高中英語(yǔ)高考復(fù)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)文化考點(diǎn)素材(中國(guó)文化元素)

#高考英語(yǔ)中國(guó)文化元素考點(diǎn)素材一、長(zhǎng)城(TheGreatWall)TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftenindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecometheShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguanPassinthewest,wasmostlybuiltduringtheMingDynasty.長(zhǎng)城是人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔,或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。”實(shí)際上,長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而,今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城一一東起山海關(guān),西至嘉峪關(guān)一一大部分都是在明代修建的。二、餃子(Dumplings)DumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaintZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1)搟皮、2)備餡、3)包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。三、筷子(ChineseChopsticks)TheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時(shí)稱(chēng)為箸,它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒I、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物,如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴”的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明?！就卣?】TheStoryofChopsticks(1)筷子的故事⑴ChopsticksareusedeverydayinChina.⑵NowI'dliketotakethisopportunitytosharetheirinterestinghistorywithyou.⑶Ithinkyou'llagreethatevenanordinaryitemusedindailylifecanhaveafascinatingstory.⑷AlthoughchopsticksoriginatedinChina,theyarewidelyusedinmanyAsiancountries.(5)Thefirstchopsticksweremadefromboneandjade.(6)IntheSpringandAutumnperiod,copperandironchopstickscameintobeing.⑺Inancienttimes,therichusedjadeorgoldchopstickstodisplaytheirwealth.⑻Manykingsandemperorsusedsilverchopstickstoseeiftheirfoodhadbeenpoisoned.⑽ManyforeignfriendstrytousechopstickswhentheyvisitChina.(ll)EventheformerpresidentoftheUnitedStatesRichardNixon,usedchopsticksatthewelcomingbanquetheldinhishonor.(12)Assoonashelefthistable,aforeigndiplomatgrabbedhischopsticksasahistoricalsouvenir.⑴中國(guó)人每天都在使用筷子。⑵現(xiàn)在我想借這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)和大家一起聊一些有關(guān)于筷子歷史的有趣故事。⑶我想你會(huì)贊同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也會(huì)有其引人入勝的故事。⑷雖然筷子起源于中國(guó)，但現(xiàn)在很多的亞洲國(guó)家都在使用⑸最早的筷子是用骨頭和玉制成的。⑹在春秋時(shí)代又出現(xiàn)了銅制和鐵制的筷子。⑺在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以顯示其家庭的富有⑻許多帝王用銀制的筷子以檢查他們的食物中是否被人投了毒。⑼筷子在傳統(tǒng)上是被當(dāng)作新娘的嫁妝的，因?yàn)椤翱曜印痹跐h語(yǔ)中讀作“kuaizi"，聽(tīng)起來(lái)很像“快得兒子”。⑽許多外國(guó)朋友在訪(fǎng)問(wèn)中國(guó)的時(shí)候都使用筷子。（甚至是美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)尼克松在為其到來(lái)而舉辦的歡迎宴會(huì)上也使用了筷子。?他剛一離開(kāi)桌子，一名國(guó)外的外交人員就抓起了他的筷子，把它作為了具有歷史意義的紀(jì)念品?！就卣?】TheStoryofChopsticks(2)筷子的故事⑴InancientChina,chopstickssignifiedfarlorethantoolsthattakefoodtothemouth;theyalsosignifiedstatusandrules,“can”and”can’t”.(2)DuringtheNorthernSongDynasty,anofficialnamedTangSuoncehaddinnerwiththeemperor.Hewasnotwellinformedinnobletableetiquetteandsolaiddownhischopstickshorizontallyonthetablebeforetheemperordid.Asaresult,hewasexpatriatedtoafrontierareaforpenalservitude.⑶Inancienteatingetiquette,therewereoveradozentaboosconceningchopsticks.Forexample,theycouldnotbeplacedverticallyintoadish,asthiswasthewayofmakingsacrificestothedead.⑴在古代中國(guó)，筷子不僅僅是把食物送到口中的餐具，它被賦予了重要的內(nèi)涵和“能”和“不能”的規(guī)矩。⑵北宋朝時(shí),一個(gè)叫唐肅的官員陪皇帝進(jìn)膳。他不了解用餐時(shí)使用筷子的禮儀,在皇帝還沒(méi)有吃完時(shí),他把筷子橫放在桌子上,表示他不想再吃了。結(jié)果這位官員被發(fā)配邊疆。

⑶在古代的飲食禮儀中,筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多種。比如，忌將筷子豎直插入菜盤(pán)或飯碗中，因?yàn)檫@代表為死人上墳。四、中國(guó)功夫(Chinesekungfu)Chinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù),是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目,承載著豐富的中國(guó)民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō),同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多,講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修,蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱(chēng)十八般武藝,主要指:徒手拳藝,如太極拳?形意拳?八卦掌等;器械功夫,如刀槍劍戟?斧鉞鉤叉等O【拓展】⑴ChineseKungFuismagnificentandprofoundbutit'sunfortunatethatalotofithasnotbeenpasseddown.(2)Taijiquancanmakeyoufeelatpeace.Inadditiontoemphasizingmatchingthemovementswithyourbreathing,itisgoodforyourhealthtoo.isofform,often⑶Theprimaryreasonforpracticingkungfuisforhealthreasons.Defensesecondaryimportanceandhurtingothersisabolutelyunacceptable.isofform,often⑴中國(guó)功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已經(jīng)失傳了。⑵太極拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合動(dòng)作，對(duì)身體也有好處。⑶練武的主要目的在于鍛煉身體，其次是防身，至于用來(lái)傷人是萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可以的。ThereismuchmoretoKungFuthanJackieChanorBruceLee.KungFuisanartandalso,verygoodforyou.功夫并不只是指成龍或李小龍，它是一種藝術(shù)形式，而且對(duì)你很有好處。ManystylesofKungFuarebasedontheideasofnature.Ancientboxingmastersdevelopedtheirfightingtechniquesbyobservingtheworldaroundthem.Animals,birds,andinsectsprovidedthebasisformanysystemsofKungFudevelopedinthepast.很多功夫招式來(lái)源于對(duì)自然界的想象。古代拳術(shù)大師常常通過(guò)觀(guān)察他們周?chē)氖澜绺倪M(jìn)拳術(shù)技法。動(dòng)物、鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和昆蟲(chóng)為過(guò)去很多功夫的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展提供了基礎(chǔ)。ManyofthehardformsofKungFucamefromaBuddhistMonasterycalled“Shaolin”.AnIndianpriestnamedTamocametolivetherenearly1500yearsagou.Accordingtolegend,Tamoarrivedatthemonasterywherehefoundthemonksinpoorphysicalcondition.Becausetheycouldn’tstayawakeduringmeditation,Tamointroducedaseriesof18exercisedesignedtofeedbothbodyandmind.Thesemovementsaresaidtohavemergedwithself-defensetacticsstudiedintheShaolinTemple.很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺廟。大約1500年前,有個(gè)叫達(dá)摩的印度僧人來(lái)到這里。傳說(shuō)他來(lái)到寺廟,發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的和尚身體狀況很不好。因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谧U時(shí)候不能保持清醒,達(dá)摩就傳授給他們一套十八手拳法，目的是鍛煉他們的身心。據(jù)說(shuō)這些動(dòng)作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身術(shù)OIsuggestasoftformofKungFu,calledTaiQi.ItcomesfromTaoismandit’sverygoodforyourhealth.Throughitstraining,youcangetinnerpeaceandasenseofphysicalandemotionalwellbeing.It’softencalledChineseYoga:theartandscienceofmeditationthroughmovement.我建議你學(xué)習(xí)一種溫和的功夫,叫太極拳。它源于道教,對(duì)你的健康非常有好處。通過(guò)這種訓(xùn)練,你能達(dá)到內(nèi)心的平和，以及身體和情緒上的安寧舒適。它經(jīng)常被人們稱(chēng)作中國(guó)瑜伽:通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到沉思冥想的一種藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。五、漢字(Chinesecharacters)Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare" "(thehorizontalstroke)“|”(theverticalstroke),“/”(theleft-fallingstroke),“”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫(huà),經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音?形?意韻的獨(dú)特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書(shū)、楷書(shū)、草書(shū)、行書(shū)等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人”天圓地方”的觀(guān)念。漢字有五種基本筆畫(huà)，即:橫、豎、撇、捺、折。六、秧歌舞(Yangko)YangkoisoneoftraditionfolkdanceofHaninChina.Itisusuallyperformedinnorthernprovinces.Thedancersusuallywearcolorfulandlightcostumes,andtheperformanceispowerfulandrapid.DuringsomefestivalssuchasSpringFestival,LanteinFestival,ifpeoplehearthesoundofdrumandgong,nomatterhowcoldtheweatheris,theywillcometostreetandappreciatetheYangko.Recentyears,theoldpeopleincityofeast-northernofChinaorganizedtheteamofYangkobythemselves,theteamerskeeptheirhealthbydancingYangkothewholeyear.秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝,他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷,他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì),隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康,同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。七、針灸(Acupuncture)AcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論,針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血,來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位,或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),流傳至今并傳播到了世界,與中餐?功夫?中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。八、中國(guó)龍&卜皿?50Dragon)DragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000years.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orloong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚(yú)、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。九、中國(guó)印章(ChineseSeal)Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱(chēng)謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱(chēng)璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書(shū)畫(huà)題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。十、京劇(ChineseBeijingOpera)Praisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingartssong,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末,京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）?念（念白）?做（表演）?打（武）?舞（舞蹈）為一體,通過(guò)程式化的表演手段,敘述故事,刻畫(huà)人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)?！就卣埂緽eijingOpera京劇⑴BeijingOperaofChinaisanationaltreasurewithahistoryof200years.（2）Facialmasksareanimportantwaytoportrayacharacter.⑶Eachrole,accordingtotheirsex,ageanddisposition,ischaracterizedbydifferentdesignsoffacialmake-up（facialmask）.⑷InPekingOpera,femalrolesare“Dan”.Malerolesare“Sheng”.Andclownsare”Chou”.⑸Present-daydesignersarealsoborrowingfromtheBeijingOperafortheirwork.⑴京劇是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹,迄今已經(jīng)有200多年的歷史。⑵臉譜是塑造人物形象的重要手段。⑶每個(gè)角色都會(huì)按照他們的性格、年齡、個(gè)性,在臉上畫(huà)不同的臉譜。⑷在京劇中，女性的角色被稱(chēng)作“旦”，男性的角色被稱(chēng)作“生”，小丑被稱(chēng)作“丑”。⑸當(dāng)代服裝設(shè)計(jì)師也從京劇服裝中吸取靈感。十一、中國(guó)成語(yǔ)（ChineseIdioms）Chineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。十二、絲綢(Silk)Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái),開(kāi)辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世,成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。十三、中國(guó)園林ChineseClassicalGardenTheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”O(jiān)ftheworld’sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld’sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水?植物?建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù),是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開(kāi)”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林,能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。十四、文房四寶(TheFourTreasuresoftheStudy)Thewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD1279AD),the“FourTreasureoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,theFourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittinthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書(shū)房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱(chēng)為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書(shū)寫(xiě)繪畫(huà)在中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前。秦時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展?！拔姆克膶殹钡剿纬院筇刂负P、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f(shuō)文房四寶書(shū)寫(xiě)了整個(gè)中華文明。十五、中國(guó)印章(ChineseSeal)Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina’suniqueartworks.印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱(chēng)謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱(chēng)璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書(shū)畫(huà)題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。十六、天干地支(ChineseEra)TheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸;十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀(guān)測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個(gè)朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份,60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。十七、中國(guó)畫(huà)(丁卜0Chinesepaitings)⑴It'sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot.⑵TheChinesedopaintingswithbrushes,dippingtheirbrushesininkorpaintandthenskillfullywieldingthem.(3)Paintersproduceonthepaperpictureswithlinesanddots someheavy,andsomelight,andsomedeep,andsomepale.⑴真有意思：中國(guó)畫(huà)是可以現(xiàn)場(chǎng)表演的。⑵中國(guó)人繪畫(huà)采用毛筆蘸墨汁或顏色,靈巧的揮灑在紙上。⑶畫(huà)家用深、淺、濃、淡的點(diǎn)和線(xiàn)構(gòu)成一幅圖畫(huà)。十八、中西醫(yī)(ChineseMedicine)(l)UsuallyaChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachestheillnessfromabroaderperspective,emphasizingitsentiretyanddialect