考研英語1真題：閱讀理解部分

2019考研英語一真題：閱讀理解部分

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusual

ruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteed

bonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksare

underinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis

“clawback“ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmful

risk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yet

officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongterm

decision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcoiporations,to

buildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism“orthedesireforquickprofits,has

worsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland,s

topeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassical

economies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatience

asactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingto

eatthematonce“ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStates

andBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonths

inrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterly

profitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm,seffortstoinvestin

long-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeen

dubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapid

tradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortens

attentionspansinfinancialmarkers."Thereseemstobea

predominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-term

investing,vsaidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUS

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmost

publiccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforsenior

executivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduceushort-termism.v

InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat

“asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“l(fā)ong-termism,“

suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstock

acquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompany

investmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevoting

rightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovide

incentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthe

companyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain*snewruleisa

remindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,

notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenew

ruleisthe.

A.enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governmentsJimpatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.ushort-termismvineconomicsactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmenton

publiccompaniescanbe.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedto

illustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism”.

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverage

GPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades一isoften

consideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhich

studentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,related

force'-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“grade

forgiveness"—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhich

theyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighest

gradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverall

GPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecent

years,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsin

school(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.

Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedto

freshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirst

yeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.But

nowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowall

undergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgrades

forgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgrade

forgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouraging

studentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramand

graduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely,“saidJack

Miner,OhioStateUniversity?sregistrar,“weseestudentsachieve

moresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterin

subsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemto

graduateontime.v

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfies

colleges7ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsare

sometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduation

ratesandstudentretention―sobettergradescan,byboostingfigures

likethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswill

likelymakestudents一who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill

——feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichis

anotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversities

arerespondingtoconsumers7expectationsforhighereducation.

Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itis

inthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareas

qualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,studentsJ

andcolleges?incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgrade

inflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students?indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges'neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities?incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenable

collegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernmentsJneeds

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealignedn(Line5,Para.6)

mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgiveness

by.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationof

Frankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Even

beforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproduceda

remarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmany

ethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raises

fundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identify,

orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machines

thatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevade

scientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthat

wouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothose

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”

and“Humans”.

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,

letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversity

neuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogood

theoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyou

couldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAI

aren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,

posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmake

split-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplex

combinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,

andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”

todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andto

anticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficult

programmingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“you

quicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,notesTanKiatHow,

chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthe

governmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporations

arebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingup

adataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”that

wouldcause“overallharm,“ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsor

useAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.Italso

pledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallaws

orhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.

SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbe

explainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthe

thinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?

OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankensteinJs

out-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecause

it

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeof

consciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomous

vehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor?sattitudetowardGoogleJspledgeisoneof

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AVsFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhen

theymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecision

Thursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabig

financialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairof

decades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsin

lostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstates

tocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswas

shippingacustomer?spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'

thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,the

businessdidn,thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customers

weregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestate

themselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizethey

oweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisions

wereflawed."Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurther

removedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenue

lossestotheStates,“hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourother

justices.Kennedywrotethattheruleulimitedstates'abilitytoseek

long-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfrom

competingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmany

states,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchases

already.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn't

before.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecause

theytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseis

beingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,also

collectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-party

sellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlya

singlestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsales

taxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.Sellersthat

useeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,also

haven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollect

thestate,ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelsthe

playingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretail

analystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmaller

ones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvarious

statesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinaastatement,“Smallbusinessesand

internetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.v

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusiness'relutionswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thatthe

overruleddecisions

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysical

presencerulehas

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

A.Internetentrepreneurs

B.Big-chairowners

C.Third-partysellers

D.Smallretailers

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,the

author

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheir

implications

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphs

intoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthem

intothenumberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectly

placed.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notinthe

unhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseof

learningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhythey

disagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.If

wereadjustourviewofarguments―fromaverbalfightortennis

gametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutual

respect,andunderstanding一thenwechangetheverynatureofwhat

itmeansto"win"anargument.

B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,we

needtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstoo

quickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alarge

partofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedto

admitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecritical

standardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweakness

inyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsonthe

oppositeside.

C.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothers

refuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargument

forwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargument

isanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,ask

themtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargument

fullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjections

andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichis

howweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscan

leavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetter

off.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswere

evenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshit

theballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

entered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomany

peopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluence

People,DaleCarnegiewrote:uthereisonlyoneway…togetthe

bestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversionto

argumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewof

argumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsocial

lives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirst

place.

F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyousee

aconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingas

longasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeople

withbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabout

howignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstand

them,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelp

youwin-inoneway.

G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyou

favorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyou

yell,"yes,"andIyell."No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.We

neitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisfor

compromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougivea

reasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetolive

inpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thata

higherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeople

forlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsand

recognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedy

workers.

2019考研英語一答案：閱讀理解部分

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Text1

21.[A]enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility;細(xì)節(jié)題。題

目中明確出題段落(AccordingtoParagraph1)及相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)

(onemotiveinimposingthenewrule),因此，答案來源句則為第

一段的第三句(Themainpurposeofthis“clawback"ruleistohold

bankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublic

trustinfinancialinstitution這個規(guī)則主要目的是讓銀行家為不良

風(fēng)險負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任)，那么答案基本就很

容易提取出來。選項中的“senseofresponsibility"則對應(yīng)到句中

的uenhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility(增加銀行的責(zé)任感)”;

而其他的選項則與選項無緣，在定位區(qū)間中沒有相應(yīng)的對應(yīng)信

息。

22.[D]"short-termism"ineconomicactivities;細(xì)節(jié)題。題

干中的定位信息在“AlfredMarshall”上，直接定位到第二段的

第二句“Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,

indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasacting...定位信息里的

“thisfinancialimpatience"則是回指第二段首句的

“Short-termism",故信息點(diǎn)則為"Short-termism",所以選項則

為"short-termism"ineconomicactivities,而其他選項在定位信息

中未提及；

23.[B]adverse;細(xì)節(jié)題。此題的定位信息為題干的

utransientinvestment直接定位到第三段的第二句"Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,can

hinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildup

customerloyalty從四個選項的褒貶正負(fù)來看indirect、minimal

和temporary為中性的表述，只有B選項的adverse為明確的負(fù)

面表達(dá)，意思為“不利的”，與原文中的“hinder"（阻礙打擾）對

應(yīng)上。

24.[C]theapproachestopromoting"long-termism”;例證題。

根據(jù)題干的具體信息定位，美國和法國的例子是用來支撐什么論

點(diǎn)。原文的第五、六段則提供了具體的信息，第五段中美國延遲

發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”

盛行的現(xiàn)狀;第六段則提及在法國持股兩年以上者擁有更大的選

票權(quán)。所以，選項應(yīng)為“促進(jìn)長期主義的方法”，與原文一致；

25.[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue;主旨題。題干中的title

為標(biāo)題題的信息，所以此題考查的是文章的主旨大意;B選項里

的patience可以對應(yīng)到全文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞“short-termism"

和"long-termism”,corporate本身在文章中出現(xiàn)多次，所以B選

項則為最近標(biāo)題，體現(xiàn)主旨大意;其余選項均不能概括全文，故

排除。

Text2

26.[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture;細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題

干中的關(guān)鍵詞gradeinflation可以定位到首段第一句話，此句話

的句子主干："Gradeinflationisoftenconsideredaproductofa

consumererainhighereducation.v題干中的beregardedas對應(yīng)

原文中的isconsidered,題干中的thecauseof（后邊接結(jié)果）與原

文中的aproductof（前邊接結(jié)果）都表示因果關(guān)系。選項D中

consumer是原文中的復(fù)現(xiàn)，其他選項都不具備干擾性，因此答案

選擇Do

27.[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning;細(xì)節(jié)題。

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，我們只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二

段講的是gradeforgiveness具體是什么，并沒有提及它的目的，

然后接下看第三段的首句，出現(xiàn)了thislittle-knownpractice指的

就是gradeforgivenesso而且題干中的theoriginalpurpose對應(yīng)原

文中的在第三段第二句話："Whenthispracticefirststarted

decadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethema

secondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledin

theirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.v選項A中的freshmen是

原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，help是對應(yīng)原文中的givethemasecondchance,adapt

to對應(yīng)原文中的struggledintheirtransitionto,collegelearning對

應(yīng)原文中的college-levelcourses0因此答案為A。

28.[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport;細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中

的關(guān)鍵詞paragraph5>gradeforgiveness和colleges可以定位到第

五段的第一句，即gradeforgiveness能夠滿足學(xué)生的需求，但是

對應(yīng)選項并沒有對應(yīng)的答案，所以接著往下看，提到了國家基金

與他們的成功有關(guān)，得到更好地分?jǐn)?shù)意為這拿到更多的錢。選項

A中的financialsupport指的就是statefundso因此答案為A。

29.[C]tobeidenticalwitheachother;猜詞題。根據(jù)題干,

可以定位到第六段最后一句話：“Onthis,students'andcollegesJ

incentivesseemtobealigned.”所以解題的關(guān)鍵是找到this指代的

內(nèi)容。This指代的是前一句話，即：因為學(xué)生和家長都希望通過

大學(xué)學(xué)歷來找工作，所以學(xué)校的利益是盡可能地把學(xué)生培養(yǎng)成有

能力勝任的人，或者至少看起來是那樣。由此可以的出學(xué)生和學(xué)

校的目標(biāo)是一致的，選項C中的beidenticalwith表示的是與...

相同，因此答案為C。

30.[B]analyzingthecausesbehindit;主旨題。題干的字面

意思是作者是通過什么樣的方式來檢驗gradeforgiveness的實踐

操作，但是是考查文章的主旨，屬于主旨題。閱讀每段的段落大

意句，可以得出文章主要講解的是gradeforgiveness的原因。因

此答案為B。

Text3

31.[C]involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday;通過題

干MaryShelly'snovelFrankenstein及題文同序原則可定位至文

章第一段，在該段尾句，行ctionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethical

questionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.止匕句中ethical

questions可同義替換題干中的concern。故C為正選。

32.[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit;觀點(diǎn)名田節(jié)題?？?/p>

通過關(guān)鍵詞consciousness回文定位至原文第2段尾句部分：we

arejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplaining

whatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuilda

machinetogetthere.可知我們將意識注入機(jī)器的能力是有限的，

因為沒有好的理論可以解釋。

33.[B]isstillbeyondourcapacity;根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位

至文章第3段,AI“vision“todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedas

thatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.該句說至lj：當(dāng)下，人工智能的

思維還不能達(dá)到人類的精密程度，去讓機(jī)器去預(yù)設(shè)每一種駕駛情

形是一個困難的編程問題。由此說明，去解決人工智能所帶來的

道德問題，是在人類的能力范圍之外的。

34.[A]affirmation;態(tài)度題,根據(jù)題干中的theauthor?s

attitude,Google'spledges.回文定位到第八段,開頭while轉(zhuǎn)折，

whilethestatementisvague,與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，所以表示

正向情感的詞即是正解。affirmation表示確定。

35.[C]Frankenstein,theNovelpredictingtheAgeofAI;主

旨題。本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話

題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。特別是在最后一段指出AI所涉及

的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個

關(guān)鍵詞，所以答案選C

Text4

36.[C]makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax;本題為名田

節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字"theSupremeCourtdecisionThursdayn定

位到原文第一段"Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopay

salestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourt

decisionThursdaythat…”前半句已經(jīng)明確提出各州的在線購物可

能要交稅，對應(yīng)選項C,原詞“online”力口"shoppers”對'purchase"

的同義替換。其他三個選項均為提及。37.[D]wereconsideredup

favorablebystates;根據(jù)題干“l(fā)earned"可知本題為推理題，根據(jù)

關(guān)鍵字“theoverruleddecisions”定位到原文第二段的兩句，大

意為“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年稅收損失慘重，因此以前的

政策很難再收取網(wǎng)上營業(yè)稅”兩句表示出的意思都是對州政府的

不利，對比四個選項，得出答案D,州政府認(rèn)為原政策對州會不

利，因此駁回這項決定會對州有有利，為正話反說。38.【Charmed

fairmarketcompetition;本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"Justice

AnthonyKennedy""thephysicalpresencerule”定位到原文第四

段的第二句和第三句，大意為實體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損，

接著下——句Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abilityto

seeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedfromonaneven

playingfield.”該規(guī)定