IRENA-塑造可持續(xù)的國(guó)際氫價(jià)值鏈 SHAPING SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL HYDROGEN VALUE CHAINS 2024

IRENA

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

SHAPINGSUSTAINABLEINTERNATIONAL

HYDROGENVALUECHAINS

?IRENA2024

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ISBN:978-92-9260-616-9

Citation:IRENA(2024),Shapingsustainableinternationalhydrogenvaluechains,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

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AboutIRENA

TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfuture,andservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergyinthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandcleaneconomicgrowthandprosperity.

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwasauthoredbyAnn-KathrinLipponer,EmanueleBiancoandArnovandenBos,undertheguidanceofFranciscoBoshell,UteCollierandRolandRoesch(Director,IRENAInnovationandTechnologyCentre).

ValuableinputwasalsoprovidedbyIRENAcolleagues:ArnovandenBos,LuisJaneiro,JamesWalker,GondiaSokhnaSeck,MichaelRenner,AsamiMiketa,RaulMiranda,DanialSaleem,KenjiKatoandAbdullahFahad.

Thisreportbenefittedfromtheinputandcommentsofexperts,includingMaximilianKuhn(HydrogenEurope),MagnoliaTovar(CleanAirTaskForce),FrankMischler(GIZ),HeribBlanco(McKinsey&Company),DolfGielen(WorldBank),OghosaErhahon(RIFS),GregDolan(MethanolInstitute),SmeetaFokeer(UNIDO),PauloPartidario(DGEG),DegerSayginandJosephCordonnier(OECD),MarkusAlbuscheit,RalfOtt,DominikBruckner,andMarynaHritsyshyna(Hydrogenious),IRENAfocalpointfortheCollaborativeFrameworkonGreenHydrogenColombia(MariaCarolinaNocua).

PublicationsandeditorialsupportwereprovidedbyFrancisFieldandStephanieClarke,withdesignbyPhoenixDesignAid.ThereportwaseditedbyJonGorvett.

IRENAisgratefulforthesupportreceivedfromtheGovernmentofJapantoproducethisreport.

Disclaimer

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CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 5

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 6

RECOMMENDATIONS 8

1.INTRODUCTION 12

1.1Developingsustainableinternationalhydrogenvaluechains 12

1.2Scopeofthereport 14

2.HYDROGENPRODUCTIONANDDEMAND:NOWANDINTHEFUTURE 16

2.1Currentandfutureglobalhydrogendemandanditsimplicationsfortrade 16

2.2Potentialforglobalrenewablehydrogenproduction 19

3.ENVIRONMENTALASPECTSOFRENEWABLEHYDROGENPRODUCTION 23

3.1Emissionintensityfactorsforhydrogenproduction 23

3.2Electricitysupplyoptionsforelectrolysis-basedhydrogenproduction 27

3.3Impactofincentiveschemesandregulationsonhydrogenmarketdevelopments 31

3.4Watersupply 35

4.ENABLERSINTHETRANSPORTATIONANDTRADEOFRENEWABLEHYDROGEN:

AHYDROGENCARRIERTECHNOLOGYUPDATE 37

4.1Ammonia 38

4.2Liquidhydrogen 40

4.3LOHCs 42

4.4Methanol 43

4.5Comparinghydrogencarriers 45

5.CO-BENEFITSOFRENEWABLEHYDROGENPRODUCTIONFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES48

5.1Energyaccess 48

5.2Opportunitiesforindustrialdevelopment 50

5.3Jobsintherenewablehydrogensectoranddevelopingahighly-skilledworkforce 52

6.HYDROGENSTRATEGIESOFPOTENTIALRENEWABLEHYDROGENSUPPLIERS 55

6.1Mappingselectedstrategies 56

6.2Navigatingthestrategicobjectivesofpotentialimportingandexportingcountries 69

7.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 70

7.1Comprehensivesustainabilityforrenewablehydrogenvaluechains 70

7.2Mitigatingenvironmentalrisksandmaximisingopportunities 71

7.3Consideringtheroleofhydrogenderivativesinbuildingmarkets 71

7.4Collaboratingonlocalvaluecreationwithafocusondevelopingcountries 72

7.5Promotingstrategicpartnerships–bothglobalandinter-regional 73

REFERENCES 74

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FIGURES

Figure1Selecteddimensionsandaspectsofsustainableinternationalhydrogenvaluechains 14

Figure2Breakdownoftotalfinalenergyconsumption(TFEC)byenergycarrier:IRENA’s1.5°CScenario16

Figure3Globalcleanhydrogensupplyin2020,2030and2050 17

Figure4Renewablehydrogenprioritysetting 19

Figure5Globallevelisedcostofhydrogen(LCOH)in2030(top)and2050(bottom) 20

Figure6Greenhydrogenanditsderivatives:Tradeprojectionby2050inthe1.5°Cscenario 22

Figure7Globalimportsofhydrogenanditsderivatives,ammoniaandmethanol 22

Figure8Renewable-basedhydrogenvaluechainandCO2emissionscopes 24

Figure9Overviewofemissionsintensityfactorsfordifferenthydrogenproductionpathways 26

Figure10Emissionsintensityfortheproductionofhydrogen 27

Figure11GHGfootprintofhydrogenproducedwithdifferentelectricitysources;andcurrentand

futureaveragegridelectricityproducedviaPEMelectrolysis 28

Figure12Set-upsforhydrogenproductionviaelectrolysis 29

Figure13Comparisonofaveragewaterwithdrawalandconsumptionintensitiesbyhydrogen

productiontechnology 35

Figure14Ammoniashippinginfrastructure,includingaheatmapofliquidammoniacarriersand

ammoniaportfacilitiesin2017 39

Figure15Energyconsumptionalongthesupplychainforselectedcarrierpathways 46

Figure16Energycostofshippinghydrogenoverdifferentcarriers 47

Figure18HydrogenMOUs,asofOctober2023 56

TABLES

Table1MethodstoprovetheenergyusedisrenewablebasedonEUcriteria 29

Table2ProposedUSrulesfortheproductionofcleanhydrogen 30

Table3IRAtaxcredittiers 33

Table4Numberofshipsrequiredtotransport1MtofhydrogenusingLOHC 42

Table5Overviewofhydrogencarriers 45

Table6Assessmentofemploymenteffectsindevelopingcountries 54

Table7Comparingtheexportorientationofselectedstrategies 58

Table8Comparingtheend-useprioritiesinselectedstrategies 61

Table9Comparingthepolicytoolsofselectedstrategies 63

BOXES

Box1LCAasatoolforemissionsaccounting 24

Box2Relevanceforcertification 25

Box3TheEHB 32

Box4Qualityinfrastructureforrobustandsustainablehydrogenvaluechains 34

Box5ProducinggreenammoniainNamibia 40

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Box6South-Southco-operationonrenewablehydrogendevelopment 51

Box7Estimatingjobcreationbasedonindustryturnoveracrossthevaluechain 52

Box8ThecaseofSingapore 57

Box9LandauctionsinOman 62

Box10Mini-gridsforislands 64

ABBREVIATIONS

BECC

CBAM

CCS

CCUSCfD

DA

DACDBT

EHBEIB

EJ

ESGEU

FCEVFDI

g

GCCGDPGHGGJ

GW

G7

H2

IEA

IPCC

IPHE

IRA

IRENAISO

kg

bioenergywithcarboncaptureandstorage

CarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(EU)

carboncaptureandstorage

carboncapture,utilisationandstoragecontractfordifference

delegatedact

directaircapturedibenzyl-toluene

EuropeanHydrogenBankEuropeanInvestmentBankexajoule

environmental,socialandgovernanceEuropeanUnion

fuelcellelectricvehicleforeigndirectinvestment

gramme

GulfCo-operationCouncilgrossdomesticproduct

greenhousegasgigajoule

gigawattGroupof7hydrogen

InternationalEnergyAgency

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

InternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomy

InflationReductionAct

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyInternationalOrganisationfor

Standardisationkilogramme

kgCO2eq

KPI

kt

KtpakW

kWh

LCA

LCOHLOHCMETI

MJ

MOUMt

MtpaMW

O&MOEMPDBTPEM

PJ

PPA

PV

QI

R&D

REDIISDG

SMRTFECTJ

TWhUSDVRE

kgofCO2equivalent

keyperformanceindicatorkilotonne

kilotonnesperannumkilowatt

kilowatthour

life-cycleassessment

levelisedcostofhydrogen

liquidorganichydrogencarrierMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(Japan)

megajoule

memorandumofunderstandingmilliontonnes

milliontonnesperannummegawatt

operationandmaintenance

originalequipmentmanufacturerperhydro-dibenzyl-toluene

protonexchangemembranepetajoule

powerpurchaseagreementphotovoltaic

qualityinfrastructure

researchanddevelopment

RenewableEnergyDirectiveIIsustainabledevelopmentgoalsteammethanereforming

totalfinalenergyconsumptionterajoule

terrawatthour

UnitedStatesdollar

variablerenewableenergy

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Lowcarbonhydrogeniskeytoachievingthegoaltoreachnet-zeroemissionsby2050.However,thetechno-economicpotentialtoproducelow-cost,low-carbonhydrogenisnotevenlydistributedglobally.Theregionswiththepotentialtoproduceitmaynotalignwiththosethatwillhavehighfuturedemand.Thiscouldleadtothecreationofanewglobalmarketthatnotonlytradeslow-carbonhydrogenbutalsoitsderivatives.Thismayreshapeglobalenergytradeandcreateopportunitiesfornewplayers,includingdevelopingcountries.

Sofar,thefocushasbeenonemissionintensityandcost,butthisnewglobalmarketmaynotonlyintroducenewplayers-itcouldalsobringabouthighlycomplexinternationalvaluechains.Thesevaluechains,especiallywheninvolvingdevelopingcountries,requireacomprehensivesustainabilityapproachthatencompassesvariousdimensions.Thisreportprovidesananalysiscoveringeconomic,governanceandenvironmentalaspects,aswellaspotentialsocio-economicbenefitsandpossiblerisksfordevelopingcountries.

Fromaneconomicstandpoint,cost-effectiveproductionofrenewablehydrogenanditsderivativesreliesonaccesstocheaprenewableenergy,aswellasaccesstowaterandlandresources.Futuremarketdevelopmentsareexpectedtobesignificantlyinfluencedbyregulationsandincentiveschemesaimedatpromotingglobalhydrogenproduction.Theseincentiveschemes,suchastheInflationReductionAct(IRA)intheUnitedStatesandtheauctionsystemimplementedbytheEuropeanHydrogenBank(EHB),havethepotentialtogreatlyimpactthelocation,technologiesandcharacteristicsofhydrogenproductionandconsumption.Theyofferfinancialincentivesthatsupporttheproductionofrenewablehydrogenwithloweremissions.Manyofthesenewincentiveschemesnotonlyfocusondomesticproductionbutalsoextendtoproductioninforeignmarkets.

Renewable-basedhydrogenproductionthroughelectricityisexpectedtofacetheleastuncertaintyinmeetingfutureregulationsinimportingmarketssuchastheEuropeanUnion(EU),JapanandSouthKorea.Itisalsomostlikelytobenefitfromincentiveschemes.Forexample,hydrogenregulationsintheEUrequireallrenewablehydrogentodemonstratethattheelectricityusedinitsproductionisadditional,evenforvolumesproducedoutsidetheEU.Thismeansthereisaneedtofocusoncontinuouslyadoptingrenewableenergysourcesinpotentialexportmarkets,alongwiththeirhydrogenproductiondevelopment.

Fromagovernanceandstrategy-settingperspective,therehavealsobeensignificantdevelopments.TheGroupofSeven(G7)members,asfuturemajorhydrogendemandhubs,havebeenveryactiveinhydrogenpolicy-making.Additionally,moreandmorecountries,includingdevelopingcountries,aremovingforwardwithstrategylaunchesandpolicydevelopments.Atthetimeofwriting,atleast53countrieshavelaunchedahydrogenstrategyorroadmap.Thesevaryintheircommitmentlevelandprioritysetting.ComparedtoG7members,manydevelopingcountrieshavelimitedbudgets,andprojectdevelopersfacehighfinancingcosts.Consequently,theirstrategiesoftenfocusoncreatingabusiness-friendlyenvironmentthroughenablingpolicies.Theseareasincludefiscalincentives,infrastructuredevelopment,landpermitsandskilldevelopment.

CountriesintheGlobalSouthhaveacknowledgedthepredictedimportdemandnotedinthenationalhydrogenstrategiesoftheGlobalNorth.Inresponse,theyhavetakenanexport-orientedapproachtoaddressthesemarkets.Forthisapproachtobesuccessful,however,theprojectedgrowthoftheglobalhydrogenmarketwillneedtomaterialiseasanticipated.

Intermsofenvironmentalimpact,renewablehydrogenemits-onaverageortypically-lessgreenhousegases(GHG)thanbluehydrogenoveritslifecycle.Atthesametime,whenconsideringhydrogenproductionfor

ExECUTIVESUMMARy

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?GreenOak/Shutte

export,itiscrucialtoaddressthepotentialforanyenvironmentalburdensbeingtransferredtodevelopingcountries,ifsuchanoffloadingofadverseimpactsistobeprevented.

Whenitcomestolong-distancetransportationofrenewablehydrogenandderivedproducts,differentcarrieroptionsexist,withvaryinginfrastructurerequirementsandtechnicalconsiderations.Mostlikely,therewillbeamulti-carrierfuture.Theenergybalanceofthesecarriersisanessentialfactorincomparingtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Thisreportanalysesfourliquidhydrogencarriersfromwhichhydrogencanbeextractedatthedestination.Inmanycases,however,itismoreappropriatetousecarriersdirectlyasfuelsorfeedstock.

Energyconsumptionalsovariesdependingonthetypeofhydrogencarrier.Forliquidhydrogen,mostenergyisconsumedintheproducercountry.Forammonia,liquidorganichydrogencarriers(LOHCs)andmethanol,however,significantenergyisrequiredinthedestinationcountryduringthedehydrogenationandcrackingprocesses.Thiscouldposeadisadvantage,butitcouldbemitigatedbyusingammoniaandmethanoldirectlyasfuelorchemicalfeedstocks,bypassingthereconversionstepanditsassociatedhighenergyconsumption.InthecaseofLOHCs,theheatreleasedduringthehydrogenationstepcouldalsoimprovetheenergyandeconomicbalance,ifitcanbeusedtohelpmeetindustrial,medium-temperatureheatdemand.

Toensurerenewablehydrogenbecomesapartofajustandequitabletransition,itisimportanttomakesurethatdevelopingcountriesthatproducerenewablehydrogen–andthatmayexportashareofthis–benefitfromdoingso,botheconomicallyandsocially.

Whilethesectorhasthepotentialtocreatemanyjobs,itcanbedifficulttodeterminehowmanyofthesejobswillbelong-termandofhighquality–especiallyindevelopingcountries.Furthermore,socialacceptanceandcommunityinvolvementplaycrucialrolesinthesuccessfulimplementationofnewenergytechnologies,particularlyinthecontextoflarge-scaleinfrastructuredevelopment.Thisisespeciallyrelevantforbuildingthesupplystructuresneededtomeetthegrowingdemandforrenewablehydrogeninthefuture.Communityinvolvement,however,isoftenoverlookedinthisprocess.Bypromotinglocalindustrialdevelopment,theco-benefitsofrenewablehydrogenproductioncanbeincreased.Developingcountriescouldcreatemoresustainablejobs,addlong-termvalueandimprovetheirinternationalcompetitiveness.Theycouldalsoreducetherisksassociatedwiththeglobalhydrogentradebyparticipatinginboththeupstreamanddownstreamactivitiesofrenewablehydrogenproduction.Therefore,itwillbenecessarytoadoptacomprehensiveindustrialdevelopmentpolicytoaddressthecomplexitiesofthischanginglandscapeinafairandequitablemanner.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Thisreportfocusesonvaluechainsthat,ontheonehand,involvedevelopingcountriesashydrogensuppliers,andontheother,futuredemandhubs,suchastheG7.Therecommendationsaddressbothendsofthevaluechain.Theytouchupontheopportunitiespresentedbyshapinginternationalhydrogenlinkages,butalsoaddresspotentialrisks.DetaileddescriptionscanbefoundinChapter7.

RECOMMENDATION1:

Firstmoversshouldleadthewaytocomprehensive

sustainabilityforgreenandrenewable-basedhydrogenvaluechains

Frontrunnershaveauniqueopportunitytodemonstratehowtherenewablehydrogensectorcancontributetoaglobalenergytransitionthatisbothfairandsustainable.Thisappliestolocalconsumption,aswellastorenewablehydrogenthatistradedoverlong-distances.

Theemissionsintensityofthehydrogenvaluechainisoneofthemostcriticalfactorsinachievingclimategoals.Emergingrenewablehydrogenandhydrogen-derivedcommodityvaluechainsshouldbetrulysustainableandequitable.Toachievethis,acomprehensiveapproachthatconsidersmorethanjustemissionsintensityisnecessary.Suchanapproachshouldconsidertheeconomic,environmental,socialandgovernanceaspectstoo.

ACTIONSSUGGESTED:

?Worktowardsasharedunderstandingofsustainabilityforrenewablehydrogenprojectsonthestrategicandprojectlevel.Thisshouldincludeenvironmental,economicandgovernanceaspectsandfosterajustandsustainablerenewablehydrogensector.

?Sharebestpracticesandlessonslearntfromfirstmovers–especiallythosewhichhavespecificallyassessedandaddressedtheimpactofhydrogenonsustainabledevelopment.

RECOMMENDATION2:

Mitigatingenvironmentalrisksandmaximisingopportunities

RenewablehydrogenanditsderivativesplayacrucialroleinachievinganenergysystemthatalignswiththeParisAgreement’s1.5°C(degreecentigrade)goal.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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Thevaluechainsforsuchproductswilldifferinshape,dependingonthechosentechnologies,efficiencies,andwhetherthefinalproductisconsumedlocallyortransportedoverlongdistances.Tomaximisethecontributionofsuchchainstoclimateprotectiongoals,itisimportanttominimisetheemissionsintensityalongtheirentirelength.

Scalinguprenewablehydrogenproductionrequireslarge-scaleinfrastructureprojects,includingextensiverenewableenergydeployment.Thiscanhavesignificantimplicationsforlocalcommunities.Landrequirementsandwaterconsumptionareimportantfactorstoconsider,especiallyinwater-scarceregions.

Whenshippingoverlongdistances,particularlywithammoniaandmethanol,itisalsocriticalthattheybehandledcarefullytoavoidleaks.Developingqualityinfrastructurefortheproductionandtransportationofrenewablehydrogenanditsderivativescanhelptoensurethattheycanbetradedglobally,whilestillbeingsustainableandsafe.Futuredemandhubscanleadthewayinhighlightingtheholisticenvironmentalimpactofrenewablehydrogenproductionandindevelopingqualityinfrastructureforinternationaltrade.

ACTIONSSUGGESTED:

?Ensurethathydrogeneconomydevelopmentinexportingregionsalsodrivesthewiderenergytransition.Renewableenergydeploymentsbeyondthoserequiredtopowerproductionfacilities–locallyandinresourcerichareas–shouldbesupported.

?Co-operateatthenationallevelwithpartnercountriesandinternationallythroughintergovernmentalforaondevelopingarobustqualityinfrastructuretoensurethesafeuseofhydrogen.

?Championinitiativesthatemphasiseenvironmentalimpact,resourceefficiencyand

watermanagement,avoidingtheoffloadingofnegativeimpactsinresource-richareas.

RECOMMENDATION3:

Considertheroleofhydrogenderivativesinbuildingmarkets

Hydrogencarriersallowthetransportofhydrogenoverlong-distancesfromresource-richcountriestofuturedemandcentres.Ammoniaandmethanolaretwoexamplesofhydrogencarriers,eachcomingwithdifferenttechnicalimplications.Bothofthesehaveanotherroleashydrogen-derivedcommoditiesthatarechemicalfeedstockswithpotentialfunctionsthemselvesintheenergysystem.

Futuredemandhubscouldthereforemeaningfullysupportthedevelopmentofderivativevaluechainsindevelopingcountries.Thiswouldbeinadditiontotheirhistoricandexistingsupportforthedevelopmentofrenewablehydrogenprojects.

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Themeritofsuchanapproachisthatitbridgestwoaspectsofhydrogenvalue-chaindevelopmentdiscussedinthisreport.First,thatthereisanopportunityforfrontrunnerssuchasG7countriestosupportlocalmarketdevelopmentofhydrogenandhydrogen-derivativevaluechainsindevelopingcountries;andsecond,fromanefficiencyperspective,energylossescanbeminimisedbybuildingvaluechainsaroundthedirectuseofthederivedcommoditiesthemselves.Itisalsolikelytobemoreconvenienttotransportthederivativecommoditiesacrosslongdistancesthantransportinghydrogenitself–forexample,fromdevelopingcountryproducerstoimportmarketsinEurope,Japanandelsewhere.

Therefore,G7countriesshouldinvestinmarketdevelopment,research,developmentanddemonstrationactivities–aswellascapacitybuildinginitiatives–whichspecificallytargetthederivedcommoditiesofammoniaandmethanol.

Theintentherecouldbetwo-fold.First,thissupportcouldhelptodevelopefficientcommodityexportcapacity.Second,itcouldalsodevelopanopportunitytosupportdeepdecarbonisationandindustrialdevelopmentbygrowingproductioncapacityandlocaluseofthecommoditiesinthelocalmarketsofdevelopingcountries.Intheiremerginghydrogenstrategies,developingcountriesareincreasinglyrecognisingtheseopportunities.TheG7countriesshouldsupporttheseinitiatives,whilealsofacilitatingthedevelopmentoffutureexportcapacity.

ACTIONSSUGGESTED:

?Investinmarketdevelopment,research,developmentanddemonstrationactivities,andcapacitybuildinginitiativesthatspecificallytargetthehydrogen-derivedcommoditiesofammoniaandmethanol.

?Supportlocaldecarbonisationandsustainableindustrialdevelopmentindevelopingcountries,whileinparallelfacilitatingthedevelopmentoffutureexportcapacity.

RECOMMENDATION4:

Collaborateonlocalvaluecreationwithafocusondevelopingcountries

Manydevelopingcountrieshavethepotentialtoproducesignificantamountsofrenewableenergy.Thisisanopportunityforeconomicgrowthandsustainabledevelopment.Onewaytoleveragethispotentialisbyproducingandexportingrenewablehydrogenanditsderivatives.Thiscanleadtovariousco-benefits,suchasjobcreation,increasedaccesstocleanenergyandthepromotionofgreenindustrialdevelopment.Achievingtheseoutcomesrequirescarefulplanning,however.Thisincludesstrategiesforthedevelopmentofaskilledworkforceinboththepublicandprivatesectors.

GlobalNorthcountriescanenabledevelopingcountriesbysupportingcapacity-buildingthatfocusonrenewablehydrogentechnologiesandsustainableenergypractices.These

1.INTRODUCTION

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stepscanhelpequiptheworkforceofdevelopingcountrieswiththenecessaryskillstoparticipateeffectivelyintheglobalhydrogensector.

Byinvestingincapacitybuilding,risksassociatedwiththeramp-upofgreenhydrogenproductioncanalsobemitigated.Thisinvestmentcanensurethatdevelopingcountriescansustainablyandequitablyharnesstheirrenewableenergypotential.

ACTIONSSUGGESTED:

?Exchangeinsightsonpotentialbenefits,includingassumptionsaboutjobcreationrelatedtorenewablehydrogenandderivatesproduction.

?Investincapacitybuildingtodevelopaskilledlocalworkforceindevelopingcountries.

RECOMMENDATION5:

Promotestrategicpartnershipsatboththeglobalandinter-regionallevels

Encouragingtheformationofstrategicpartnershipsbetweenpotentialsuppliersofgreenhydrogen,globaldemandcentresandtechnologyprovidersiscrucialinacceleratingtheadoptionofadvancedtechnologiesacrossthehydrogenandcommodityvaluechains.Itisalsovitalinscalingupproductioncapacities.

Front-runnercountriescanplayapivotalroleinfacilitatingtechnologytransfer,sharingbestpracticesandleveragingfinancialandtechnicalresourcestosupportthehydrogensectorindevelopingcountries.Socialacceptanceandlocalcommunityinvolvementremainmostlyoverlooked,butcansignificantlycontributetopreventingharmandmaximisingthebenefitsofrenewablehydrogenproduction.

Thesestrategicalliancesarevitalforovercomingtechnicalandeconomicbarriers,enablingmorerapiddeploymentofrenewablehydrogenprojects,andensuringthatthebenefitsofthehydrogentransitionaresharedwidely.FurtherformatsforSouth-Southco-operationcansupportexchangesbetweendevelopingcountriesthatfacesimilarchallengesandbarrierswhendevelopingtheirhydrogensectors

ACTIONSSUGGESTED:

?Facilitateknowledgetransferandthesharingofbestpractices,e.g.onsocialacceptanceandcommunityinvolvement.Suchsharingandtransfershouldalsotakeplaceinsupportingthehydrogensectorindevelopingcountries.Inter-regionalco-operationbetweendevelopingcountriesfacingsimilarchallengesshoulda