2020年考研英語(yǔ)（一）試題真題及答案解析（考研英語(yǔ)201）

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2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語(yǔ)（一）試題及答案解析

（科目代碼：201）

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2020年考研英語(yǔ)一真題答案及解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,

millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreat

traditions：theSundayroast._1_acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan

_2_it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis_3_shouldbe

renderedyetanotherguiltypleasure_4_todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has_5_apublicwarningabouttherisksofa

compoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked_6—hightemperatures.This

meansthatpeopleshould_7—crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasand

only_8_toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmist

advice?_9_studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,

thereisno_10_evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis"_11_tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientific

proof.—12―theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis_13—tofollowthe

FSAadvice.—14—,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforethe

evidencewasfoundtoprovea_15_.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe_16_uponSundayalongsidesome

steamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworth

living?—17—,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods_18—,butto

reducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their_19—riskscomingacrossasexhortationand

nannying.Constanthealthscaresjust_20―withnoonelistening.

1.AinBTowardsCOnDTill

2.AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence

3.ApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcern

4.AintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed

5.AissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceled

6.AunderBatCforDby

7.AforgetBregretCfinishDavoid

8.ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially

9.AUnlessBSinceCIfDWhile

10.AsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegative

11.AinsufficientBboundClikelyDslow

12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrastto

13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate

14.AAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterall

15.AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattern

16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused

17.ATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneral

18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully

19.ApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetition

20.AfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions-

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthem\vcttcCooper,arcbringinginthenewyearwitha

calltoinstituteaUKntovvnofculture**award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidethe

existingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017.andhasbeenawardedtoCoventry

tor2021.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownlor1lull,whereit

broughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.

Britain'stowns,itistrue,arenotprexentedfromapplying,butthc\generallylacktheresources

toputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,

becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizetorthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeableto

applyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-aitcraward

baggedby(ilasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthe

vergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitself

lorthepost-Brexitworld:afterlownofculture,whoknowswhalwillibllow-villageofculture?

Suburbofculture?Ilamlctofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarcnotacure-all.Abadlyrunnycarofculturcn

washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolasting

benefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreat

dealmorethantillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpresstora

year.Theytransfi)nntheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageof

thecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.ltishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkable

degreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivate\clor.communit)

groupsandculturalorganizations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalof

culturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothe

powerofart.musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture''couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown*s

peculiaritics-hclpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfiiciliticsandaboveallcelebratingits

peopleandturnitintoaction.

21.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"awardwould___.

A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritain

B.promotecooperationamongBrain'stowns

C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stowns

D.focusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas..

A.asensiblecompromise

B.aself-deceivingattempt

C.aneye-catchingbonus

D.aninaccessibletarget

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

A.endeavortomaintainitsimage

B.meetstheaspirationofitspeople

C.bringsitslocalartstoprominence

D.commitstoitslong-termgrowth

24.“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3topresent

A.acontrastingcase

B.asupportingexample

C.abackgroundstory

D.arelatedtopic

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.Critical

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsin

whichtopublish

theirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientists

performthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementin

theacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndamarketfor

itsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientific

publishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatime

whentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedin

theworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespent

morethan￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch；

bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSei-Hub,

akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstooffer

accesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,which

reliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthe

legalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatit

worksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.

Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchis

nowpublishedunderopenaccessterms-eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentof

publication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbefore

beingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishers

haverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbycharging

theirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500

to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese”

articlepreparationcosts“hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomeways

thescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet-labouris

providedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbig

firmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenasualicencetoprintmoney“partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms

[Alallowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytolevelthe

playingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthat

benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeaker

ProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provide

acaseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsare

lessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuch

opportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,

stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsfor

womenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecame

thefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,

CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeople

onthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedto

addressan“important“policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,even

wherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolates

theconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporate

boardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butso

what?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithout

governmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015the

shareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwill

inevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatisexactlywhathappened

whenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.

WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunities

forboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuch

boardshasledtoangoldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopup

multipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,

rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsors

feelgoodbutdolitletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoilustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimpose

anentirelynewtax

onlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digital

servicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonline

totargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuch

servces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"

meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,Facebook

andAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,who

hasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.

Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentative

openinganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,

whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,

thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyears

proposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.These

haveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinational

antiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.

Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveall

seriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotax

multinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,

evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallsharea

viewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep；upwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic

CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreacha

consensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStates

areinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmerican

responseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning：Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedon

reformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmerican

companieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillprove

burdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants1revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals*monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartB

Directions：

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereare

twoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattention

inafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturns

towardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here

,swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact-

41._____________________________________________________________________________________

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllook

back.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.In

adulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpaying

attention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile”can

signalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesby

psychologistMonicaMoore.

42._________________________________________________________

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountof

eyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionof

theirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautistic

spectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespond

duringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrain

scanning.

43.__________________________________________________________

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolof

Governmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,

dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendly

situations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarial

situations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeep'inmindthat

tryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasa

differentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“saidMinson.

44._.尸

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyes

ormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjump

toanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesof

snapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthough

itisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.—.__

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwith

self-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwith

avoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariIlietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindings

indicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthat

theirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfor

negativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreported

morecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.

PartCTranslation

Directions：

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Follow