山西省應(yīng)縣第一中學(xué)2025屆英語高三第一學(xué)期期末達(dá)標(biāo)檢測模擬試題含解析

山西省應(yīng)縣第一中學(xué)2025屆英語高三第一學(xué)期期末達(dá)標(biāo)檢測模擬試題注意事項(xiàng)：1．答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號填寫在答題卡上。2．回答選擇題時，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑，如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案標(biāo)號?；卮鸱沁x擇題時，將答案寫在答題卡上，寫在本試卷上無效。3．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Youlookbeautifulinthisdressandthereisonlyoneofthiskindlefthere.Iwonderifyouwouldbuy________.A．it B．oneC．some D．a(chǎn)ny2．Manynetizensareimpressedwiththeexcusegivenbyateacherforquittingherjob______sheowestheworldavisit.A．because B．that C．where D．why3．—Whatanamazingpicture!—Thelittleboy____thesoldiers,andIcaughttheminanunguardedmoment.A．wassaluting B．saluted C．hadsaluted D．wouldsalute4．—Whatdidyousayyouwerereluctanttoriskjustnow?—_________tohighlevelsofradiation.A．Beingexposed B．HavingbeenexposedC．Tobeexposed D．Exposed5．Tocombatglobalwarming,manypeopleare_________theuseofalternativeenergysources.A．a(chǎn)pplyingto B．jumpingat C．dippinginto D．pushingfor6．Difficultiesstrengthenthemind,_____labourdoesthebody.A．if B．a(chǎn)sC．for D．so7．Thegovernmentshoulddevelopsystemtopredictwhenwildfiresoccurandgivewarningsintime.A．previous B．reliable C．reasonable D．responsible8．After________________asandstormwarningonSundayevening,meteorologistsforecastthatdustyweatherwillcontinueinpartsofthecountryonMonday.A．breakingoff B．callingoff C．leavingoff D．puttingoff9．________twohoursdailyhasmadeconsiderabledifferencetomyphysicalcondition.A．TowalkB．WalkingC．WalkedD．Havingwalked10．—Iwillfixyourprinterrightnow.—Oh,________.I’minnohurry.A．takeyourtimeB．that’sagreatideaC．youarewelcomeD．I’dliketo11．WehadwantedtosurpriseFatherwithabirthdaygift,butmysister_______byaskinghimwhathewouldlike.A．lickedherlipsB．a(chǎn)teherwordsC．spiltthebeansD．pulledhisleg12．Whenyouareabsorbedinabookorsimplytryingtorest,itseemsthatthephone______continuously,destroyingyourmomentarypeace.A．rings B．hasbeenringing C．rang D．isringing13．Allthephotographsinthisbook,statedotherwise,datefromthe1950s.A．unless B．until C．once D．if14．Theteachercameintotheclassroom_______byhisstudents.A．following B．tobefollowing C．followed D．havingfollowed.15．Sometimessmilesaroundtheworld___________befalse,hidingotherfeelingslikeanger,fearorworry.A．can B．wouldC．should D．must16．—Whatamess!You’realwaysthrowingthingsabout.—Don’tbe____,Mum.Iwilltidyitupnow.A．hotunderthecollarB．oncloudnineC．offthetopofyourheadD．downinthedumps17．Thereaslightdecreaseinhisweightbutheeatstoomuch.A．was B．couldhavebeenC．hadbeen D．couldbe18．OurEnglishteacherisconsiderate，helpful，andwarm-hearted，butsometimesshe________________beangryatoursillymistakes.A．should B．mustC．can D．shall19．Thenewmovie________tobeoneofthebiggestmoney-makersofalltime.A．pretends B．a(chǎn)grees C．promises D．declines20．--Theweatheristoocold___Marchthisyear.--Itwasstill___whenIcamehereyearsago.A．for;colder B．in;coldC．in;hot D．for;hotter第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21．（6分）Sometimesyou’llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan’tloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyou’llhearpeoplesaythatyoucan’texpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway,you’vegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sureweallknowthatwe’retheappleofourparents’eyes,andthatourGrandmasthinkwe’regeniusesandourUncleRobertsthinkthatwewillgototheOlympics,butsometimesit’salothardertothinksuchnicethoughtsaboutourselves.Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuiltapositiveself-imageandlearnttoloveyourself.Self-imageisyourownmind’spictureofyourself.Thisimageincludesthewayyoulook,thewayyouact,thewayyoutalkandthewayyouthink.Interestingly,ourself-imagesareoftenquitedifferentfromtheimagesothersholdaboutus.Unfortunately,mostoftheseimagesaremorenegativethantheyshouldbe.Thuschangingthewayyouthinkaboutyourselfisthekeytochangingyourself-imageandyourwholeworld.Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveself-imageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses.Thatis,makealistifyouneedto,butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday.Don’tallowdoubtstooccurinit.Itverywellmightbethatyouareexperiencinganegativeself-imagebecauseyoucan’tmovepastoneflaworweaknessthatyouseeaboutyourself.Well,rollupyoursleevesandmakeachangeofitasyourprimarytask.Ifyouthinkyou’resillybecauseyouaren'tgoodatmath,findatutor.Ifyouthinkyou’reweakbecauseyoucan’trunamile,gettothetrackandpractice.Ifyouthinkyou’redullbecauseyoudon’twearthelatesttrends,buyafewnewclothes.Butremember,justbecauseyouthinkitdoesn’tmeanit’strue.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeself-imageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.Changingthewayyouthinkandworkingonthoseyouneedtoimprovewillgoalongwaytowardspromotingapositiveself-image.Whenyoucanpatyourselfontheback,you’llknowyou’rewellonyourway.Goodluck！1、Youneedtobuildapositiveself-imagewhenyou________.A．daretochallengeyourselfB．a(chǎn)reunconfidentaboutyourselfC．feelithardtochangeyourselfD．haveahighopinionofyourself2、Accordingtothepassage,ourself-images________.A．havepositiveeffectsB．havedifferentfunctionsC．a(chǎn)reoftenchangeableD．a(chǎn)reprobablyuntrue3、Howshouldyouchangeyourself-imageaccordingtothepassage?A．Tochangethewayyouthink.B．Tomakeyourlifesuccessful.C．Tounderstandyourownworld.D．Tokeepadifferentimageofothers.4、Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Howtoprepareforyoursuccess.B．Howtobuildapositiveself-image.C．Howtofacechallengesinyourlife.D．Howtodevelopyourgoodqualities.22．（8分）Cigarettebutts(煙蒂)areeverywhere-cloggingupourstreets,litteringourbeaches-andfordecadesthey’vebeenthoughtofas“unrecyclable”.ButaNewJersey-basedcompany,calledTerraCycle,hastakenonthechallenge,andhascomeupwithawaytorecyclemillionsofcigarettebuttsandturnthemintoindustrialplasticproducts.Itsaimistotakeitemsthatpeoplenormallyconsiderimpossibletorecycle,andthenusesciencetofigureoutawaytodojustthat.Despitetheincreaseinanti-smokingadsandmessagingoverthepast20years,globalsalesofcigarettesincreasedby8percent,andawholelotofthosecigarettebuttsareendingupastrash,whichcansurelypollutethesurroundingenvironment.Sohowdoyougoaboutturningallthosepoisonousendsintosomethinguseful?TerraCycledoesthisbyfirstbreakingthemdownintoseparateparts.Theymixtheremainingmaterials,suchasthetobaccoandthepaper,withotherkindsofrubbish,anduseitonnon-agriculturalland,suchasgolfcourses.Thefilters(過濾嘴)arealittleharder.Torecyclethese,TerraCyclefirstmakesthemcleanandcutsthemintosmallpieces,andthencombinesthemwithotherrecycledmaterials,makingthemintoliquidforindustrialplasticproducts.Theynowhavemorethan7,000cigaretterecyclingbinsinninecountriesaroundtheworld.They’realsoexpandingtheirrecyclingofferingstotherestofthe80percentofhouseholdwastethatcurrentlycan’tberecycled,suchaschocolatepackaging,pens,andmobilephones.Thegoalistousethelatestresearchtofindawaytostopsomuchwasteendingupin.landfill(垃圾填埋),andthengetcompaniestofundtheprocess.Andsofar,it’sworking.“Wehaven’tfoundanythingthatwecan’trecycle,”communicationsdirectorofTerraCycle,AlbeZakes,said.“Butwiththeamountandvarietyofpackagingandlitterintheworld,wearealwayslookingfornewwastestreamstoaddress.”1、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．Itisimpossibleforthefilterstoberecycled.B．TerraCyclehasachievedalotinrecyclingwhatusedtobeconsidered“unrecyclable”.C．Anti-smokingadsandmessaginghaveledtopeople’squittingsmoking.D．Mobilephonescan’tberecycledbymeansofthelatestresearch.2、Whatcanwelearnabouttheapproachtorecyclingcigarettebutts?A．Unbelievableandcostly.B．Excellentbuthardtocarryout.C．Uselessindealingwithotherhouseholdwaste.D．Practicalandenvironmentallyfriendly3、Theunderlinedword‘“trash”inParagraph2probablymeans.A．mineralB．fertilizerC．rubbishD．poison4、InAlbeZakes’sopinion,.A．TerraCyclehassuccessfullyrecycledeverything.B．theystillhavealongwaytogo.C．itwillbetoodifficultforthemtofindnewways.D．thepublicshouldbeawareoftheenvironmentalpollution.23．（8分）Ad.1Aprilfool’spartyOnFriday,April1,InnerAffairgoesbacktothedaysoffunk!ClassicTunesfromthe70’sand80’sbyDJsDen&Sion.9pmtilllate.Tickets:Freeentranceforthoseincostume,otherwise50yuan(US$6)Time/date:9pm,April1Place:InnerAffair,1/FQiankunDasha,6SanlitunXiliujie,ChaoyangDistrictTel:84540321Ad.2LanguageinuseEnjoyfreein-housecoffee,teaandbeeraswellasmusicanddancing.PracticeyourChinese,makefriendsandhavefun.Time/date:7to9pm,March25Place:LanguageInUseClub,2/F,ScienceFortuneCenter,8XueqingLu,northofXueyuanLu,HaidianDistrictAd.3The"worst"partyOrganizedbyozoneproductions,thepartyissettobe"theworstever",withthelamestmusicfromthe60s,70sand80s.Specialprizeswillbeawardedtotheworstdressedorforbadfashionsense.Tickets:FreeentranceTime/date:9pm,April1Place:PulaPula,TianzeLu,OrientalSevenColoursPlaza,ChaoyangDistrictTel:64668575Ad.4LaNuitFrancaiseAgainonthe2ndThursdayofthemonthLaNuitFrancaisewillbeheldatLeRendezvous.ThemonthlyeventisanopportunityforallFrenchpeopleandeveryoneinterestedinFranceorspeakingFrenchtogathertogether.Theeveningfeaturesthreeglassesofwineandcanapesforparticipantsandaspecialexhibition.Time/date:7to10pm,April14Place:LeRendezvous,3GongtiBeilu,accrossfromthePacificCenturyPlaza,ChaoyangDistrictTel:64629110Ad.5MarcoVDutchDJMarcoVdropsbyBananaforagigwhichissupportedbyHongKong’sDJSpark.MarcoVhasbeenaroundformanyyears,asaninventive,styleblendingdeejayandasuccessfulanddevotedproducer.Hisspinningisenergetic,crowdpleasingandneverseesanemptydancefloor.HewasrankedNo.15inthisyear’sinternationalDJMAGDJTop100.Tickets:40yuan(US$4.80)inadvance,50yuan(US$6)atthedoor,bothincludeafreedrinkTime/date:10pmto4am,March31,April1Place:Banana,inthelobbyoftheScitechHotel,22JianwaiDajie,ChaoyangDistrictTel:65283636431、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofAd.1andAd.3?A．Thetwopartieswillbeheldonthesameday.B．Thetwopartieswillbeheldatthesametime.C．Theentrancefeesofthetwopartieswillnotbecharged.D．Someoldmusicwillbeplayedattheparties.1、WhichofthefollowingisintendedfortheChineselearners?A．MarcoV. B．LaNuitFrancaise.C．Languageinuse. D．The"worst"party.2、Wecaninferthat______.A．MarcoVisanewlyestablishedbandB．LaNuitFrancaisemaybeFrenchwordsC．the"worst"partywillattractalotofcollegestudentsD．youwillenjoyfreedrinkatAprilfool’sparty24．（8分）Christmasisatimeforeatinggreatfood,givingandreceivingpresents,andmostimportantlyspendingtimewithyourfamilywatchingsomeclassicChristmasmovies.TheGrinch(2000)ThisisaChristmasmust-watchandoneofJimCarrey'sbestperformances.ItwasalsooriginallyanurserytalebookwrittenbyDrSeuss.It'sthestoryofagreenmonsterwhowantstoruinChristmasbutwhointheenddiscoversthepowerofloveandgenerosity.Ipromiseit'sagreatfilmwithplentyoflaughsalongtheway.LoveActually(2003)Whilethisisnotapersonalfavouriteofmine,peopleintheUKabsolutelylovethisfilm.Ithasmanyfeaturingactorsandactresses.Itmightbealittledifficulttofollowastherearecomplexplots,soIrecommendwatchingatranslatedversionorenablingsubtitles(字幕)inyournativelanguage.However,theheart-warmingelementsofthefilmmakeitworthwatching.HomeAlone(1990)Thisamusingmasterworkisoneofmyfavouritefilmsofalltime.Ittellsthestoryofaboy,Kevin,whoisleftaloneinhishousewhenhislargefamilyforgetstotakehimonvacationwiththem.Whilethefamiliesareaway,burglarstrytorobthehouseandKevinmustprotecthishomebysettingtraps.Thetrips,fallsandtrapswillhaveyoulaughingoutloudasyouwatcha10-year-oldboybeattwogrownmen.Miracleon34thStreet(1994)Youcan'thaveChristmasinanEnglish-speakingcountrywithoutwatchingthismovie.It'snotfunnylikeHomeAloneorTheGrinch,butitisincrediblytouching.It'saboutamanwhoclaimstobeSanta,butnobodybelieveshimexceptalawyerandalittlegirl.Thestory-linemayseemalittlechildishbutyoucanenjoyitatanyage.1、Whichfilmisadaptedfromafairytale?A．TheGrinch.B．HomeAlone.C．LoveActually.D．Miracleon34thStreet.2、WhatisHomeAlonemainlyabout?A．Anunsuccessfulfamilyvacation.B．Aboyprotectinghomebyhimself.C．Aterriblesufferingtoalittleboy.D．A10-year-oldboy'spracticaljokes.3、WhyisMiracleon34thStreetsopopular?A．Owingtoitsmovingplots.B．Becauseofitsfunnystory.C．Duetoitschildishstoryline.D．Foritsfamousactorsandactresses.25．（10分）Haveyouevercaughtyourselfsaying,"Ihatesmalltalk!"theminuteyouwalkintoaparty?Ifso,youmightbeanintrovert(內(nèi)向的人).Introvertshatetochatabout"small"subjectswithpeople.Theyarefinewhenyoutalkoneononebutseemtogetlostinthecrowdwhenthere'sagrouparound.Ifyou'retalkingtoanintrovert,youmightfindthatyourfirstfewconversationsgooneoftwoways.Eitherthey'llseemtogetboredandnotsaymuchorthey'llseemtoskateoversmalltalkinfavorofmorein-depthtopics.Whatyouneedtoknowisthattheintrovertisnotbeingrude.It’sjustthattheydon'tlikesmalltalk.Here'swhy.Smalltalkservesasagatewaytowarddeeperconversation.Someintrovertsdon’trealizethatsmalltalkwillactuallyhelpthemgettothebiggertopics.Youdon'tneedtostayonsmalltalkforever.However,sometimesintrovertsfeelthateventheshortamountoftimeittakestogetintotherealconversationisawasteoftime.Smalltalkisveryfast.Someonesayssomethingandthis

shouldbefollowedupwithaquickresponse.Butintrovertsliketochewontheirwordsbeforesayingthemaloud.Beforetheyanswer,they’llmulloverdifferentthoughts.Smalltalkbyitsverynatureinvitesmorepeopletojoinin.Themorepeoplewhojointhe

conversation,themoretheintrovertwilltendtostepback.Asaresult,they’llbequiet.Smalltalkisaboutthrowingoutsubjectsinthehopethatoneormoreofthemcanbeturnedintoacommonpointofinterest.Thelisteninginvolvedwithsmalltalkisnotin-depth.Thepurposeisaboutlistening"lightly"soyoucanfigureouttherighttopicstospendsometimeon.Introvertstendtobegreatlisteners,buttheyuseactivelisteningratherthanlightlistening.Thismakesthemwonderfulfriends,butcanalsomakeitdifficultfornewpeopletounderstandwhythey’resoquiet.1、Howdointrovertsrespondtoachat?A．Theytrytoavoidit.B．Theygetexcitedaboutit.C．Theygiveittheirfullattention.D．Theyfocusonunimportanttopics.2、Whatdoweknowaboutsmalltalk?A．Itgoesslowly.B．Itcostspeoplealotoftime.C．Itcontributestodeepertopics.D．Itmakesnosense.3、Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"mullover"inParagraph3probablymean?A．Giveup. B．Thinkover.C．Writedown. D．Forgetabout.4、Howcanwebecomeagoodtalkerinsmallconversations?A．Figureoutthedeepmeaningofquestions.B．Thinktwicebeforeansweringquestions.C．Trytofindsharedtopics.D．Beaquietlistener.第三部分語言知識運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)．26．（30分）Iamanythingbutadventurous.So,whenIactually____thecouragetolearndrivingand,evenmore____,passedthetest,Ifanciedbeingafreespiritatlast.ImistakenlythoughtIwould____newroadsanddrivetothefarthesthorizons.But,gatheringthecouragetotrynewhighwayswasnextto____forme.ThetimeItried,Igothopelessly____andfoundmyselfgoingaroundincircles.WhenIeventuallyfoundthewayhome,I____thiswastheendoftheadventurouslife.I_____theknownroutes.Whenafriend____metomakethemostofweekendwhenthetrafficwas____tomakenewdiscoveries,I___atherwithhorror.WasIgoingto____aperfectlygoodweekendtoraisemybloodpressureorwasIgoingtospenditdoingaslittleaspossible?_____,Ichosethelatteroption.AftersomeyearsofbattlingtheSharjah-Dubai1,Itoldmyselfitwasn’tworth____mypeaceofmind.NowIhadtheMetro,busesand____tochoosefrom.Takingtaxiwasoneofthebest____Ihavemadefromatrafficpointofview.Therewasanunbelievablesenseoflightness_____Ijumpedintoataxi,takentomydestinationwithoutbeingworried.Allonehastodoisgivedirections.Iamgoodatthat.Givingdirections,Imean.AndIamvery_____whenIissuethese,withnoeffectonthepartofthepersondriving.AssoonasIsitinside,Istartthedescriptionofthe_____tobetakeningreatdetailsoasto_____thepossibilityofbeingtakenforaride.1、A．setup B．brokeup C．pickedup D．putup2、A．enthusiastically B．surprisingly C．importantly D．dramatically3、A．discover B．get C．invent D．purchase4、A．invisible B．useful C．practical D．impossible5、A．lost B．a(chǎn)mazed C．puzzled D．moved6、A．refused B．hoped C．replied D．vowed7、A．a(chǎn)ddedto B．stuckto C．gotto D．referredto8、A．suggested B．ordered C．a(chǎn)dvised D．persuaded9、A．light B．heavy C．slow D．safe10、A．glared B．stared C．glanced D．peered11、A．use B．spare C．waste D．devote12、A．Ofcourse B．Inshort C．Incase D．Ofall13、A．system B．a(chǎn)tmosphere C．society D．traffic14、A．weighing B．disturbing C．reserving D．restoring15、A．cars B．trains C．trucks D．cabs16、A．dreams B．discoveries C．choices D．challenges17、A．while B．when C．until D．before18、A．considerate B．ignorant C．stubborn D．a(chǎn)ccurate19、A．route B．map C．design D．course20、A．increase B．extend C．minimize D．expand第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）RecentlyIspenttwodaysinDubai,thelargestcityintheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE).Ifoundthecityfascinatingtotour,butitwasthedesert1．reallyappealedtome.SoIjumpedatthechance2．(experience)adesertsafari(游獵).Arrivingatthedesert,wewereimpressedwiththesplendidviewbeforeus.Hugedunes(沙丘)spreadoutamazinglyasfarastheeyecouldsee.We3．(drive)up,downandaround4．(they)byanexperiencedArabiandriver.Thoughinfear,everyonescreamed5．(delight).Atsunset,weheadedtothedesertcamp,wheredinnerwaswaiting.Atthecamp,wecouldchoosefromabundantactivitiestoenjoybeforedinner,6．camelrides,bodypaintingandtakingpictureswithaneagle.Howcool!Inthecenterofthecampstoodalargestage,7．(surround)byrowsoflowtablesonthecarpets.Everyonesatoncushionsonthegroundandhad8．goodviewofthecenterofthestage.Throughoutthebuffetdinner,weenjoyedseveralfantastic9．(perform).DuringmybriefstayinDubai,Isawfamousbuildingsandwanderedthroughspicemarketsandmuseums,butmysafariintodesertwasbyfarthe10．(attract)part.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1、每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞;2、只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。Nowadaysmanypeopledriveinsteadoftakingabusorwalkingtowork、Itcausesmoretrafficjamandaccidents、Asthestudent,whatcanwedotoguaranteeoursafe?Firstofall,thetrafficrulesmustbestrictobeyed、Whenwecrossstreets,waituntilthetrafficlightturngreen、Next,don'tforgetwalkonthepavement、Finally,Ithinkitverydangerouslytowearheadphoneswhilewalkingorcycling、Sincewecan'tpayenoughattentiononthetrafficaroundus,soaccidentsmayhappen、Takinggoodcareofourselvesanddon'tletourparentsworryaboutus、50第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）29．（25分）假定你是李華，你的新西蘭筆友Charlie打算今年7月到中國旅游，他發(fā)郵件向你詢問有關(guān)情況，請根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)用英語給他回復(fù)。1.高鐵、飛機(jī)等方便快捷；2.人臉識別即可進(jìn)入景區(qū)；3.無現(xiàn)金支付隨處可用。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；3.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。參考詞匯:人臉識別facialrecognitionHiCharlie,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________