職稱英語綜合類考試輔導(dǎo)概括大意

職稱英語綜合類考試輔導(dǎo)概括大意

Hurricanes（龍卷風(fēng)）

Didyouknowthatbefore1950,hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimply

givennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlpha,Bravo,Charlie,etc.

butin1953,femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability（不

可預(yù)知）factorofthestorms.In1979,realizingthesexist（性別歧視

的）natureofsuchnames,thelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenand

women.

Hurricanesandtyphoons（臺(tái)風(fēng)）arethesamethings.Iftheyforminthe

Atlantic,wecallthesestrongstormshurricanes,fromtheWestIndian

wordhurricane,meaning"bigwind.zzAndiftheyarePacificstorms,they

arecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifun,meaning〃greatwind.〃To

beclassifiedasahurricane,thestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast

75mph.Thesestormsarebig,manyhundredsofmilesindiameter.

Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-up

energy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses（凝結(jié)）froma

gaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator（赤道）.

Tomakeahurricane,youmusthaveextremelywet,warmair,thekindof

airthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.

Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwater

condensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustone

dayalone,thestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrialized

nationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon'tknowhowto

makesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.

Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksfor

forecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Some

stormsmayraceattwicethisspeed,thensuddenlystopandremaininthe

samelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening（發(fā)瘋的）ifyoulive

inacoastalareathatmaybehit.

Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweather

satellites.Withthese,wecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfully,

frombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroyproperty,

hurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.

1.Paragraph1A.Ashorthistoryofnaminghurricanes

B.Harnessingthehurricaneenergy

2.Paragraph2C.Difficultyinforecastingthecourseofa

hurricane

D.Hugeenergystoredinahurricane

3.Paragraph4E.Forecastingahurricanethroughsatellite

watching

F.Differentnamesforthesamethings

4.Paragraph5

5.Bothmaleandfemalenamesareusedforhurricanesinconsideration

of.

6.Usingweathersatellitescanensureofhurricanes.

7.Energyspecialistsmaybeinterestedinofhurricanes.

8.Scientistscannotaccuratelypredictthecourseofahurricanedueto

A.thetimely（及時(shí)的）discovery

B.convenience

C.sexequality

D.itsconnectionwithhumans

E.thehugepower

F.itsuncertainty

職稱英語綜合類完形填空講義（1）

PASSAGE1

TheInventionofthetelephone

Inthenineteenthcentury,theinventionofthetelegraphmadeitpossibletosend

noises,signals,andevenmusicoverwiresfromoneplacetoanother.However,the

humanvoice_1_thisway.Manyinventorstriedtofinda_2_tosendavoiceover

wires,andin1876someoftheireffortswerecrownedwithsuccess.__3__American

inventors,AlexanderGrahamBellandElishaGray,—4—atalmostthesametime.The

UnitedStatesSupremeCourtfinallyhadtodecidewhichofthetwo_5—thefirstinventor

ofthetelephone.TheCourtdecided_6—Bell'sfavor.

BorninEdinbrug,Scotland,Bellgrewupinafamily_7—wasveryinterestedin

teachingpeopletospeak.Hisgrandfatherhadbeenanactorwholeft_8—toteach

elocution;hisfatherwasateacher_9—deaf-muteslearnhowtospeak.

However,probablynoneofthe_10—inventionsgaveBellthesamefeelingof

triumph_11—hehadonthedaywhenhespilledsomeacidfromhisbatteries.Itwas

afterhehadworkedformonthstofindwaystosendsomethingmore_12—metallic

twangsoverthewires.ThinkingWatson,_13_,wasinthenextroom,Bellcalled,

"Mr.Watson,—14—.Iwantyou."Watsonwasnotinthenextroom.Hewasdowninhis

laboratory,—15—tothereceiver.ToWatson'ssurprise,heheardthewordsperfectly.He

rantotellBellthenews:thewireshadcarriedBell'svoiceperfectly.

EXERCISE:

1.A)hadnevertraveledB)neverhadtraveled

C)wasnevertraveledD)neverwastraveled

2.A)solutionB)keyC)wayD)mean

3.A)TwoB)ThetwoC)ThetwoofD)Oftwo

4.A)wassucceededB)havesucceeded

C)succeededD)wassucceeding

5.A)wasB)tobeC)beingD)havingbeen

6.A)atB)onC)toD)in

7.A)thatB)whereC)inwhichD)who

8.A)atheatreB)theatreC)theatresD)thetreatre

9.A)whichwashelpedB)thatwashelped

C)whohelpedD)whohashelped

10.A)laterB)latterC)latelyD)afterwards

11.A)likeB)toC)whichD)as

12.A)ofB)/C)asD)than

13.A)beinghishelperB)washishelper

C)hishelperD)tobehishelper

14.A)comehereB)comeupC)goawayD)godown

15.A)besidesB)besideC)nextD)by

Key:ACACADADCADDCAC

PASSAGE2

CulturalDifference

Peoplefromdifferentculturessometimesdothingsthatmakeeachother

uncomfortable,sometimeswithoutrealizingitMostAmericans__1___outofthecountry

andhavevery__2__experiencewithforeigners.Buttheyareusuallyspontaneous,

friendlyandopen,andenjoy__3__newpeople,havingguestsandbringingpeople

togetherformallyorinformally.Theytendtousefirstnames__4__mostsituationsand

speakfreelyaboutthemselves.SoifyourAmericanhostsdosomethingthat__5___you

uncomfortable,trytoletthemknowhowyoufeel.Mostpeoplewill_6—yourhonestyand

trynottotakeyouuncomfortableagain.Andyou'llall_7_somethingaboutanother

culture!

Manytravelersfind_8—easiertomeetpeopleintheU.S.thaninothercountries.

Theymayjustcomeupandintroducethemselvesoreveninviteyouover_9_they

reallyknowyou.SometimesAmericansaresaidtobe_10—.Perhapsitseemsso,but

theyareprobablyjust_11—agoodtime.Justlikeanywhereelse,ittakestimeto

becomerealfriends_12_peopleintheU.S..

Ifandwhenyou_13—Americanfriends,theywillprobably_14—introducingyou

totheirfriendsandfamily,andiftheyseemproud_15—you,it'sprobablybecausethey

are.Relaxandenjoyit!

EXERCICE

1.A)haveneverbeenB)havebeenneverC)hasneverbeenD)hasbeennever

2.A)alittleB)littleC)muchD)agreatdeal

3.A)meetB)tomeetC)meetingD)tohavemet

4.A)onB)amongC)withinD)in

5.A)makesB)makeC)madeD)making

6.A)praiseB)honorC)appreciateD)confirm

7.A)pickB)selectC)learnD)study

8.A)thisB)itC)themD)/

9.A)whenB)ifC)afterD)before

10.A)superficiallyfriendB)superficialfriend

C)superficiallyfriendlyD)superficialfriendly

11.A)havingB)takingC)makingD)killing

12.A)withB)amongC)toD)in

13.A)getalongwithB)getridofC)stayawayfromD)staywith

14.A)hateB)forbidC)avoidD)enjoy

15.A)toknowB)knowingC)knowD)havingknown

Key:ABCDACCBDCAADDA

PASSAGE3

TheWhiteHouse

Wegotupearlythismorningand_l_alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthe

businesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger_2_Ithoughtitwould

be.—3—thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat's4

Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity._5_thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.A

bout9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It's_6_tothepublicfrom10ti!112,andtherewasalong

lineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn'thavetowaitverylong,becausethelinemoved

—7—quickly.

TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhite,because

it'sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit,8manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds_9—about

foursquareblocks.Imean,they'reabouttwoblockslong_10_eachside.Ofcourse,wedidn't

seethewholebuilding.Thepart_11_thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.But

thepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthe

library,onthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloor,therearethreeroomsnamed_12—thecolorsthat

areusedinthem:theRedRoom,theBlueRoom,andtheGreenRoom.Thewallsarecovered

withsilk_13—.Thereare_14—oldfurniture,fromthetime_15—theWhiteHousewasfirst

built.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamous

peoplefromhistory.

1.A)madeB)didC)tookD)got

2.A)thanB)asC)soD)like

3.A)ButB)YesC)SoD)Then

4.A)sinceB)asC)becauseD)becauseof

5.A)MuchofB)MostofC)AlotD)Lots

6.A)openB)openingC)beingopenedD)opened

7.A)prettyB)littleC)muchD)verymuch

8.A)/B)havingC)withD)together

9.A)includeB)costC)coverD)spread

10.A)byB)onC)forD)with

11.A)whichB)whatC)thatD)where

12.A)byB)forC)afterD)before

13.A)clothB)clothesC)clothingD)cloths

14.A)MuchpiecesofB)manypiecesofC)manyaD)agreatmany

15.A)thatB)whichC)whoD)when

key:CAACBAACCBDCABD

PASSAGE4

CostasaFactorinSupply

Inapurelycompetitivemarket,thesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontrolover

themarketprice,becauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withno

differencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts_1—hiscompetitors,hewillsell

nothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator_2—

themarketprice.However,inconsideringtheprice,hemusttakecostofproduction

—3—.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappen

whenpricestumblefor_4_ashorttime.However,nobusinesspersoncan_5_lose

moneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemust_6—ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceif

heistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit.

Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreases,costsperunit

decrease._7_massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertain

levelsofproduction,—8—logicandpracticalexperiencehaveshownthatcostsperunit

begintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists_9—thisprinciple

asthelawofincreasingcosts.

Thereason_10—riseasproductiongoesupiscomplex.However,itiseasyto

recognizethatasproductiongoesup,theneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwill

alsogrow,resulting_11—competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsof

production.Ifaproducerneeds_12—skilledlabortoproducemore,andnoneofthis

laborisunemployed,theproducerwillhavetoget_13_fromothersources.Thiscanbe

doneby_14—higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsof

production.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive,—15—notall

landisequallyfertileandnotalloreisequallyrichinthemineralwanted.

1.A)toB)atC)ofD)on

2.A)belowB)beneathC)overD)above

3.A)toconsiderB)intoconsiderationC)toconsiderationD)inconsideration

4.A)hebelieveswillbeB)whathebelievesbeC)whathebelieveswillbeD)hebelieves

tobe

5.A)affordtoB)beaffordableC)beaffordedtoD)haveafforded

6.A)constantlyawareB)constantlyknowledgeableofC)beconstantlyawareofD)

constantlyawareof

7.A)BecauseB)SinceC)WhenD)While

8.A)bothB)aswellasC)alsoD)but

9.A)referB)refertoC)callD)arereferredto

10.A)costB)thecostC)thecostsD)costs

11.A)fromB)inC)\D)for

12.A)lessB)numerousC)moreD)many

13.A)themB)theseC)itD)those

14.A)offeringB)cuttingC)reducingD)having

15.A)asjustB)justasC)becauseD)while

KEYS:CABCACDABDBCCAB

PASSAGE5

ImportanceofthePublicImage

Publicimagereferstohowacompanyisviewedbyiscustomers,suppliers,and

stockholders,bythefinancialcommunity,bythecommunitiesinwhichitoperates,andby

federalandlocalgovernments.Publicimageiscontrollable(1),justasthe

product,price,place,andpromotionaleffortsare.

Afirm'spublicimage(2)avitalroleintheattractivenessofthefirmandits

productstoemployees,customers,(3)tosuchoutsidersasstockholders,

suppliers,creditors,governmentofficials,aswellasdiversespecialgroups.Withsome

thingsitis(4)tosatisfyallthediversepublics:forexample,anewhighly

automatedplantmaymeettheapprovalofcreditorsandstockholders,but(5)will

undoubtedlyfindresistancefromemployeeswhoseetheir(6)threatened.On

theotherhand,high-qualityproductsandservicestandardsshouldbringalmostcomplete

approval,(7)___lowqualityproductsandfalseclaimswouldbewidelylookeddown

upon.

Afirm'spublicimage,(8)itisgood,shouldbetreasuredandprotected.Itis

avaluableasset(9)usuallyisbuiltupoveralongandsatisfyingrelationshipofa

firmwithispublics.Ifafirmhas(10)aqualityimage,thisisnoteasilycountered

orimitatedbycompetitors.__(11)__animagemayenableafirmtochargehigher

prices,towoothebestdistributorsanddealers,toattractthebestemployees,toexpect

(12)favorablecreditorrelationshipsandlowestborrowingcosts.Itshouldalso

allowthefirm'sstocktocommandahigherprice-earningsratiothanotherfirmsinthe

sameindustry(13)suchagoodreputationandpublicimage.

Anumberoffactorsaffectthepublicimageofacorporation.(14)include

physicalfacilities,contactsofoutsiderswithcompanyemployees,productqualityand

dependability,prices(15)competitors,customerservice,thekindofadvertising

andthemediaandprogramsused,andtheuseofpublicrelationsandpublicity.

1.A)atconsiderableextent

B)toconsiderableextent

C)toconsiderateextent

D)atconsiderateextent

2.A)establishes

B)plays

C)makes

D)obtains

3.A)but

B)however

C)and

D)as

4.A)possible

B)easy

C)notimpossible

D)impossible

5.A)they

B)some

C)it

D)we

6.A)plant

B)jobs

C)machines

D)themselves

7.A)while

B)when

C)as

D)and

8.A)that

B)if

C)which

D)/

9.A)that

B)who

C)whose

D)ofwhich

10.A)been

B)developed

C)found

D)learned

11.A)With

B)Such

C)Like

D)/

12.A)amore

B)more

C)most

D)themost

13.A)with

B)without

C)in

D)of

14.A)They

B)It

C)Some

D)Most

15.A)relatedto

B)connectedwith

C)relativeto

D)relatedwith

KEY:BBCDCBABABBDBAC

PASSAGE6

Let'sHaveaLittleCooperationPlease

CiaAndinadoTriconos(CATSA),aBolivianjointventureoftheU.S.Dresser

Industriesandlocalinvestors,whichandbaseditsinvestment(1)anallocation

underthemetalworkingprogram,closeditsdoorsafter(2)topenetratethe

Andeanmarketaftermorethantwoyearsinoperation.

Theprospectof(3)accesstotheAndeanmarket,plusprotectionprovided

bya55percent"advalorem'*commonoutertariffonbitssourcedfromoutsidethebloc,

madethesalesoutlookseem(4).

However,CATSA's"monopoly“positioninAncomprovedspecious.(5)

theplantwentonstreamin1974,thecompanywasneverabletoexportasingledrillbitto

theAndeanmarket;anditslocalsaleswere(6)astate-ownedpetroleum

company.Thismarketwasclearly(7),sincetheoperationhadbeenbasedon

exportingthebulkoftheplant's200-unit-per-monthcapacitytotheAndeanarea.

CATSAcouldnotpenetratetheAncommarketforseveralreasons:

AlthoughAncom(8)a55-percentcommonoutertariffonthird-country

imports,someAncomcountrieshadpreviously(9)LAFTA(LatinAmerican

FreeTradeAssociation)tariffconcessions,whichtakeprecedenceovertheAncomtariffs.

Ancommemberssimplydidnot(10)thespiritofthemetalworking

agreement.AftertheinstallationoftheCATSAfacility,plantsproducingtriconebits

(11)inPeruandVenezuela.Underthemetalworkingprogram,participating

(12)werecommittedtoprohibitingnewforeigninvestmentinallocationsof

otherAncomcountries.Butonthequestionofnewinvestmentbylocalindustry,the

obligationwasonlynottoencourageit,withnorequirementtopreventit.(13)

Venezuela,ithasnocommitmenttolimitlocalproductionortohonortheoutertariff,

becauseitwasnotyetamemberofAncomwhenthemetalworkingagreementwas

signedandwasthusnota(14)tothepact.

Also,accordingtoBolivia,ColombiaandEcuadoremployed(15)

obstaclestoavoidapplyingthecommonoutertariff.

ThewithdrawalofChilefromAncomcostBoliviaalucrativepotentialmarkettoo.

1.A)in

B)to

C)under

D)on

2.A)failB)tofailC)failingD)succeeding

3.A)nodutyB)no-dutyC)duty-boundD)duty-free

4.A)goodB)wellC)badD)badly

5.A)SoB)AlthoughC)ButD)Therefore

6.A)confinedtoB)confinedinC)expandedtoD)exportedto

7.A)bigenoughB)sufficientC)toobigD)insufficient

8.A)hasgotB)gotC)hasimposedD)hasimposedon

9.A)admittedB)admittingC)grantingD)granted

10.A)learnB)honorC)takeD)give

11.A)areputB)areestablishedC)weresetupD)hadsetup

12.A)membergovernmentB)membersgovernmentC)membergovernmentsD)

membersgovernments

13.A)IncaseofB)InthecaseofC)IncaseD)Oncase

14.A)partyB)memberC)personD)partner

15.A)aseriesofB)agreatdealofC)alargeamountofD)agreatnumber

KEY:DCDABADCDBCCBAA

PASSAGE7

PeopleExpress

PeopleExpress,foundedinApril1981,grewrapidlyonthebasisoflowfaresand

no-frillsservice.Itsoonbecamealeadingairlineand_1—changedtheindustryasfirms

constantlyengagedinpricewarstolurepassengers.Then,PeopleExpress'bubble_2—

becauseitoverexpanded,consumercomplaintsmountedandotherairlinesmatchedits

faresonpopularroutes.In1986,PeopleExpress_3_hundredsofmillionsofdollars

andwasforcedtosellouttoTexasAir,theownerofContinentalandEasternAirlines.

Inearly1987,TexasAir_4—PeopleExpressintoitsContinentaldivisionand

industryobserversbelieved_5_thecostlyfarewarswouldbeended.Theycouldnot

havebeenmorewrong.Tostimulatebusinessforits_6—continentalAirlines,TexasAir

institutedanewlowfarecategory__7_MaxSaver.Thefareofferedpricesthatwereupto

40percentlowerthanHsupersaver"ratesoffered_8_allairlines.Forexample,the

round-tripMaxSaverfarefromNewYorktoHoustonwas$70.TheMaxSaverfareswere

immediatelymatchedbyallmajorairlines,—9—fearedlosingbusiness.

WhileMaxSaverrateswerelow,theyalsohadrestrictions.Ticketscouldnotbe

—10—orflighttimesmodifiedafterpurchase.Passengerswouldhavetostayovereither

aSaturdayorSunday.Reservationshadtobemadeatleasttwodays_11—,andthere

werelimitedseatsavailable.

ThreeweeksafterMaxSaverrateswere_12—,AmericanAirlinesannouncedplans

toraiseitsdiscountfaresandrequire30-day_13—purchasingforitslowestfares.Itfelt

itcouldnotcontinueattheratesineffect.However,just10days_14—,Ameriacn

Airlineshadtoreviseitsplan.TexasAirrefusedtoabandontheMaxSaverfare;iteven

extendedtheprogramintothebusysummerseason.Competitorswentalongandthe

pricewarragedon,—15—anexecutive'scommentthat"nobody'scoststructurecan

surviveMaxSavers."

1.A)little

B)slowly

C)quick

D)radically

2.A)burst

B)explode

C)opened

D)disappeared

3.A)gained

B)made

C)lost

D)disappeared

4.A)emerged

B)merged

C)hascombined

D)mixed

5.A)what

B)which

C)where

D)that

6.A)expand

B)toextend

C)expanded

D)extended

7.A)called

B)calling

C)tocall

D)callingon

8.A)to

B)for

C)with

D)by

9.A)what

B)that

C)which

D)this

10.A)putoff

B)canceling

C)destroyed

D)canceled

11.A)before

B)inadvance

C)aheadof

D)later

12.A)introduced

B)broughtin

C)takenin

D)adapted

13.A)advanced

B)before

C)ahead

D)priorto

14.A)lately

B)later

C)late

D)latter

15.A)despiteof

B)despite

C)inspite

D)although

KEY:DACBDCADCDBAABB

PASSAGE8

AnAbsent-mindedProfessor

ProfessorSmithlivedalone.Hewasveryabsent-minded.Heusedto_1—the

universitytogivealectureandfindthathehadforgottentobringhisnotes.Orhe_2_

losehisspectaclesandbeunabletoseethe_3—.Hecouldneverfindanychalkto

—4—with,andheoftenforgotthetimeandwouldramble_5—forhoursbecausehe

had_6_hiswatchathome.Butthemost_7_thingofallabouthimwashis_8_.His

overcoatwasrarely_9—,asmostofthebuttonswere_10—.Hisshoeswereusually

untiedbecausehehadlostthelaces.He_11—hiscombaswellbecausehishairwas

alwaysstanding_12_,thatisunlesshewas_13_hisbatteredoldhatwiththebrim

missing.Histrouserswere_14—byanoldtieinsteadofabelt.Hewasachainsmoker.

Hewouldsmoke_15—inclass.Cigaretteashwasliberallyscatteredoverhiswaistcoat.

1.A)arriveinB)arriveatC)arriveD)arriving

2.A)wasusedtoB)wasaccustomedtoC)couldD)would

3.A)blackboardB)floorC)doorD)window

4.A)teachB)deliverC)writeD)address

5.A)ofB)atC)inD)on

6.A)putB)placedC)leftD)forgotten

7.A)excitingB)amazingC)attractiveD)delightful

8.A)appearanceB)actC)behaviorD)conduct

9.A)tiedB)fastenedC)ironedD)patched

10.A)losingB)fallingC)missingD)hanging

11.A)haslostB)losesC)musthavelostD)mustlose

12.A)onendB)upC)asideD)back

13.A)puttingonB)wearingonC)wearingD)having

14.A)roundedupB)stucktogetherC)puttogetherD)heldup

15.A)evenB)frequentlyC)constantlyD)continuously

Keys:BDACDCBABCCACDA

PASSAGE9

HighwaysintheUnitedStates

TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpa

drivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime._1_thesewide

modernroadsaregenerally_2—andwellmaintained,withfewsharpcurvesand_3—

straightsections,adirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_4—one.Largehighwaysoften

pass—5_scenicareasandinterestingsmalltowns.Furthermore,thesehighways

generally_6—largeurbancenterswhichmeansthattheybecomecrowdedwith_7—

trafficduringrushhours,—8—the"fast,direct"waybecomesaveryslowroute.However,

thereisalmostalwaysanotherrouteto_9_ifyouarenotinahurry.Notforfromthe

relativelynew"superhighways",thereareoftenolder,—10—heavilytraveledroadswhich

gothroughthecountryside.—11—aregoodlaneroads;othersareunevenroadscurving

—12—thecountry.Thesesecondaryroutesmaygoupsteepslopes,alonghillycliffsor

downfrighteninghillsidestotowns_13_indeepvalleys.Thoughtheseareless_14_

routes,longerandslower,theygenerallygotoplaces_15—theairiscleanandthe

sceneryisbeautiful,andthedrivermayhaveachancetogetafresh,cleanviewofthe

world.

1.A)AlthoughB)ButC)SinceD)Because

2.A)unevenB)bumpyC)roughD)smooth

3.A)littleB)muchC)manyD)few

4.A)terribleB)horribleC)tolerableD)enjoyable

5.A)toB)intoC)atD)by

6.A)mergeB)connectC)combineD)mix

7.A)busyB)smallC)largeD)heavy

8.A)whenB)whereC)whichD)that

9.A)walkB)goC)takeD)fix

10.A)moreB)lessC)veryD)extremely

11.A)AlloftheseB)NoneoftheseC)AllroadsD)Someofthese

12.A)outofB)outC)throughD)from

13.A)lyingB)lieC)liesD)lay

14.A)directB)indirectC)enjoyableD)beautiful

15.A)theseB)whichC)thatD)where

Keys:ADCDDBDACBDCAAD

PASSAGE10

ABiologicalClock

Everylivingthinghaswhatscientistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.

Thebiologicalclocktells_1—whentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.It

tells_2_whentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway,andittellsanimalsand

humanbeingswhentoeat,sleepandwake.

Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimal_3—theactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.

Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfur_4_

thenumberofhoursofdaylight.Intheshort_5—ofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite.Thefur

becomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.

Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekind

ofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigration_6—twiceeachyear.

Birds_7_fromflyingbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,—8—theybecome

calmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.

Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhich_9—ofthebraincontainbiological

clocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthe

frontofthebrain_10_tocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions.These_11_tella

personwhento_12—,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood.Scientistssaythere

probablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.

Dr.Moorheadisstudying_13_ourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.

Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentwork

hours.—14—cantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinwork

hours.Dr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingof

biologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers.Hesaid_15—understandingcouldcut

sicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory'sproduction.

1.A)scientistsB)humansC)plantsD)animals

2.A)insectsB)birdsC)fishD)s