2018年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析

2018年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessary（江南博哥）condition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasemptyand—realizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是______.A.onB.likeC.for

D.from正確答案：C參考解析：考查介詞辨析。第一段首句指出信任是一個矛盾體，接下來分述這一矛盾體的兩種表現(xiàn)。本題所在句對應(yīng)其第一種表現(xiàn)，冒號后的childcare和friendships等是對wonh-whilethings的舉例說明。根據(jù)句意，信任是眾多值得做的事情的必要條件。例如，兒童保育、友誼等。condition表“先決條件”時，后面跟介詞for或of，故選c。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是_____.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest正確答案：A參考解析：考查名詞辨析。本題所在句是說明信任這一矛盾體的另一種表現(xiàn)，即將信任置于錯誤的地方往往會使你付出昂貴的代價。因填入trust的近義詞faith，故選A。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是_____.A.benefitB.debtC.hope

D.price正確答案：D參考解析：考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)前一句提到的信任與兒童保育和友誼等值得做的事情的關(guān)系，即是眾多值得做的事情的先決條件；本題所在句是說明信任這一矛盾體的另一種表現(xiàn)，語義上與前一句存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，即將信任置于錯誤的地方往往會使你付出昂貴的代價。因此選D。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是_____.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.Instead

D.Again正確答案：B參考解析：考查副詞和邏輯關(guān)系。第一段講述了信任的、積極的和消極的影響；第二段段首就提出問題“______我們?yōu)槭裁匆湃嗡?”邏輯上屬于承接上文的語義而展開新話題。因B項Then“那么”符合語境，故選B。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是_____.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When正確答案：D參考解析：考查連詞和邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)句意，當人們將信任寄托于某個個體或機構(gòu)時，他們的大腦會釋放出令人產(chǎn)生愉悅感的催產(chǎn)素。只有D項When符合語義邏輯，故選D。Unless“除非，如果不”表示條件，Although“盡管”表示讓步，Until“直到……”表示時間，均不符合。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是______.A.selectsB.producesC.applies

D.maintains正確答案：B參考解析：考查動詞辨析。本題所在位置為修飾先行詞hormone的定語從句的謂語部分，且此處所填動詞與后面的triggers“引發(fā)”并列。根據(jù)句意，他們的大腦會釋放出令人產(chǎn)生愉悅感的催產(chǎn)素，它會激發(fā)人們的群居本能。因B項produces“產(chǎn)生”符合文意，故選B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是_____.A.consultB.competeC.connectD.compare正確答案：C參考解析：考查固定搭配。根據(jù)句意，他們的大腦會釋放出令人產(chǎn)生愉悅感的催產(chǎn)素，它會激發(fā)人們的群居本能，促使人們和睦相處。此空應(yīng)與that前面的herdinginstinct“群居本能”同義，因C項connect“連接”符合文意，connect…with意為“與……和睦相處”，故選C。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是_____.A.atB.byC.of

D.to正確答案：D參考解析：考查介詞搭配。前面提到人們大腦會釋放出令人產(chǎn)生愉悅感的催產(chǎn)素，它會激發(fā)人們的群居本能，促使人們和睦相處。下文又提到瑞士一項研究的結(jié)果，相比于吸入其他東西，吸入這種激素的實驗對象愿意借更多的錢給陌生人，所以這里是介紹接觸這種激素后的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，即科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)接觸這種激素會使人們產(chǎn)生信任感。因exposureto“暴露于，接觸”符合文意，故選D。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是_____.A.contextB.moodC.period

D.circle正確答案：B參考解析：考查名詞辨析。本題位于that引導的賓語從句中，表明科學家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：接觸這種催產(chǎn)素會使我們產(chǎn)生信任感。根據(jù)上下文語境可知，此空表示產(chǎn)生信任感，因B項mood“情緒，心情”符合文意，故選B。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是_____.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters正確答案：A參考解析：考查名詞辨析。本題所在句是實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，實驗對象為一半鼻子里噴灑催產(chǎn)素以及吸入其他東西的受試者，吸入其他東西的受試者是起對照作用的受試對象。因A項counterparts“相對應(yīng)的人或物”符合文意，故選A。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是______.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.Odd

D.Ironic正確答案：B參考解析：考查形容詞辨析。本題所在句提到我們也有察覺不誠實行為的第六感，這對于我們來說顯然是有利的，屬于一件幸運的事，故選B。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是_____.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight正確答案：B參考解析：考查動詞辨析。本題位于that引導的定語從句中，該定語從句修飾的先行詞是asixthsense“第六感”，其后的fordishonesty作asixthsense的后置定語，表明人們的第六感可以察覺到不誠實的行為，這可以幫助我們免遭欺騙，可以保護我們，故選B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是_____.A.betweenB.withinC.toward

D.over正確答案：A參考解析：考查介詞辨析。第三段首句指出人們的第六感可以察覺到不誠實的行為，它可以保護我們免遭欺騙。本題所在句則介紹了加拿大的一項研究，用來支持首句提到的內(nèi)容。只有14個月大的孩子就能夠區(qū)分值得信任的人和不誠實的人。而且此處能和differentiate搭配的選項只有between，表示“區(qū)分……和……”，故選A。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是_____.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted正確答案：C參考解析：考查動詞辨析。本題所在句提到了Sixtytoddlers“60個剛學走路的幼兒”和anadulttester“一名成人測試員”，后文則提到了一項實驗的具體內(nèi)容，即測試員拿著塑料容器給幼兒做演示以及幼兒的表現(xiàn)等。顯然后面的實驗是圍繞測試員和幼兒展開的，根據(jù)語境可知，幼兒是實驗對象。首先要將這些幼兒介紹給測試員認識才能進行下面的實驗，故選C。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是_____.A.out

B.backC.around

D.inside正確答案：D參考解析：考查副詞辨析。本題所在句的前面提到了研究的輔助用具是塑料容器，測試員拿著塑料容器向幼兒做演示，即測試員首先問：“這里有什么?”，然后他再向容器里看并微笑著歡呼，“哇!”由此可知，這個實驗是要讓幼兒往容器里面看，故選D。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是_____.A.discoveredB.provedC.insisted

D.remembered正確答案：A參考解析：考查動詞辨析。本題所在句是由分號連接的兩個分句，且前后兩個分句結(jié)構(gòu)相似，前一分句提到了其中一半受試幼兒的發(fā)現(xiàn)，推測后一分句應(yīng)該是說另一半受試幼兒的發(fā)現(xiàn)。因discovered“發(fā)現(xiàn)”符合文意，故選A。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是_____.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooled

D.mocked正確答案：C參考解析：考查動詞辨析。上文提到測試員在給幼兒演示實驗時，首先問了一句“這里有什么?”，然后他再向容器里面看并微笑著歡呼，似乎在告訴幼兒容器里面有什么東西。但本題所在分句指出容器里是空的，由此可知，測試員欺騙了另一半的受試幼兒，且根據(jù)下一段首句出現(xiàn)的tricked“欺騙”，也可證實此處指測試員愚弄了一部分幼兒，故選C。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是______.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled正確答案：B參考解析：考查固定搭配與語義分析。本題所在句是一個復合句，空格所在句為主句，其后為伴隨狀語，伴隨狀語中提到“他們信任他的領(lǐng)導”，可反推出在所有沒被戲弄的孩子里面，大多數(shù)孩子都愿意與測試員合作學習一項新技能，因此B項willing“自愿的”符合文意，bewillingtodosth．意為“愿意做某事”，故選B。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是_____.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance正確答案：A參考解析：考查固定搭配與邏輯關(guān)系。本題所在句的前面說明了大多數(shù)孩子的表現(xiàn)狀況，本句則介紹30個孩子中僅有的5個孩子的表現(xiàn)情況，顯然前后形成了鮮明的對比。因此A項Incontrast“相比之下，與此相反”符合文意，故選A。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是_____.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitable正確答案：C參考解析：考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)句意，在后續(xù)活動中，30個孩子中只有5個孩子與測試員合作，結(jié)合上文提到的大多數(shù)沒被愚弄的孩子信任測試員，而剩余的孩子則是被測試員欺騙了，這里是兩種情況進行對比，大多數(shù)沒被欺騙的孩子信任測試員的領(lǐng)導，只有少數(shù)幼兒(也就是被欺騙的30個孩子中的5個孩子)是信任“不可靠的”測試員的，故選c。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums-fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息mostthreatened和automation可定位至文章第二段。本段第二句指出，牛津大學的一項研究顯示，美國大約有一半的工作面臨著被自動化取代的高風險，而中產(chǎn)階級受到擠壓的比例最高。第四句具體指出許多中產(chǎn)階級的工作，如貨車運輸、金融咨詢、軟件工程——已經(jīng)或很快會引起機器人的興趣。由此可知，中產(chǎn)階級工人受自動化影響最為嚴重，故選D。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.正確答案：C參考解析：文章第三段第二、第三句提到，樂觀主義者指出過去的技術(shù)變革給工人帶來了益處。盡管工業(yè)革命對反對技術(shù)進步者來說并不是那么友好，因為他們的工作被自動化所取代，但最終工業(yè)革命提高了人們的生活水平，并創(chuàng)造了更多的工作機會。接著第四、第五句又指出，自動化最終也會提高生產(chǎn)力，使工人從繁重枯燥的工作中解脫出來。但在這個過程中，中產(chǎn)階級工人可能需要大量的幫助來進行調(diào)整。也就是說，中產(chǎn)階級工人在調(diào)整適應(yīng)變化時可能需要大量幫助，故選C。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_____.A.creativepotential.B.job-huntingskills.C.individualneeds.D.cooperativespirit.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息Education和putmoreemphasison可定位至文章第四段。本段首句就指出應(yīng)對自動化時代的第一步就是重新思考教育和職業(yè)培訓。接著下文給出了具體方法：課程設(shè)置應(yīng)當更多地關(guān)注創(chuàng)造力和復雜溝通技能的教育；職業(yè)學校應(yīng)當更好地培養(yǎng)學生解決問題的能力；網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育可以為人們提供額外的培訓和指導，故選A。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat_____.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.B.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.C.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.D.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息taxpolicies可定位至文章第六段。本段首句提到，由于自動化可能擴大資本收入和勞動收入之間的差距，所以稅收和安全網(wǎng)將不得不重新考慮。接著具體解釋稅收政策應(yīng)該如何調(diào)整，如削減低收入工人的稅等；末句指出，這將提高收入，鼓勵就業(yè)，獎勵公司創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會減少不平等。由此可知，重新考慮稅收政策的目的就是阻止收入差距擴大，故選D。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_____.A.opposingviewsonit.B.possiblesolutionstoit.C.itsalarmingimpacts.D.itsmajorvariations.正確答案：B參考解析：縱觀全文，作者在前兩段提出中產(chǎn)階級面臨的一個問題，即自動化將威脅到中產(chǎn)階級工人的工作，接著第三段指出樂觀主義者認為這也許對工人們是有利的，只是中產(chǎn)階級工人可能需要做出調(diào)整來適應(yīng)這一改變。第四段至第六段就是作者給出的一些解決辦法，如教育上要培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)造力和實際技能，以及對于稅收政策的調(diào)整等。最后一段則概括總結(jié)全文，所以這是一篇提出問題、分析問題并提出解決方案的文章，故選B。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasafakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives-especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson______.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.B.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.C.theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.D.socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息可定位至文章第一、第二段。文章首段提到在美國超過2／3的年輕人反對總統(tǒng)特朗普使用Twitter。接著提到美國公民更希望從別的渠道獲得白宮的信息，而不是從總統(tǒng)的社交平臺上。第二段第二句指出由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們可能開始想辦法提高自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)。由此可知，很多美國年輕人懷疑社交媒體是否值得信任，故選D。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】Thephrase"beefup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto______.A.sharpen.B.define.C.boast.D.share.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息可定位至第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美國人依靠社交媒體來查看每日頭條新聞。緊接著第二句指出由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們開始beefup自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)?？赏浦绹碎_始對媒體產(chǎn)生懷疑，所以開始想辦法強化自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)，從而辨識媒體是否可靠，故選A。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople______.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.B.verifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.C.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility.D.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust".正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息theKnightFoundationsurvey可定位至文章第三段。本段第二句指出，奈特基金會重點小組的一項針對14歲至24歲年輕人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們使用“分布式信任”來驗證故事。第三句又具體指出，他們會多方核實消息來源，更喜歡從不同角度看新聞——尤其是那些對任何偏見都持開放態(tài)度的人，故選B。查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis______.A.readers'outdatedvalues.B.journalists'biasedreporting.C.readers'misinterpretation.D.journalists'made-upstories.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息TheBarnasurvey可定位至文章第五段。本段第三句指出，巴拿研究集團的一項調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國人認為產(chǎn)生虛假新聞現(xiàn)象的最主要原因是“讀者的錯誤”，比編造的故事或報道中的事實錯誤更甚。第四句又給出具體解釋，約有三分之一的人表示，虛假新聞的問題在于人們“通過社交媒體誤解或夸大實際新聞”，故選c。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline.B.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend.C.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.D.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.正確答案：A參考解析：本文以哈佛大學的一項最新調(diào)查開篇，引出了年輕人不喜歡總統(tǒng)通過社交媒體發(fā)布新聞這一話題，千禧一代更愿意從其他渠道，而非通過總統(tǒng)的社交媒體平臺得知白宮發(fā)布的消息。第二段指出本文的主旨：隨著人們對于所有媒體不信任的增加，人們可能開始加強他們的媒體素養(yǎng)技能。第三段則提到年輕人的媒體素養(yǎng)的確有所提高，即越來越善于將事實與虛構(gòu)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間區(qū)分開來。第五段揭示產(chǎn)生虛假新聞現(xiàn)象的最主要原因是讀者的誤解。最后一段總結(jié)全文，指出年輕人批評過度發(fā)表推文的總統(tǒng)，展現(xiàn)的是思維技能以及選擇何時在社交媒體上分享信息的選擇。因此A選項“在線發(fā)表新聞關(guān)鍵技能的提升”正確。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain’sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld．Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealth-careisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants．Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS，whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy．DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely‘'processed”it．Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives．Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmahasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham’sreportisawelcomestart.查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients'rights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息agreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind可定位至文章首段。本段末句提到，伊麗莎白·德納姆指控NHS下屬的一個醫(yī)院信托機構(gòu)，該機構(gòu)于2015年基于一個不甚明確的協(xié)議把160萬患者的醫(yī)療記錄交給了DeepMind公司，該協(xié)議基本沒有考慮到患者的權(quán)利以及他們對于保護自己隱私的期望。由此可知，NHS和DeepMind之間的協(xié)議沒有充分考慮到患者的權(quán)利，故選B。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith_____.A.emptypromises.B.toughresistance.C.necessaryadjustments.D.sincereapologies.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham’sverdict可定位至第二段第二句。該句指出NHS下屬的英國皇家自由醫(yī)院信托機構(gòu)對德納姆的裁決采取了補救措施。緊接著下文就具體介紹了做出的安排和調(diào)整，故選C。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that_______.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.B.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.C.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.D.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.正確答案：D參考解析：文章第二段中提到，此案例中隱私并不是唯一的問題，甚至不是最重要的問題。德納姆女士選擇將責任歸咎于NHS信托機構(gòu)，是因為根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律，NHS信托機構(gòu)“掌控”著數(shù)據(jù)，而深度思維公司只是“處理”數(shù)據(jù)。最后一句明確指出，這種區(qū)分忽略了一個問題，即賦予數(shù)據(jù)價值的恰恰是對數(shù)據(jù)的處理和聚集，而不是擁有數(shù)據(jù)這種行為本身，故選D。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis______.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.B.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.C.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.D.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.正確答案：D參考解析：最后一段前兩句提到，在此案例中使用隱私法來遏制科技巨頭并沒有解決真正的憂患。第三、第四句提到了真正的問題，這不足以說明深度思維公司研發(fā)的算法將使患者受益并拯救生命。重要的是，這些利用公共資源研發(fā)出來的算法將歸屬于一個私人壟斷企業(yè)。由此可知，利用大數(shù)據(jù)研發(fā)出來的成果將歸屬于私人壟斷企業(yè)，推知大數(shù)據(jù)也被這些企業(yè)所壟斷，故選D。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis_____.A.ambiguous.B.cautious.C.appreciative.D.contemptuous.正確答案：B參考解析：文章第一段第三句提到，將科技成果應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療保健的潛力非常大，但它也可能導致科技巨頭對技術(shù)的進一步壟斷。最后一段第四句也提到，利用公共資源研發(fā)出來的算法將歸屬于一個私人壟斷企業(yè)。接著又提到，如果應(yīng)用軟件能以現(xiàn)有藥物的規(guī)模拯救生命，那么可以寄望于大數(shù)據(jù)像大制藥公司那樣運作。而我們?nèi)蕴幱谶@場革命的起步階段，現(xiàn)在所做的任何一個小的選擇都可能會在日后產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。所以為了避免未來的數(shù)字封建主義，我們需要進行長期的斗爭?？梢娮髡邔τ趯⒖萍己腿斯ぶ悄苓\用到醫(yī)療保健領(lǐng)域是很謹慎小心的，故選B。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanyreasonsthisformerlystablefederalinstitutionfindsitselfatthebrinkofbankruptcy.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality.Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshittingpostalretireesintMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunions.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency'scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby______.A.itsunbalancedbudget.B.itsrigidmanagement.C.thecostfortechnicalupgrading.D.thewithdrawalofbanksupport.正確答案：B參考解析：36．根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息financialproblem和USPS可定位至文章首段。第一段最后一句提到，從根本上說，美國郵政管理局正面臨著有史以來最大的壓力：一方面，技術(shù)變革使得人們對它的支柱產(chǎn)品(特快郵件)的需求持續(xù)減少；另一方面，其管理結(jié)構(gòu)缺乏靈活性，難以適應(yīng)新形勢而做出改變。由此可知，其中一個原因就在于管理方面不夠靈活，故選B。查看材料37.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto______.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroups.B.theinadequatefundingfromCongress.C.theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.D.theincompetenceofpostalunions.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息fails和modernize可定位至文章第二段最后一句。該句提到，這就是近年來反復嘗試立法改革均以失敗告終的原因，這使得郵政署只能推遲至關(guān)重要的現(xiàn)代化改革。所以原因應(yīng)在前文中出現(xiàn)，本段首句提到，各利益集團，從郵政工會到賀卡制造商，都對國會施壓，堅持認為不論怎么改革，他們所依賴的現(xiàn)狀都要得到保護。因此，利益集團的干預是USPS改革失敗的主要原因，故選A。查看材料38.【閱讀理解PartA】Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby_____.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.B.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.C.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.D.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息thelong-standingcomplaint和theUSPSanditsunions可定位至文章第三段。本段最后一句提到，后者將在很大程度上抵消每年為退休人員預付醫(yī)療保險費用的財政負擔，從而解決了美國郵政管理局及其工會長期以來抱怨的問題。后者是指前面提到的將郵政退休人員轉(zhuǎn)嫁給美國國家老年醫(yī)療保險制度而節(jié)省下的開支，故選A。查看材料39.【閱讀理解PartA】Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith_______.A.respect.B.tolerance.C.discontent.D.gratitude.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息legislator可定位至最后一段倒數(shù)第二句，該句提到，圍繞該法案達成的共識是，美國國會議員們對郵政管理局出現(xiàn)短期癱瘓而讓其在政治上陷入尷尬境地感到恐懼。最后一句明確指出作者的傾向，然而，這不是一個表明他們正在認真對待21世紀郵政系統(tǒng)的變革的跡象?？梢?，作者認為議員們并沒有認真對待變革，所以作者對于立法者是持不滿的態(tài)度，故選C。查看材料40.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays.B.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese.C.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure.D.ThePostalServiceNeedsMoreThanaBand-Aid.正確答案：D參考解析：文章前兩段指出USPS在財政上面臨嚴峻形勢，并分析了其原因。第三段具體講述由各方商議出來的解決方案，其中著重提到該方案可以帶來的效益。第四段指出該方案存在的問題，并在最后表明作者對改革方案的態(tài)度。所以本篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)遵循提出問題、分析并解決問題、最后給出建議。因D項“郵政管理局需要的不只是一個權(quán)宜之計”最符合要求，故選D。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答41-45題A．InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.B．Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.C．TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.D．ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.E．TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitecture