新高考英語二輪復習題型專練23 說明文體類完形填空(原卷版)

高考英語二輪復習題型專練（新高考）23說明文體類語法填空【命題意圖】綜觀近幾年的高考完形填空的考查走勢，全國卷中的完形填空中，說明文類完形填空出現(xiàn)的幾率很小。但是，我們也不能馬虎，它們作為高考題型的重要補充，還是有可能考的。因此，說明文類完形填空也要進行一定量的練習?！镜梅忠c】說明文的寫作目的是授人以知，讓人明白，說明文只是說明事物的特征，闡明原理，介紹知識。說明文完形填空的結(jié)構(gòu)模式一般是：提出問題——發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因——分析深層原因——得出結(jié)論或提出解決方案。一、說明類完形填空的命題特點說明類完形填空題常就某一個問題從不同的角度來加以說明，文章可以是用來說明某一種社會現(xiàn)象、一個產(chǎn)品的制作過程、一種產(chǎn)品的使用方法、某個科學成就或人類生活中所面臨的某個具體的難題。說明文所呈現(xiàn)的方式較為單一，作者往往一開始就交代說明的對象，然后再從不同的角度進行說明。因此，這類文章的每一段通常就是其中的一個角度或側(cè)面，所以要注意概括每一個段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的開頭或結(jié)尾，作者往往會對說明的話題進行概括說明。二、說明類完形填空的應試策略1.利用說明文的首句查找說明主體2.把握說明文的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)模式(1)總分式。包括＂總—分＂＂分—總＂＂總—分—總＂等具體形式。(2)遞進式。事理說明文多用遞進式結(jié)構(gòu)，一層一層地剖析事理。具體包括：空間順序——從上到下、從外到內(nèi)、從左到右、從南到北、從遠到近、從中間到四周、從整體到部分；時間順序——按照時間先后順序來安排，事物都有發(fā)生、發(fā)展、消亡的過程；邏輯順序——有些說明文主要是剖析事理的，在說明時就按照事理的邏輯關(guān)系進行安排，或者從主到次、從淺到深、從原因到結(jié)果，具有嚴密的條理性。三、說明類完形填空的解題步驟第一步：通過短文首尾句抓主旨說明文的篇首會出現(xiàn)話題中心，通過首段可把握文章的主題；而尾句往往是文章的結(jié)論或點睛之筆。第二步：填空時關(guān)注段落或意群間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系第三步：重覽短文，查缺補漏通讀文章，檢查思路是否順暢及有無邏輯關(guān)系錯誤，同時填補遺留的空缺?！菊骖}再現(xiàn)】（2019·全國卷III）

ThesmalltownofRjukaninNorwayissituatedbetweenseveralmountainsanddoesnotgetdirectsunlightfromlateSeptembertomid-March-1

sixmonthsoutoftheyear.

"Ofcourse,we2

itwhenthesunisshining,"saysKarinRo,whoworksforthetown'stourismoffice."Weseetheskyis3,butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker—it'slikeona4day.”

Butthat5

whenasystemofhigh-tech6

wasintroducedtoreflectsunlightfromneighboringpeaks（山峰）intothevalleybelow.Wednesday,residents（居民）ofRjukan7

theirveryfirstrayofwintersunshine:Arowofreflectiveboardsonanearbymountainsidewereputto8.Themirrorsarecontrolledbyacomputerthat

9

themtoturnalongwiththesunthroughoutthe10

andtocloseduringwindyweather.Theyreflectaconcentratedbeam（束）oflightontothetown'scentral11,creatinganareaofsunlightroughly600squaremeters.Whenthelight12,Rjukanresidentsgatheredtogether.

"Peoplehavebeen13

thereandstandingthereandtaking14

ofeachother,"Rosays."Thetownsquarewastotally15.Ithinkalmostallthepeopleinthetownwerethere."The3,500residentscannotall16

thesunshineatthesametime.17,thenewlightfeelslikemorethanenoughforthetown's18

residents.

"It'snotvery19,”shesays,"butitisenoughwhenweare20.”1.A.onlyB.obviouslyC.nearlyD.precisely2.A.fearB.believeC.hearD.notice3.A.emptyB.blueC.highD.wide4.A.cloudyB.normalC.differentD.warm5.A.helpedB.changedC.happenedD.mattered6.A.computersB.telescopesC.mirrorsD.cameras7.A.rememberedB.forecastedC.receivedD.imagined8.A.repairB.riskC.restD.use9.A.forbidsB.directsC.predictsD.follows10.A.dayB.nightC.monthD.year11.A.libraryB.hallC.squareD.street12.A.appearedB.returnedC.fadedD.stopped13.A.drivingB.hidingC.campingD.siting14.A.picturesB.notesC.careD.hold15.A.newB.fullC.flatD.silent16.A.blockB.avoidC.enjoyD.store17.A.InsteadB.HoweverC.GraduallyD.Similarly18.A.nature-lovingB.energy-savingC.weather-beatenD.sun-starved19.A.bigB.clearC.coldD.easy20.A.tryingB.waitingC.watchingD.sharing【答案】（1）C；（2）D；（3）B；（4）A；（5）B；（6）C；（7）C；（8）D；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）D；（19）A；（20）D；【解析】【分析】本文講述北歐一個小鎮(zhèn)長達半年沒有陽光照射，為此在附近的山頂安裝了一套鏡子設備把陽光反射到小鎮(zhèn)的廣場。每當光線照射的時候，人們就聚集在廣場上，為寒冷的冬季增添一絲明亮。（1）考查副詞辨析。A.

only僅僅；B.

obviously；顯然地；C.

nearly幾乎；D.

precisely精確的。根據(jù)前文from

late

September

to

mid-March可知，從九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故答案為C。（2）考查動詞辨析。A.

fear害怕；B.

believe相信；C.

hear聽見；D.

notice注意。根據(jù)后文butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker

可知，我們看到天空是藍色，但是到山谷的時候，就會變得更暗了，可知，太陽照耀的時候，我們注意到，故答案為D。（3）考查形容詞詞義辨析。A.

empty空的；B.

blue藍色的；C.

high搞得；D.

wide寬的。根據(jù)常識可知，有太陽的時候，天空是藍色的，故答案為B。（4）考查形容詞辨析。A.

cloudy多云的；B.

normal正常的；C.

different不同的；D.

warm溫暖的。根據(jù)前文butdowninthevalleyit'sdarker

可知，到山谷的時候，天變暗了，像陰天一樣，故答案為A。（5）考查動詞辨析。A.

helped幫助；B.

changed改變；C.

happened發(fā)生；D.

mattered關(guān)系重大。根據(jù)后文可知，該鎮(zhèn)引入一套陽光反射鏡來改變這種情況，故答案為B。（6）考查名詞辨析。A.

computers電腦；B.

telescopes望遠鏡；C.

mirrors鏡子；D.

cameras相機。根據(jù)后文to

reflect

sunlight

from

neighboring

peaks可知，從附近的山頂上反射太陽光，可知是鏡子，故答案為C。（7）考查動詞辨析。A.

remembered記得；B.

forecasted預報；C.

received獲得，收到；D.

imagined想象。根據(jù)句意可知，該鎮(zhèn)的居民獲得了冬天里的第一縷陽光，故答案為C。（8）考查名詞辨析。A.

repair修理；B.

risk風險；C.

rest

休息；D.

use使用。根據(jù)前一句their

very

first

ray

of

winter

sunshine可知，獲得了冬天的第一縷陽光，是由于反射板投入使用了，put

sth

to

use把某物投入使用。故答案為D。

（9）考查動詞辨析。句意：這些鏡子由電腦控制，指導他們整天跟著太陽的位置移動而移動，在大風的天氣就自動關(guān)閉。A.

forbids禁止；B.

directs指導，導演；C.

predicts預測；D.

follows跟隨，追隨。本句描述這套系統(tǒng)的工作原理，電腦控制鏡子的移動，故選B。（10）考查名詞辨析。A.

day白天；B.

night夜晚；C.

month月；D.

year年。根據(jù)文章可知，太陽光出現(xiàn)在白天，故答案為A。（11）考查名詞辨析。A.

library圖書館；B.

hall大廳；C.

square廣場；D.

street街道。根據(jù)后文The

town

square可知，鏡子反射聚集的光會照在小鎮(zhèn)的中心廣場上，故答案為C。（12）考查動詞辨析。A.

appeared出現(xiàn)；B.

returned歸還；C.

faded褪去；D.

stopped停止。根據(jù)后文Rjukan

residents

gathered

together可知，當光照出現(xiàn)的時候，居民出來，故答案為A。（13）考查動詞辨析。A.

driving駕駛；B.

hiding隱藏；C.

camping露營；D.

sitting坐。根據(jù)本句and

standing

there可知，光照出現(xiàn)的時候，人們會出來活動，坐在那里，站在那里，故答案為D。（14）考查名詞辨析。A.

pictures照片，圖片；B.

notes筆記；C.

care照顧；D.

hold抓住。根據(jù)文章可知，會彼此拍照，故答案為A。（15）考查形容詞辨析。A.

new新的；B.

full滿的；C.

flat平坦的；D.

silent沉默的。根據(jù)后文I

think

almost

all

the

people

in

the

town

were

there.可知，差不多全鎮(zhèn)的人都在廣場上，故可知廣場全是人，故答案為B。（16）考查動詞辨析。A.

block阻擋；B.

avoid避免；C.

enjoy喜歡，享受；D.

store儲存。根據(jù)句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同時享受到太陽光，故答案為C。（17）考查副詞辨析。A.

Instead代替；B.

However然而；C.

Gradually逐漸地；D.

Similarly相似地。前一句意思為并不是3500名居民都能同時享受到太陽光，后一句，新的光線為小鎮(zhèn)人們的意義不僅僅提供光線，故可知前后句屬于轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故答案為B。（18）考查形容詞辨析。A.

nature-loving熱愛自然的；B.

energy-saving節(jié)能的；C.

weather-beaten受風雨侵蝕的；D.

sun-starved渴望陽光的。根據(jù)前文可知，小鎮(zhèn)差不多半年沒有陽光，故可知小鎮(zhèn)人們渴望陽光，故答案為D。（19）考查形容詞辨析。A.

big大的；B.

clear清晰的；C.

cold冷的；D.

easy容易的。根據(jù)前文可知，鏡子反射的光線有限，范圍不夠大，故答案為A。（20）考查動詞辨析。A.

trying嘗試；B.

waiting

等待；C.

watching

觀看；D.

sharing分享。根據(jù)句意可知，大家一起曬太陽就足夠了，故答案為D。【題型演練】1Ascientist1severalmonkeysinordertostudyanimalpsychology.Hetookaglassbottle,2itscork(瓶塞)andputtwopeanutsinsideit.Thepeanutsdroppedtothebottomandwereeasilyseenfromtheoutside.Hethenpassedthebottletoamonkey,whoshookit3foralongwhileandwasabletogetthepeanutswhenthey4fellout.Thescientistthenputsomepeanutsintothebottleagain5hehaddonebeforeandshowedthemonkeythatitonlyneededtoturnthebottleupsidedownforthepeanutstodropout.6themonkeyalwaysignoredhis7.Eachtimeitjustshookthebottlefrantically,withgreat8butwithoutnecessarilyachieving9result.Nowthequestioniswhythemonkeywasunabletounderstand10thescientistinstructs.11becauseallitsattentionswasfocusedonthepeanuts.Instead,itmusttakeitseyesoffthepeanutsandquickly12itsattentiontothe13movementofthescientistandthewaythebottlewasturnedupsidedown.Toachievethis,ithadtocalmdownandnotbe14bytheimpulse(誘惑)ofitsappetite.Yetthemonkeywasnotabletounderstandthis.Itistheinstancelikethisthatrevealsthemonkey’ssomepsychologyisjustlike15ofhumanbeings.1.A.kept B.rose C.fed D.caught2.A.moving B.removed C.discovered D.covered3.A.happily B.anxiously C.hurriedly D.instantly4.A.suddenly B.accidentally C.occasionally D.quickly5.A.as B.that C.what D.until6.A.But B.When C.Therefore D.Thus7.A.directions B.explanations C.performances D.instructions8.A.effort B.strength C.power D.force9.A.expecting B.interesting C.satisfying D.desired10.A.what B.how C.why D.which11.A.Probably B.Likely C.Simply D.Nearly12.A.put B.send C.pay D.shift13.A.gesture B.mouth C.hand D.eye14.A.takenaway B.takenoff C.takenover D.takenon15.A.that B.the C.those D.this2Askpeopletonametheworld'stallestpeakandanybodywithsoundgeneralknowledgewillnameMountQomolangma.Butquizthemonitsexact1andmanywillbenotsure.In1975,Chinesesurveyors2thatMountQomolangma（MountEverest）was8848.13metershigh.As3improved,satellites,photoelectricity,radarsandgravitymeasurementtechnologieswere4togetmoreexactfigures.Ofcourse,someonestillhadtocarry5towhatistheworld'srooftop.In2005,aChineseteamscaledQomolangmaandfoundthatitwasnotashighasthat,asthey6theheighttobe8844.43meters.ScalingQomolangmaisno7task.Theaverageairtemperaturethereis-29degreesCelsius,evenfourdegrees8thaninAntarctica.Thesnowthereis4—5metersthickandhurricane-like9blowallthetime.Teammembersweretrainingto10theextremeconditions.Inanutshell,measuringtheQomolangma'sheightisatallorder,11hugeamountsofmoneyandhumanresources,Butitisworththe12.Qomolangmaistheperfect13forobservingcrustal（地殼的）movements.Andchangestothepeak'sheightcould14whetherthetwoplatesareheadingtowardorawayfromeachother.Besides,theconditionofsnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetopisanindicatorofupcomingclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau.That's15measuringtheQomolangma'sheightissosignificant.Puttogooduse,itcanbenefitmankind.1.A.location B.appearance C.area D.height2.A.determined B.assumed C.estimated D.admitted3.A.condition B.technology C.society D.economy4.A.employed B.expected C.approached D.inspired5.A.weapons B.vehicles C.instruments D.packages6.A.changed B.calculated C.extended D.expanded7.A.glorious B.easy C.admirable D.tough8.A.colder B.hotter C.higher D.lower9.A.snows B.rains C.winds D.snowflakes10.A.copewith B.fightfor C.takeon D.carryout11.A.wasting B.spending C.overcoming D.involving12.A.effort B.loss C.harvest D.achievement13.A.channel B.window C.solution D.entrance14.A.measure B.foresee C.indicate D.expose15.A.where B.how C.why D.whether3AsourEarth’stemperaturewarmsupbecauseofclimatechange,itishavingunexpectedeffectsonourworld’sforests.Whentemperaturesrise,treesclosetheirskinsto1thelossofwater,andthis,inturn,slowsdownthe2ofphotosynthesis(光合作用).Asaresult,thesetreesareshorterandgrowslowly,aswellashavea3deathrate.Climatechangealsoincreasesthe4ofdroughtsandwildfires.Afterwildfires,ittakesawhilefortheforestsystemsto5,andinsomecases,theforestsare6permanently.Treesthatarestressedarealso7toattacksbybacteria(細菌).Intropicalforests,vinesthatusethetreesas8canoftenchokethetreesandrobthemofnutrients.Finally,humanshave9theforestlandscapethroughlogging.Whentreesarereplantedonthesoil,theywillnevergrowaslargeasthe10treesthatwerecutdown.Astheseforestsdisappear,speciesthatoncecalledthem“home”areforcedtochange,11thevarietyofthosesystems.12,someendangeredspeciesareunableto13anddie.Old-growthforestsaredisappearinginallregionsofourworld.Whenforestsdie,youngerforeststhatarereestablishedinthesameareagrowbackweakerandsmaller14poorvegetation.Withtreesdyingincreasinglyandcontinuously,willfuturegenerations15outonthewondersofforests?1.A.protect B.prevent C.save D.free2.A.movement B.situation C.process D.operation3.A.higher B.firmer C.lighter D.smaller4.A.choice B.measure C.qualification D.chance5.A.grow B.rescue C.recover D.decline6.A.ignored B.lost C.hurt D.left7.A.accessible B.enjoyable C.acceptable D.favorable8.A.attention B.command C.trust D.support9.A.frightened B.paid C.ruined D.wasted10.A.common B.original C.distant D.strong11.A.affecting B.improving C.forgetting D.reflecting12.A.Besides B.Surprisingly C.Otherwise D.Unfortunately13.A.devote B.keep C.adapt D.lead14.A.dueto B.inadditionto C.insteadof D.inspiteof15.A.pass B.miss C.break D.bring4Thelionsandleopards(豹)ofanationalparkinIndianormallydonotgetalong.They1eachotherforspaceandfood.Butaboutayearago,ayounglionessinthepark2ababyleopard.The2-month-oldbabywithbrownearsandblueeyeswas3,andthelionessspentweeksnursing,4andcaringforhimuntilhedied.Shetreatedhimasifhewereoneofherowntwosons,whowereaboutthesameage.Thiswasa5caseofcross-speciesadoptioninthewild,andtheonlydocumentedexampleinvolvinganimalsthatarenormally6.7,theparkworkersthoughttheassociationwouldbebrief,butthiswenton.Thefamilywere8totourthepark.Thelionesstookcareofthebaby,and9meatthatshehunted.Thenewbrothersplayedwithhimandoccasionallyfollowedhimuptrees.Thisunlikely10wassurelyamazing.Althoughthisadoptionwaspuzzling,ithighlightsthe11betweenthetwospecies.Untiltheyreachyoungadulthood,whensocialdifferences12,lionsandleopardsplayandbegformilkinsimilarways.Forthismotherlioness,shemayhave13thebaby'smoreleopard-likefeatures—hissmell,sizeandspottedappearance.Hejustjumpedin.The14oftheinterspeciesadoptioninthewildwouldbesweetenoughforachildren'sbook,yet15enoughtoattractscientists.1.A.putupwith B.takeadvantageof C.dependon D.fightwith2.A.scared B.adopted C.spotted D.attacked3.A.lazy B.brave C.weak D.dangerous4.A.feeding B.checking C.following D.dressing5.A.simple B.typical C.famous D.rare6.A.friends B.competitors C.partners D.neighbors7.A.Initially B.Luckily C.Certainly D.Unexpectedly8.A.expected B.observed C.persuaded D.pushed9.A.cooked B.packed C.shared D.burned10.A.experience B.affair C.agreement D.connection11.A.communication B.similarities C.behavior D.differences12.A.emerge B.remain C.recover D.survive13.A.compared B.disliked C.ignored D.protected14.A.incident B.experience C.report D.tale15.A.strange B.caring C.reliable D.moving5What'sthefirstthingthatcomestomindwhenyouthinkoftheword“culture”？Doyouthinkofdifferentgroupsofpeopleacrosstheworldwithvarious1andclothing?Whataboutanimals?SamWilliams,executivedirectoroftheMacaw(金剛鸚鵡）RecoveryNetworkinCostaRica,helpsto2theimpactofthedeclineofmacawpopulationsbytakingbirdsthatwereborn3andreleasingthemintothewild.Butthisprocessisvery4＂Inacage,youcan't5themtoknowwhere,whenandhowtofindthatfood,orabouttreeswithgoodnestsites,"WilliamstoldecologistandwriterCarlSafinafortheGuardian.Inthewild,theparentswouldbetheonestoteachthemthisimportant6Thistypeofknowledgeisknownasculturalknowledge.Culturalknowledgecanbe7fromtheoldergenerationtothenewerone.Formanyspecies,