistinguishthewearerandtoexpresspersonalordelegatedauthority.Costumecommunicatesthestatusofthewearer,andwithveryfewexceptions,theaimistodisplayashighastatusaspossible.Costumedenotespower,andsincepowerisoftenequatedwithwealth,costumehascometobeanexpressionofsocialclassandmaterialprosperity.

Auniformisatypeofcostumethatservestheimportantfunctionofdisplayingmembershipinagroup:school,sportsteam,occupation,orarmedforce.Militaryuniformdenotesrankandisintendednotonlytoexpressgroupmembershipbutalsotoprotectthebodyandtointimidate.Asoldier’suniformsays.“Iampartofapowerfulmachine,andwhenyoudealwithme,youdealwithmywholeorganization.”Uniformsareimmediatebeaconsofpowerandauthority.Ifapersonneedstodisplaypower—apoliceofficer,forexample—thenthebodycanbevirtuallytransformed.Heightcanbeexaggeratedwithprotectiveheadgear,thickclothingcanmakethebodylookbroaderandstronger,andbootscanenhancethepowerofthelegs.Uniformsalsoconveylowsocialstatus;atthebottomofthescale,theuniformoftheprisonerdenotesmembershipinthesocietyofconvictedcriminals.

Religiouscostumesignifiesspiritualorsuperhumanauthorityandpossessesasignificancethatidentifiesthewearerwithabelieforgod.Asuccessfulclergyhasalwaysdisplayedimpressiveinvestmentsofonekindoranotherthatclearlydemonstratethereligiousleader’sdominantstatus.26.Accordingtothepassage,whataspectofhumanity’shunting-gatheringpastisreflectedintheclothingoftoday?[A]Peoplecovertheirbodiesbecauseofmodesty.

[B]Mostmenstillcarryobjectsontheirperson.

[C]Womenlikeclothesthatarebeautifulandpractical.

[D]Menwearpants,butwomenwearskirtsorpants.27.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3?[A]Clothingservesaphysicalpurpose,whilecostumehasapersonal,social,orpsychologicalfunction.[B]Welikeclothingtofitourbodywell,butdifferentcostumesfitdifferentlydependingonthepurpose.[C]Bothclothingandcostumearetypesofattire,butitisoftendifficulttodistinguishbetweenthem.[D]Peoplespendmoretimeinchoosingspecialcostumesthantheydoinselectingeverydayclothing.28.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph4thattheauthormostlikelybelieveswhichofthefollowingaboutcostume?[A]Wecanlearnaboutasociety’ssocialstructurebystudyingcostume.[B]Costumeusedtoserveasimplefunction,butnowitisverycomplex.[C]Themainpurposeofcostumeistoforcepeopletoobeytheirleaders.[D]Costumeisrarelyareliableindicatorofaperson’smaterialwealth.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussthepoliceofficer’suniforminparagraph5?[A]Todescribetheaestheticaspectsofcostume.[B]Toidentifythewearerwithahero.

[C]Tosuggestthatpolicearesuperhuman.

[D]Toshowhowcostumeconveysauthority.30.Allofthefollowingarelikelytobeindicatedbyaperson’scostumeexcept[A]playingonafootballteam.

[B]beingaprisoner

[C]havingaheartcondition.

[D]leadingareligiousceremony.Text2ThefoundersoftheRepublicviewedtheirrevolutionprimarilyinpoliticalratherthaneconomicorsocialterms.Andtheytalkedabouteducationasessentialtothepublicgood—agoalthattookprecedenceoverknowledgeasoccupationaltrainingorself-improvement.Overandoveragain,theRevolutionarygeneration,bothliberalandconservativeinoutlook,asserteditsconvictionthatthewelfareoftheRepublicresteduponaneducatedcitizenryandthatschools,especiallyfreepublicschools,wouldbethebestmeansofeducatingthecitizenryincivicvaluesandtheobligationsrequiredofeveryoneinademocraticrepublicansociety.Allagreedthattheprincipalingredientsofaciviceducationwereliteracyandtheinculcationofpatrioticandmoralvirtues,someothersaddingthestudyofhistoryandthestudyofprinciplesoftherepublicangovernmentitself.

Thefounders,aswasthecaseofalmostalltheirsuccessors,werelongonexhortationandrhetoricregardingthevalueofciviceducation,buttheyleftittothetextbookwriterstodistilltheessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren.TextsinAmericanhistoryandgovernmentappearedearlyasthe1790s.Thetextbookwritersturnedouttobeverylargelyofconservativepersuasion,morelikelyFederalistinoutlookthanJeffersonian,andalmostuniversallyagreedthatpoliticalvirtuemustrestuponmoralandreligiousprecepts.SincemosttextbookwriterswereNewEnglanders,thismeansthatthetextswereinfusedwithProtestantand,aboveall,Puritanoutlooks.

InthefirsthalfoftheRepublic,civiceducationintheschoolsemphasizedtheinculcationofcivicvaluesandmadelittleattempttodevelopparticipatorypoliticalskills.Thatwasatasklefttoincipientpoliticalparties,townmeetings,churches,andthecoffeeoralehouseswheremengatheredforconversation.Additionally,asareadingofcertainfederalistpapersoftheperiodwoulddemonstrate,thepressprobablydidmoretodisseminaterealisticaswellaspartisanknowledgeofgovernmentthantheschools.Thegoalofeducation,however,wastoachieveahigherformofunumforthenewRepublic.Inthemiddlehalfofthenineteenthcentury,thepoliticalvaluestaughtinthepublicandprivateschoolsdidnotchangesubstantiallyfromthosecelebratedinthefirstyearsoftheRepublic.Inthetextbooksoftheday,theirrosyhuesifanythingbecamegolden.Totheresplendentvaluesofliberty,equality,andabenevolentChristianmoralitywerenowaddedthemiddle-classvirtues—especiallyofNewEngland—ofhardwork,honestyandintegrity,therewardsofindividualeffort,andobediencetoparentsandlegitimateauthority.Butofallthepoliticalvaluestaughtinschool,patriotismwaspreeminent;andwheneverteachersexplainedtoschoolchildrenwhytheyshouldlovetheircountryaboveallelse,theideaoflibertyassumedprideofplace.

31.Thepassagedealsprimarilywiththe

[A]contentofearlytextbooksonAmericanhistoryandgovernment.

[B]roleofeducationinlate18th-andearlytomid-19th-centuryAmerica.

[C]influenceofNewEnglandPuritanismonearlyAmericanvalues.

[D]establishmentofuniversal,freepubliceducationinAmerica.32.Accordingtothepassage,thefoundersoftheRepublicregardededucationprimarilyas[A]areligiousobligation.[B]aprivatematter

[C]amatterofindividualchoice.[D]apoliticalnecessity.33.Theauthorstatesthattextbookswritteninthemiddlepartofthenineteenthcentury[A]departedradicallyintoneandstylefromearliertextbooks.[B]mentionedforthefirsttimethevalueofliberty.[C]treatedtraditionalcivicvirtueswithevengreaterreverence.[D]werecommissionedbygovernmentagencies.34.WhichofthefollowingwouldLEASTlikelyhavebeenthesubjectofanearlyAmericantextbook?[A]theAmericanRevolution.

[B]patriotismandothercivicvirtues

[C]principlesofAmericangovernment.

[D]vocationaleducation35.TheauthorimpliesthatanearlyAmericanPuritanwouldlikelyinsistthat[A]moralandreligiousvaluesarethefoundationofcivicvirtue.[B]textbooksshouldinstructstudentsinpoliticalissuesofvitalconcerntothecommunity.[C]textbooksshouldgivegreateremphasistothevalueofindividuallibertythantothedutiesofpatriotism.[D]privateschoolswithaparticularreligiousfocusarepreferabletopublicschoolswithnoreligiousinstruction.SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.(15%)TheGreenhouseEffectandGlobalWarmingCarbondioxideandothernaturallyoccurringgasesintheearth’satmospherecreateanaturalgreenhouseeffectbytrappingandabsorbingsolarradiation.Thesegasesactasablanketandkeeptheplanetwarmenoughforlifetosurviveandflourish.Thewarmingoftheearthisbalancedbysomeoftheheatescapingfromtheatmospherebackintospace.Withoutthiscompensatingflowofheatoutofthesystem,thetemperatureoftheearth’ssurfaceanditsatmospherewouldrisesteadily.

Scientistsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutahuman-drivengreenhouseeffectresultingfromariseinatmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxideandotherheat-trappinggreenhousegases.Theman-madegreenhouseeffectistheexhalationofindustrialcivilization.Amajorcontributingfactoristheburningoflargeamountsoffossilfuels—coal,petroleum,andnaturalgas.Anotheristhedestructionoftheworld’sforests,whichreducestheamountofcarbondioxideconvertedtooxygenbyplants.Emissionsofcarbondioxide,chlorofluorocarbons,nitrousoxide,andmethanefromhumanactivitieswillenhancethegreenhouseeffect,causingtheearth’ssurfacetobecomewarmer.Themaingreenhousegas,watervapor,willincreaseinresponsetoglobalwarmingandfurtherenhanceit.

Thereisagreementwithinthescientificcommunitythatthebuildupofgreenhousegasesisalreadycausingtheearth’saveragesurfacetemperaturetorise.Thisischangingglobalclimateatanunusuallyfastrate.AccordingtotheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization,theearth’saveragetemperatureclimbedabout1degreeFinthepastcentury,andnineofthetenwarmestyearsonrecordhaveoccurredsince1990.AUnitedNationspanelhaspredictedthataverageglobaltemperaturescouldriseasmuchas10.5degreesFduringthenextcenturyasheat-trappinggasesfromhumanindustryaccumulateintheatmosphere.

Whatarethepotentialimpactsofanenhancedgreenhouseeffect?Accordingtoestimatesbyaninternationalcommittee,NorthAmericanclimaticzonescouldshiftnorthwardbyasmuchas550kilometers(340miles).Suchachangeinclimatewouldlikelyaffectallsectorsofsociety.Insomeareas,heatandmoisturestresswouldcutcropyields,andtraditionalfarmingpracticeswouldhavetochange.Forexample,intheNorthAmericangrainbelt,highertemperatureandmorefrequentdroughtduringthegrowingseasonmightrequirefarmerstoswitchfromcorntowheatandtousemorewaterforirrigation.

Globalwarmingmayalsocauseariseinsealevelbymeltingpolaricecaps.Ariseinsealevelwouldacceleratecoastalerosionandinundateislandsandlow-lyingcoastalplains,someofwhicharedenselypopulated.Millionsofacresofcoastalfarmlandwouldbecoveredbywater.Furthermore,thewarmingofseawaterwillcausethewatertoexpand,thusaddingtothepotentialdanger.

Globalwarminghasalreadyleftitsfingerprintonthenaturalworld.Tworesearchteamsrecentlyreviewedhundredsofpublishedpapersthattrackedchangesintherangeandbehaviorofplantandanimalspecies,andtheyfoundampleevidenceofplantsbloomingandbirdsnestingearlierinthespring.Bothteamsconcludedthatrisingglobaltemperaturesareshiftingtherangesofhundredsofspecies—thusclimaticzones—northward.Thesestudiesarehardevidencethatthenaturalworldisalreadyrespondingdramaticallytoclimatechange,eventhoughthechangehasjustbegun.Ifglobalwarmingtrendscontinue,changesintheenvironmentwillhaveanenormousimpactonworldbiology.Birdsespeciallyplayacriticalroleintheenvironmentbypollinatingplants,dispersingseeds,andcontrollinginsectpopulations;thus,changesintheirpopulationswillreverberatethroughouttheecosystemstheyinhabit.36.Accordingtothepassage,howdocarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesaffecttheearth-atmospheresystem?37.Whatcaneinferredfromparagraph3aboutglobalclimatechange?38.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisoneeffectthatclimatechangecouldhaveonagricultureinNorthAmerica?39.Whatevidencedoestheauthorgivethatclimatezoneshaveshiftednorthward?40.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybywritingTHREEsentencesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.

Scientistsareconcernedaboutthegreenhouseeffectanditsroleinglobalwarming.

TaskThree:CompositionWritingDirections:Readthefollowingessayquestioncarefully,formulateatitlebasedonthequestionandwritea400-wordcompositionontheAnswerSheet.(35%)

“Educationhasbecomethemainproviderofindividualopportunityinoursociety.Justaspropertyandmoneyoncewerethekeytosuccess,educationhasnowbecometheelementthatmostensuressuccessinlife.”

Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeopinionstatedabove.Supportyourpointofviewwithreasonsand/orexamplesfromyourownexperience.西安外國語大學(xué)2011年翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位研究生招生試題漢語寫作與百科知識（代碼：448）A卷注意事項：

1.請核對本場考試科目及代碼與你所報考專業(yè)的考試安排是否一致。

2.請一定使用黑色、藍色鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆，鉛筆答題無效。

3.請在專業(yè)答題紙上的規(guī)定區(qū)域清楚地填寫自己的姓名和準考證號碼。

4.請按照考題順序在專業(yè)答題紙上依次作答，在試卷上答題無效。

5.本科目總分為150分，答題時間為3小時，請掌握好答題時間。

6.考試結(jié)束后，請將試題和答題紙一并裝入考試專用試題袋，并及時交回。一、百科知識（解釋下列各句中劃線名詞的含義?？偡?0分，每個名詞2分；答題時間：60分鐘）1.在第18屆世界美學(xué)大會開幕式講話中，袁仁貴引用孔子的“興于《詩》，立于禮，成于樂”強調(diào)美育對人格塑造的作用。2.四書五經(jīng)將譯為八個語種，英文版《論語》將于明年問世。3.孔子的“德不孤，必有鄰”體現(xiàn)了我國外交政策的文化淵源。4.以色列特拉維夫大學(xué)教授歐永福首次將中國古籍《道德經(jīng)》譯為希伯來文。5.19世紀自然科學(xué)最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：能量守恒定律、細胞學(xué)說、進化論。6.宋代，由于閩學(xué)的發(fā)展，福建學(xué)者的《周易》研究名重全國。7.“不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵”是中國傳統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略思想的精髓所在。8.禪宗對唐代以后的中國文化影響極大，也影響著今天的東亞、歐美文化。9.“上善若水，情系西南：中國書畫大師抗旱救災(zāi)慈善捐款會”在京舉行。10.中醫(yī)思想認為，“養(yǎng)之不素則病生”。11.國學(xué)大師季羨林稱《大唐西域記》是研究印度歷史、哲學(xué)史、宗教史、文學(xué)史的一部稀世奇書。12.由于知識經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，20世紀90年代以來美國經(jīng)濟保持了連續(xù)增長。13.文藝復(fù)興時期，以伽利略為代表的意大利科學(xué)家發(fā)展了古希臘的科學(xué)文化，開創(chuàng)了實驗科學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。14.2008年北京奧運會開幕式堪稱一部以奧運語言展示中國的宣傳，其內(nèi)涵可用“禮之用，和為貴”來闡釋。15.杜甫的《北征》、《三吏》、《三別》集中表現(xiàn)出“沉郁之美”。16.“大鵬一日同風起，扶搖直上九萬里”，足見李白詩歌的“飄逸之美”。17.上海世博園中國館展示的100多米長卷《清明上河圖》引起眾多觀眾駐足。18.1993年，戈爾表示，美國政府的“信息高速公路”政策已初步成型。19.以“拯救地球、重在行動”為宗旨的可持續(xù)發(fā)展世界首腦會議于2002年8月在約翰內(nèi)斯堡國際會議中心舉行。20.亞里士多德的“四因說”旨在揭示自然界萬物的存在與變化。21.公園5世紀左右，羅馬基督教會創(chuàng)辦了教會學(xué)校，“七藝”成為主要課程。22.19世紀《動物起源》的發(fā)表引發(fā)了一場影響深遠的思想革命。23.20世紀中葉，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)的相互滲透全面促進了系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的建立。24.基因工程的產(chǎn)生使整個生物技術(shù)跨入了一個嶄新、快速的發(fā)展時代。25.進入21世紀，東西方兩大科學(xué)體系正在統(tǒng)一，新科技革命拉開序幕。二、應(yīng)用文寫作（總分40分；答題時間：60分鐘）請根據(jù)所提供的兩篇英文材料，用漢語編寫一片450字左右的新聞報道，標題自擬，要求信息準確，完整客觀，言簡意賅，行文符合規(guī)范。

閱讀材料1U.S.toProbeifChinaCleanEnergyActionsWTO-LegalWashingtonSat.Oct.16,20106:13amIST(Reuters)TheU.S.governmentonFridayagreedtoinvestigateaU.S.laborunion’schargesthatChinasubsidizesandprotectsitsgreentechnologyproducersinviolationofglobaltraderules.“ThisisavitallyimportantsectorfortheUnitedStates,”U.S.TradeRepresentativeRonKirksaid.“WetaketheUSW’s(Unitedsteelworkers)claimsveryseriouslyandwearevigorouslyinvestingthem.”DemocraticlawmakershailedtheactionasassignofPresidentBarackObama’sdeterminationnottoletChinauseunfairtradepracticestodominateglobalproductionofsolarpanels,windturbinesandothergreentechnologies.“WhilebothChinaandtheU.S.mustcontinuetoworktowardacleanenergyfuture,itislongpastduefortheChinesegovernmenttoplaybytherules,”HouseofRepresentativesSpeakerNancyPelosisail.Thedecision,unveiledninedaysbeforeitwasdueonOct24,cameonthesamedayastheTreasuryDepartment’sannouncementthatitwasputtingoffforatleastonemonthareportonwhetherChinaismanipulatingitscurrencyforanunfairtradeadvantage.Treasurysaiditwasdelayingitssemi-annualreportonforeignexchangeratepracticesuntilafterapairofinternationalsummitsinNovembertogivediplomaticpressureonChinamoretimetoachieveresults.Kirk’sannouncementshouldplaywellinhard-hitindustrialstatesandhelpDemocraticcongressionalcandidateswhosupportedthepetitionmakethecasetheyarefightingtosaveAmericanjobs.DemocraticseatsareatriskinmanystatesaheadoftheNov.2midtermelections.USTR’sdecision“sendsthemessagethatAmericaisnotgoingtostandbywhileourjobsgetoutsourced,”saidLeoGerard,presidentofthesteelworkersunion.“Astheelectionapproaches,votersshouldaskeverycandidatewhethertheysupportatradepolicythatcreatesjobsandwealthhereathomeoronethatignoresChina’sunfairandillegalpractices,”hesaid.Theunion,whichrepresents1.2millionactiveandretiredmembers,filedaformalpetitionwithKirk’sofficeinSeptemberaskingittoinvestigateChina’s“illegalactivities”infivegreentechnologiesareas.ItaccusesChinaoftryingtodominatetheglobalclean-energysectorbyshoweringbillionsofdollarsofsubsidiesondomesticproducers,discriminatingagainstforeignfirmsandgoods,restrictingforeignaccesstocriticalrawmaterialsandrequiringforeigninvestorstotransfertechnology.KirksaidU.S.tradeofficialswouldmorethoroughlyinvestigatetheallegationsoverthenext90daysanddecidewhethertoaskChinaforconsultationsonanyparticularconcern,whichisthefirststepinfilingaformalcomplaintattheWorldTradeOrganization.

閱讀材料2U.S.BarkingupWrongTreebyPickingatChina’sCleanEnergyIndustryXINHUA,2010-10-0423:14:20Beijing,Nov.4(Xinhua)—ExpertsonaTVinterviewprogramforXinhuaNewsAgencyThursdaysaidtheyweresurprisedattheU.S.301probeintoChina’scleanenergypracticesandpolicies,addingthattheUnitedStateswasbarkingupthewrongtreeinmakingthisdecision.“Itisnaturallyagreatcauseforeachcountrytodeveloprenewableenergy…thedevelopmentoftherenewableenergyindustrycallsforsubstantialsupportfromthegovernmentincombatingclimatechange,”saidQinHaiyan,aseniorfellowwiththeChineseWindEnergyAssociation.However,rapiddevelopmentoftheindustry,stillnewintermsofdevelopment,wouldbeimpossiblewithoutsupportfromthegovernment,Qinsaidduringtheshow,ChinaView,broadcastonXinhua’s24-hourTVservice,CNCWorld.Throughouttheworld,governmentsubsidiestoboostgreentechnologyindustriesarecommonpractices,notedQin,“Forinstance,countrieslikeGermanyandDenmarkhavetheso-calledfeed-intariffpolicy,whiletheUnitedStatesisputtinginplacepoliciessuchasPTC(ProductionTaxCredit)andITC(InvestmentTaxCredit).”Chinaencouragesthedevelopmentofthissectorthroughsubsidizingtheterminalmarketandgivingfinancialsupporttothescientificresearchanddevelopmentinthefield,with7millionyuan(1billionU.S.dollars)allocatedlastyeartosubsidizeproducersofrenewableelectricity,Qinsaid.China’stopenergychief,ZhangGuobao,saidlastmonththatsubsidiesgivenbytheU.S.governmenttoitsnewenergyenterprisesamountedto4.6billionU.S.dollarsinthefirstninemonthsofthisyear,including3billionU.S.dollarsforwindpowerbusinesses.TheprobedecisionwasmadebytheU.S.governmentonOct.15followingapetitionfiledbytheUnitedSteelworkersunion,whoclaimChina’s“massive”subsidieswereresponsibleforjoblossesintheUnitedStatesandmarketsharereductionsofU.S.companiesamidheightenedfearsthatU.S.Protectionistmeasuresagainstitstradepartnersmaybeontheriseduetoitssluggisheconomicrecovery.“Ithinkit’sverydifficulttomakeacorrelation(thatChina’ssubsidiescausewoesintheUnitedStates)forsuchastatement,”saidPanWeiping,aseniorconsultantfromGLGarradHassan,anindependentrenewableenergyconsultancyfirmbasedintheUK.Pa