學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作課件

英語寫作AcademicWriting學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作組織段落Paragraphstructure

對于綜述性論文、文獻(xiàn)綜述以及前言部分非常重要學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Insomepartsoftheworld,countriesarefacedwithproblemsofinadequateandunevenlydistributedwaterresources.Somecountrieshavedevelopedavarietyofstrategiestomeetthewaterneedsoftheirpeopleandtheiragriculture.Suchstrategiesareoftenimplementedinareas….TopicSentence

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作TopicSentence總結(jié)了一段落的主要內(nèi)容，更好地引導(dǎo)讀者，作者也應(yīng)該圍繞它展開段落內(nèi)容。

Topicsentence經(jīng)常放在一個段落的第一句、第二句或者最后一句。有時為了強調(diào)也可以用不同語言在不同位置表述。TopicSentence特點：包含一些特定信息；能有助于展開整個段落；是一個完整的句子，但是意思不能太寬泛也不能太窄。學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作PlanningaParagraphOnceyouhavecollectedyourideas,animportantstepinwritingaparagraphistoorganisethemintopoints(themainandsupportingpoints)thatyouwishtoinclude.Youshouldthenorderthepointsinaclearandlogicalway,constructyourparagraphandincludeatopicsentence.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Title：Identifythedifferentkindsofbenefitsofshoppingonlineforthecustomer.TimesavedBuyingandsendingpresentstofriendsinotherplacesShoppingfromhome學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作論文組織學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作組織層次科技論文經(jīng)常要表達(dá)非常復(fù)雜的問題，所以需要特別注意語言的組織，有時需要用不同層次的組織方式。Generic–基礎(chǔ)的（普通的）Macro展示論文大部分內(nèi)容和觀點時采用的層次，根據(jù)寫作目的有一些組織原則.Micro論文中部分內(nèi)容可能用到這種層次，特別體現(xiàn)句子間的某種特殊關(guān)系或者例證，如對比、因果學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作OrganisingatMacroLevel

一般來說，應(yīng)該首先根據(jù)你的寫作目的來組織論文層次結(jié)構(gòu)，如為了展示一個事物的兩個方面；為了盡力闡述某個觀點，使讀者信服。希望表述清楚不同觀點的重要性，OrderofImportance有很多Topic要闡述清楚，每個Topic可能還有正反不同觀點Orderoftopic對于某個Topic可能有很多觀點，作者可能對不同的觀點進(jìn)行argue，然后證明自己的觀點是正確的，Argument-driven對于某個topic的闡述涉及到四個基本因素：在某種特定的情況下，有一些問題存在，提出解決問題的方法，最后評估這種解決方案的效果，SPSE(SituationProblemSolutionEvaluation)希望清楚地展示topic的兩個方面，Two-sidedapproach

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作OrganizingatMicroLevel

在科技論文寫作中，尤其在表述不同事物或者觀點之間的關(guān)系時，這是最常見的一種組織方式。主要包括：DescribinglocationClassifying/CategorisingLinkingcausesandeffects,reasons,explanationsandresultsDescribingaprocessorprocedureGivingexamplesDefiningtermsComparingandcontrastingDescribingobjects/apparatusNarratingDescribinghierarchicalstructures學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Despitethefactthatitisincreasing,computercrimeisstilloftenperceivedasbeinglesssignificantthanothertypesofcrime.Consequently,itdoesnotalwaysreceivethepublicattentionandpoliceresourcesthatitshould.Theonlinesalesprocessislargelyautomated.Acustomeristakenthroughaseriesofinteractivesteps,whichallowsthemtoselectandplacetheirorderforgoods.Inthenextstage,thecustomer‘saddress….Thecustomeristhen

askedto……Shortlyafterwards,thecustomer….OtherformsofidentificationsuchasvoicerecognitionandDNApromayalsohavearoleinmaintainingsecurityinthefuture.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Outsourcingcanbedefinedasusingoutsidesuppliersof….Ifacompanydoesnotoutsource,itcanexpecttohavehigherrecruitmentcostssinceitwillneedtoprovidethenecessarystafffornon-coreareasaswellasforcost-effectivecoreones.Incontrast,ifworkisoutsourced,…Theelectronicswitchiscomposedof

theswitchitself,whichcontrolstheflowofanelectriccurrentaroundacircuitpathway.Theswitchcan….學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作OrganisingforAcademicDescriptions

科技論文中經(jīng)常需要描述一個地方，一個設(shè)備等；Outsideinwards–如描述一個大學(xué)或者一個城市，從主線到特定的地方或者特定的建筑

；Wholetoparts–如描述一個特定的機械設(shè)備，先整體描述再分部分介紹；Leftsidetorightside–如組裝一個復(fù)雜的科學(xué)設(shè)備，從左到右描述；Toptobottom–如描述一個沉積的地層。

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作文字風(fēng)格、形式Patternsintexts

先介紹（引入）一個topic或者theme，然后詳細(xì)展開或者解釋Topic-Elaboration研究者以atheoryorbeliefonatopic開始，然后盡力給出factsorevidence，最后drawsaconclusion，如研究者說明某個化學(xué)物質(zhì)和癌癥有關(guān)；大量用于描述研究行為Hypothesis–Evidence–Conclusion描述一項研究或者一個實驗的過程，suchas'first','then','afterthat',and'finally'thatshowtheorderofthestagesinvolvedSequential學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作首先給出overallorgeneralidea，然后是aparticularexampleorillustration，如General–Specific；首先abrief(perhapsonesentence)summaryoftheeventorpoint

，然后furtherdetailedinformationthatsupportsthemainpoint，以此證明觀點是正確的Mainfacts–SupportingdetailsNote：通常一篇論文可能采用多種組織方式，如一篇研究論文整體結(jié)構(gòu)是Hypothesis-Evidence-Conclusion，在hypotheses部分采用‘Topic–Elaboration’，在evidence部分采用'Sequential'pattern學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作

Paraphrasingandsummarising

解釋和總結(jié)

用于文獻(xiàn)綜述等學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作寫科技論文時經(jīng)常需要引用其他文獻(xiàn)中的主要思想，但是又不能總是“直接引用”，這時就需要Paraphrasingandsummarising；例：Welsh(1994:424)statesthatcostscanbekeptdownandqualityincreasedbyusingpreviouslydevelopedsoftwareagain.Eitherthewholesoftwarepackagecanbeusedagainorpartofitcanbeusedtomakeadifferentproduct.When？Why？How？學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作避免太多的直接引用；更加精確、簡短、合適地支撐自己論文的觀點；更加適合自己論文的風(fēng)格；不是大量copy原文的語句，而是用自己的語言更明確、簡短地說明原文的思想；一般步驟包括：仔細(xì)閱讀原文，弄明白原文的主要意圖，根據(jù)你論文的目的選擇相關(guān)信息，用自己的語言完整描述原文思想（不同觀點之間可能需要加上不同關(guān)聯(lián)詞如’‘however’,‘a(chǎn)lthough’,‘since’），最后檢查自己的綜述是否與原文相符。學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Expressingcauseandeffect

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作連接詞as,consequently,so,dueto

(1)Consequently,manycompaniesnowhavesophisticatedfirewallsandfulltimecomputerprogrammerstodealwithvirusattacksandensureafullyfunctioningnetwork.

(2)Newvirusesappearinthewildalmosteverydayandsonewvirusidentificationfilesneedtobedownloadedandinstalledbyusersregularly.

(3)Anetworkcrashdueto

thefactthatitcannotcopewiththesheervolumeoftraffic.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作thecause,aresult

(1)Thecauseofmanyvirusattacksisperhapsrogueprogrammerstryingtooutwitlargercorporations.(2)Aresulthasbeenaproliferationofanti-virussoftwareprograms.hasledto,haveresultedin(1)Thewidespreaduseofintegratednetworksystemsforbothbusinessandleisurehas

ledtoincreasedopportunitiesforhackerstoexploittheweaknessesofsuchhighlyintegratedsoftware.(2)Theseattackshavealsoresultedintheregularreleaseofnewpatchesbysoftwarewritersthatrepairthesecurityweaknessesinexistingproducts.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作AffectandEffect

Affectisalwaysaverb.

Effectcanbeaverboranoundependingonitsmeaning;(1)TheDirectorwantedtoeffectachangeinresearchproposalprocedures.

(2)Thecutinfundingwillaffecttheamountofresearchthatiscarriedout.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Grammarinwriting

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Articles以下規(guī)則TrueorFalseIngrammar,THEiscalledtheDEFINITEARTICLEandAandANareknownastheINDEFINITEARTICLE;ANisusedinfrontofwordsspelledwithavowel(A,E,I,O,U)atthebeginning;Theindefinitearticleisusedwhenapersonorconceptismentionedforthefirsttimeandsubsequentreferencestothenoun,onceithasbeenidentified,usethedefinitearticle,forexample:Centraltotheuseofanotebookasadesktopcomputerisadockingstation.Thedockingstationconsistsofahardwareframewithasetofelectricalconnections.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Ifthereisonlyoneexampleofaconceptinexistenceweusetheindefinitearticle,e.g.Aninternet,asuninoursolarsystem；Whenanadjectiveisusedasanountorepresentaagroupofpeopleorexamplesofatype,thedefinitearticleisalwaysusede.g.Theunexpectedmayoccur;Itisnecessarytoaddresstheproblemoftheunemployed.Similarly,nationalitiescanbereferredtousingthedefinitearticletogetherwiththeadjective,e.g.theBritish;theChinese；Thedefinitearticleisusedwhenmakingageneralstatementusinganuncountablenounbutnoarticleisusedwhenmakingaspecificpointaboutanuncountablenoun,e.g.Thetimemanagementisanecessaryskillforaresearchertodevelop;softwarethatthecompanyhasproducedhasprovedunsatisfactory.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Ageneralstatementcanbemadewhichreferstoallexamplesofakindofcountablenounusinganindefinitearticleandthesingularformofthecountablenoun,e.g.APCcardisaninsertablepieceofhardwarefornotebooks.Itisalsopossibletomakethiskindofstatementusingthepluralformwithnoarticle,e.g.PCcardsareinsertablepiecesofhardwarefornotebooks(noticethatinthiscase,othercountablenounsinthesentencearegenerallyputinthepluralformtoo).Bothcountablenounsintheirpluralformanduncountablenounsrequirethedefinitearticleinfrontofthemwhenbeingusedinaspecificcontext,e.g.Eightypercentofthecustomerswhowereinterviewedrespondedpositively;Thecompany'sturnoverthisyearhasbeenexceptional.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Noarticleisneededinfrontofthesuperlativeform,'first','second'etc,and'next'e.g.ItislargestdamofitskindinAsia;Itwasfirstproblemtobesolvedbytheteam;Nextconsiderationistheimplementationofthescheme.Thedefinitearticlecanbeusedwithasingularnountomakeageneralstatementaboutthatgroup.Thestatementreferstothewholeclassandnottotheindividualsintheclasse.g.Thefastfoodoutlethasbecomeanestablishedpartofurbanlife.Heretheuseoftheindefinitearticlewouldnotbepossiblebecausethestatementreferstoallthemembersofthegroupratherthanthegroupitselfsothefollowingsentencewouldbewrong:Afastfoodoutlethasbecomeanestablishedpartofurbanlife.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Modals

May,might,andcouldareallusedtoadduncertaintytoastatement.Inotherwords,nofirmconclusioncanbedrawnaboutthepointexpressed.Forexample:Allthreeofthestudiesshowthatthevaccinemay/might/couldleadtounpleasantsideeffects.Canisusedforstraightforward,factualpossibility.Thestatementdoesnotincludeanywriterjudgementaboutthematter.Forexample:Afirewallcanstophackersfromaccessingthenetwork.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作May,mightandcouldcanbeusedtosuggestafutureoutcomewithoutevidence–andwhenusedlikethistheyoftencarryasenseofthewriterhopingorfearingitwillhappen.Forexample:Theimplementationofthepolicymay/could/mightincreasejobopportunitiesinthenorthofthecountryandevenboostconsumerspending;Globalwarmingandthespreadofthemosquitomay/could/mightleadtothousandsofdeathsfrommalariainEuropethiscentury.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Itmightbeconcludedthatfurtherresearchintothisdiseaseisunnecessary,sincenowadaystheconditioniseasilytreatedbyoralmedication.SuchaviewwouldbemistakenbecauseItcouldbeclaimedthatsoftwareprogramsofthiskindareoflittleuseagainstdeterminedhackers.However,thisisunlikelytobethecasesince...Thewaytomanagerialeffectivenessliesindelegation.Thismightbetheviewofsomemanagementconsultantsbutitcouldbearguedthat...作者使用might、could實際上是為了弱化這種觀點，然后再更加容易批判并提出不同觀點

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Nouns學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作NounPhrases(Article)(adjective)Noun

(singular)+Noun

(singularorplural)

Examples:computertechnology,computerviruses,internalsecuritymatters,telephonecalls,identitytheft,Spammail,productcomponents,awebprogrammer,automaticcostcomparisonsthee-commercesector(Article)(adjective)Noun+'s(ors')+Noun(singularorplural)Examples:children’sInternetactivities,acompany’sactivity,customers’creditcards,theoutsourcer’scontrol(Article)(adjective)+Noun(singularorplural)+preposition+Noun(singularorplural)Examples:anincreaseincomputercrime,hugesumsofmoney,formsofidentification,advocatesofcensorship,scopeforfreedomofexpression,theneedforadjustments學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Nounsandcountability

Countable(C)

program|interface|byte|database|system|motherboard|device|project|network|circuit|appliance|modelUncountable(U)

multitasking|storage|compatibility|image|information|engineering|equipment|circuitry|research|spamBoth(C)and(U)

application|memory|resolution|protocol|technology|architecture|software學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Passiveform

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Thepassive

ExpressinggeneralbeliefsTotalworldpopulationisestimatedtobeabout6billion.

AIDSisbelievedtohavestartedinAfrica.

Itisassumedthatpoliticianswillrepresentthepeople.*FocusingontheresultofanactionratherthantheagentcarryingitoutInanyresearchstudy,somethingisinvestigated.IntheMethodssectionofaresearcharticle,anexplanationwillbeprovidedofhowthedatawascollectedortheresearchwasconducted.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Focusingthereader'sattentiononthefirstpartofasentenceExampleA

Scientistsconductedtestsonthesubstancestotrytoascertainlevelsoftoxicity.ExampleB

Testswereconductedonthesubstancestotrytoascertainlevelsoftoxicity.HelpingthewritertosoundmoreobjectiveExampleA

AccordingtoareportbytheDepartmentofTransport(2001),congestiononUKroadshasbeenincreasingoveraten-year...ExampleB

Inmyopinion,roadsintheUKarebecomingmorecongested….學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Alternativestothepassivevoice

注意不能濫用被動語態(tài)，有時主動語態(tài)更加明確和精煉；ExtractA

Fromthesamplestakenfrompatients,itwasindicatedthatthediseasewasmoredifficulttotacklethanpreviouslythought.ExtractB

Samplestakenfrompatientsindicatedthatthediseasewasmoredifficulttotacklethanpreviouslythought.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作用名詞作主語代替被動語態(tài)Thesamplewasanalysedtorevealgreatdifferencesbetweenages.Analysisofthesamplerevealedgreatdifferencesbetweenages.主語是具體實物Itwasfoundfromtheexperimentthat…Theexperimentshowedthat…..學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Prepositions

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Verbs

：agree，aim，comment，DealAdjectives：aware，dissatisfied，accustomed，sympatheticNouns：comparison，reaction，rise，solution學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Reportingverbs

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Reportingverbsinacademicwriting

CommonreportingverbsSmithdescribedthesituationinAsia.Heobservedthatapplesofthistypeareusuallygreen.Smith'sworkestablishedthatbuyersdislikeunnaturallycolouredapples.Thestudyrevealedthatgreenappleswerelesspopularwiththeconsumerthanredones.TheresearchconfirmedthatbuyersbothinAsiaandtheUKdislikeblueapples.Smith'sstudyaddressedthequestionofmaleandfemalepreferences.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作ObjectiveorEvaluativeObjective:describe,identify,present,propose,report,state,suggestNegative:claimPositive:identify,establish,show學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作criticalreportingverbs并不是批評作者，只是指出他未報道；ThoughJones(1989)discusseshardwarerequirementsatlength,shedoesnotdealwith

systemreliability.Indeedshedoesnotcoversoftwareeither,sayingnothingaboutdatabasedesign.Howard(1991),ontheotherhand,treatsdatabasedesignindetail,butdoesnotconsiderthelimitationsofdatabasesinpractice.Smith(2001)considersseverallimitationsofdatabaseuse,butdoesnotaddressthespecificproblemofgenderpreferences.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作在某些特定的情況下，需要指出某些文獻(xiàn)的弱點，或者問題，而提出“批評”；ThoughJones(1989)discusseshardwarerequirementsatlength,shefailstomentionsystemreliability.

Howard(1991),ontheotherhand,treatsdatabasedesignindetail,butignoresthelimitationsofdatabasesinpractice.

Smith(2001)considersseverallimitationsofdatabaseuse,butomitsalldiscussionofthespecificproblemofgenderpreferences.

Williams(2002)inalongreviewofSmith(2001)evaluatestheresearchmethodology,butcompletely

ignoresthesamplesize.

學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Tensesusedwithreportingverbs

所有報道都是過去的事情，是否全部用過去時？通常用哪幾種時態(tài)？句子中包括時間表達(dá)（e.g.by1998,recently,todate），是否影響時態(tài)？作者對于報道的態(tài)度是否影響時態(tài)的選擇？學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作論文編輯與檢查EditandProofread學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作StagesPartsofstagesExploringandpreplanningExploreandevaluatealternativeidea,organizationandapproachestodevelopingyourtextPlanningandorganisationPlanextensivelybeforedraftingProduceanoutlineReviseplansdraftingwritethefirstdraftdonotworrytoomuchaboutthegrammarandmechanicsofwritingstopfrequentlytoreread/reflectontheorganizationandcontentofthetext-butdonoteditatthisstagerevisingandeditingViewthedraftasareader-becriticalofyourworkproofreadingreadyourfinalversionveryclosely;checkeveryword,letter,spaceandpunctuationmark學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作編輯和修改論文Isthemainideaclearlyexpressed?Isthecontentrelevanttothequestionorthetopic?Aretheresufficientexamplestosupportthemainideas?Isthereaclearstructuretothecontent?Istheinformationwell-linkedtogether?學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作EditingforcoherenceDoesthetextmakesense?Aretheideaspresentedinalogicalorder?Doesthetextmakeuseofsignpost/linkinglanguagetoguidethereader?HaveyouputknowninformationBEFOREnewinformation?/generalisationBEFOREexamples?Haveyoumadethelinkbetweenideasclear?學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作BusinessProcessRe-EngineeringisoneofthetwoprincipalconceptsinBusinessEngineering,whichisanewapproachtohelporganizationstocopewiththechangingenvironmentinwhichtheyare.Itisaviewoftheentirebusinessintermsofwhy,whatandhowprocesses-aseriesofstepsdoneinordertoaccomplishadefinedtaskwithintheenterprise-areperformed,andtheotherisBusinessImprovement.Oncetheenterprisehasbeenre-engineeringprocessesneedtobemaintainedandimprovedinordertosurviveinthechangingenvironment.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作PROOFREADING

英語文章的準(zhǔn)確性ACCURACY

GrammarSpellingPunctutation學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Wrongorimprecisechoiceofword;Wrongchoiceofgrammar(especiallytense,preposition,article,subject/verbagreement)Wrongspelling,inconsistentspelling(e.g.amixtureofBritishandAmericanEnglish),mistypedwordsUseofinformallanguage(slang,idiomsandmostphrasalverbs)Misuseofpunctuation(especiallycommas,fullstops,capitalletters)學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作verbtensessubject-verbagreementpluralsarticlesprepositionspronounswordformsGrammar:HaveIcheckedforgrammaticalerrors?學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作sentencefragmentsrun-onsentencesparallelstructuresspellingandpunctuationisspellingcorrect?Isspellingconsistent?（organize）Ispunctuationcorrect?sentencestructure學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作FontsizeandtypeIndentationJustificationofparagraphsMarginsSpacingSectionnumberingPagenumberingHeadersandfootersCapitalizationItalicized,bold-printedorunderlinedwordsWordingandfontoftitlesPresentation:haveIcheckedthepresentation?學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Positionedproperly?Referredtodirectly?Titledandlabeledcorrectly?Citedappropriately?ListedinthelistoftablesorillustrationsHaveIcheckedthattables,graphsandillustration學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作REFERENCINGANDCITATIONSAreallsourcesacknowledged?Arecitationsformattedcorrectly?Arequotationmarksusedfordirectquotes?Isthereferencelistcompleteandaccurate?Isreferencingconsistent?學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Subject-verbagreementINCORRECT:Theexperienceoflivingoverseasandlearningthelanguageandcustomsofothercountriesareofgreatbenefittointernationalstudents.CORRECT:Theexperienceoflivingoverseasandlearningthelanguageandcustomsofothercountriesisofgreatbenefittointernationalstudents.Participles:INCORRECT:Studyingtheseexamples,theconclusionswereclear.CORRECT:Whentheseexampleswerestudied,theconclusionswereclear.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作PronounsINCORRECT:Littleresearchexistsonoldermigrants’previouslanguagelearningwhogotoenrolloncourses.CORRECT:Littleresearchexistsonthepreviouslanguagelearningofoldermigrantswhogotoenrolloncourses.SentenceFragmentsINCORRECT:Themorevaluableassetssuchasland,jewelleryorlengthsoffabricrepresentwealth.Whereassmalllivestockhaveamoreutilitarianfunction.CORRECT:Themorevaluableassetssuchasland,jewelleryorlengthsoffabricrepresentwealth,whereassmalllivestockhaveamoreutilitarianfunction.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Run-onsentencesINCORRECT:Theresultsalsosuggestthattherewerenogenderdifferencesinthepropensitytorecyclewaste,thisisinaccordwiththeliteraturesurvey.CORRECT:Theresultsalsosuggestthattherewerenogenderdifferencesinthepropensitytorecyclewaste.Thisisinaccordwiththeliteraturesurvey.ParallelstructuresINCORRECT:Theprojectisaimedatanticipatingeventsinthisregion,andtoenhanceourlimitedabilitytodiscernandinterpretsignsofunrestinothervolcanicareas.CORRECT:Theprojectisaimedatanticipatingeventsinthisregion,andenhancingourlimitedabilitytodiscernandinterpretsignsofunrestinothervolcanicareas.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作ProblemsGrammarmistakes,colloquialisms,andformattingproblemsWritingextremelylongsentences學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作omissionofarticlesa,an,andtheomittedwheretheyarerequiredusedwheretheyarenotneededorcontributetowordinessusedwronglyinplaceofthecorrectarticle學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Examples1.Incorrect:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonsurfaceofmainandsplitterblades.15Correct:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonthesurfaceofthemainandsplitterblades.152.Incorrect:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobea3Dmodelingtool;itisgoodatdealingwithfreesurfacesandcurves.4Correct:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobethe3Dmodelingtool;itisgoodatdealingwithfreesurfacesandcurves.4學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作VerylongsentencesVerylongsentencesareespeciallycommoninChinese-EnglishwritingbecausethewritersoftentranslatedirectlyfromChinesetoEnglish.Although,inChinesewritingitisacceptabletoputseveralsupportingideasinonsentencetoshowtheirrelationshipInEnglish,themainideaandeachsupportingideaistypicallywritteninseparatesentences.Longsentencescanbeavoidedbylimitingeachsentencetooneortwotopics.Semicolonsshouldbeusedwherethewriterreallywantstoemphasizetherelationshipbetweenideas.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Toolong:Thegeartransmissionisgradeseven,thegeargapis0.00012radians,thegeargaphasdifferentoutputvaluescorrespondingtoanygiveninputvalue,nonlinearityofthegeargapmodelcanbedescribedbyusingthephasefunctionmethod,theexistingbacklashblockinthenon-linearlibraryoftheMatlab/zdimulinktoolboxcanbeused,theinitialvalueofgeargapinthebacklashblockissettozeroCorrect:Thegeartransmissionisgradeseven.Thegeargap,whichis0.00012radians,hasdifferentoutputvaluescorrespondingtoanygiveninputvalue.Thenonlinearityofthegeargapmodelcanbedescribedbyusingthephasefunctionmethod.Theexistingbacklashblockinthenon-linearlibraryoftheMatlab/zdimulinktoolboxcanbeused;theinitialvalueofgeargapinthebacklashblockissettozero.學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作Super-longsentenceabulletedlistAnothertypeofsuper-longsentencethatfrequentlyoccursintechnicalpapersisthatofalist.Thewriterwantstogivealargeamountofdata,usuallyparametervalues,andputsthisinformationintoonelong,paragraph-sizedsentence.Thebestwaytogivesuchtypeandquantityofinformationistotabulateit(putitinabulletedlist).學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語論文寫作BringthemainideatothebeginningChinesewritersoftenprefacethemaintopicofasentencebyfirststatingthepurpose,location,reason,examplesandconditionsasintroductoryelements.Thishastheeffe