閱讀理解之說明文-2023年中考英語考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)突破（原卷版）

專項(xiàng)39閱讀理解之說明文

備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語精選考點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)突破

考點(diǎn)詳解

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"英語說明文"，顧名思義，就是一種以“說明、解釋”為主要表達(dá)方式的英語文體。它是對(duì)客觀事

物的性狀、特點(diǎn)、功能和用途等作科學(xué)解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文

那樣，重在闡明主張和論點(diǎn)論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡

明事理，使人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)和技能。說明文是高考英語閱讀理解題中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。說明文具有與自己特

點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語多，易于拉開考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔

人才。然而對(duì)于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。高考對(duì)說明文的考查多為科普知識(shí)，動(dòng)植物特性、

自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性

的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點(diǎn)，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點(diǎn)突破長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)

特點(diǎn)和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對(duì)其做出準(zhǔn)確的語意理解。

說明文閱讀理解的特征

一般說來，英語說明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個(gè)方面，即WhoTwhat-

when—where—how—>why。

l.who：?jiǎn)柕氖沁@篇文章的主體是誰？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）

2.what：?jiǎn)柕氖侵黧w做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）

3.when和where：是在何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的？（即何時(shí)何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）

4.how：通過什么方式表現(xiàn)出來的？

5.why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么?

做說明文閱讀理解題的時(shí)候，一定要記住上面的whword。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點(diǎn)，把握全文。

真題再現(xiàn)

A

（2022?西藏?中考真題）

TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina9sTibetalongtheLhasa-Nyingchi（拉薩一

林芝鐵路）.

The435kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina5sfirstelectrified（電氣化的）railroadonthe

“RoofoftheWorld^^.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.

Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels（隧道）andcrosses

121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butifsabit

slowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonly

makeslocalpeople'slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.

“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthanever

before,9,saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasato

visitherparentsduringthesummervacation.

Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomore

places.IfssuretoputnewenergyintoTibefseco〃。加2。（經(jīng)濟(jì)的）development.

1.HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?

A.About5hours.B.About4hours.C.About3.5hours.D.About1.5hours.

2.WhafsthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?

A.160kilometersperhour.B.121kilometersperhour.

C.47kilometersperhour.D.160metersperhour.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens“meaninChinese?

A.克扣B.下降C.縮短D.缺少

4.WhafsspecialabouttheLhasa-NyingchiRailway?

A.Itcoversalargearea.

B.Itcancarrypassengers.

C.Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.

D.IfsChina9sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe"RoofoftheWorld^^.

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.

B.Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.

C.Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.

D.IfsabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.

B

（2022?江蘇南京?中考真題）

SueandJimwereneighboursfbrfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,Sue

sawJim'smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthat

theybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）

untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.^^Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

Somepsychologists（心理學(xué)家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有聯(lián)系的）yourpersonality.As

partofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.The

volunteersthenlistenedtoeachother'sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator'spersonality~~outgoing,

adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers9personalities

throughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,which

meanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.

ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg（hiphop）fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.

PeoplewholikeU2（rock/popmusic）aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.

ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong（jazz）fanstendto（傾向于）beseriousandintelligent.

Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistswere

surprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.

Title:Musicand_6

Anopinion?Your7inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.

?One'sclothesortasteinfilmsis8=importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessing

Findings

aboutone'spersonality.

?Itis9thathiphopfansareenergeticandtalkative.

?Peoplewho]0rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.

?Jazzfanstendtobe11andintelligent.

?It's12thatrapandheavymetalfensareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusic

lovers.

?14SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineach

An

other.

13

?AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad15inmon.

?Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

33模擬檢測(cè)

C

（2022?重慶璧山?一模）

Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasa

resultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.

Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment（設(shè)備）poweredbythesun.Crosby

Menzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricanpany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe"Sol4”."Itis

foursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.^^

The“Sol4"worksbyreflecting（反射）lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect（把...對(duì)準(zhǔn)）

thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenough

tocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasor

electricity.

Thecookerisalsomuch“fHendlier“thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.

Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswould

belesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.

Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeit

workwithoutsunlight.

Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,

CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental俳官方）organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplansto

raisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.

16.Thewriterstartsthepassageby.

A.paringfactsB.sharingexperiencesC.listingnumbersD.givingreasons

7.Theunderlinedword“individuals“mostprobablymeans"

A.cookersB.peopleC.mirrorsD.experts

18.Whichofthefollowingaboutthe"Sol4"isTRUE?

A.Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.

B.Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.

C.Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.

D.Itismoreenvironmentfriendlythanothercookers.

19.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat.

A.the"Sol4"willbedesignedinasmallersize

B.moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefuture

C.the"Sol4"isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricanpany

D.theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker

D

（2022?重慶開州?二模）

①Facialrecognition（人臉識(shí)另U）camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethis

technologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic（疫情）,canitstill

workwhenpeopleputonmasks?

②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology（E&T）

magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechpanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem（系統(tǒng)）.Itcanrecognize95percent

ofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.

③What'sthesecret?Ifsallaboutyoureyes.

④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,

ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn,t.Itstaysthesame-evenifweputonweight.Aslong

asthereareenoughdata（數(shù)據(jù)）fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.

⑤Tech5isanotherfacialrecognitionpany.TheSwissparty'sproductscans（掃描）theshapeofyourface.It

alsoscansyouriris（虹膜）,whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout（忽略）alloftheface

belowthenose.

⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone."Itcansearchforcriminals（罪犯）

andterrorists（恐，怖分子）evenwhentheywearmas