學(xué)術(shù)綜合英語unit1-unit5課后翻譯及答案

Unit1Outlinesareessentialtoeffectivespeeches.Byoutlining,youmakesurethatrelatedideasaretogether,thatyourthoughtsflowfromonetoanother,andthatthestructureofyourspeechiscoherent.Youwillprobablyusetwokindsofoutlinesforyourspeeches--thedetailedpreparationoutlineandthebriefspeakingoutline.Inapreparationoutline,youshouldstateyourspecificpurposeandcentralidea,andidentifymainpointsandsub--pointsusingaconsistentpattern.Thespeakingoutlineshouldconsistofbriefnotestohelpyouwhileyoudeliverthespeech.Itshouldcontainkeywordsorphrasestobolsteryourmemory.Inmakingupyourspeakingoutline,followthesamevisualframeworkusedinyourpreparationoutline.Keepthespeakingoutlineasbriefaspossibleandbesureitisplainlylegible.發(fā)言提綱是有效發(fā)言的基礎(chǔ)。通過寫發(fā)言提綱，你可以確保你的想法是關(guān)聯(lián)的，你的思路從一點(diǎn)談到另一點(diǎn)，你的講話結(jié)構(gòu)是連貫的，通常準(zhǔn)備演講你可以采用兩種提綱方式：詳細(xì)準(zhǔn)備提綱和簡(jiǎn)單發(fā)言提綱。在準(zhǔn)備提綱中，應(yīng)該寫出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以連貫的方式確定主要觀點(diǎn)和次要觀點(diǎn)。發(fā)言提綱應(yīng)該由簡(jiǎn)要的提要組成，這些提要在你講話時(shí)能夠給你一些幫助。發(fā)言提綱還應(yīng)包括幫助你記憶的重點(diǎn)詞或重點(diǎn)短語。在寫發(fā)言提綱時(shí)，可采用準(zhǔn)備提綱的模式，盡可能使你的發(fā)言提綱簡(jiǎn)要，同時(shí)，要確保提綱清晰、易于辨認(rèn)。當(dāng)你發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)演講時(shí)，首先要做好充分的準(zhǔn)備；其次，你演講的主要觀點(diǎn)要明確，層次要清楚。演講時(shí)，語速不要過快，語言要清晰。不要總是在讀你準(zhǔn)備好的稿子。最后，你應(yīng)該經(jīng)?？匆幌履愕穆牨?。這樣，一方面你對(duì)你的聽眾表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更順利地進(jìn)行你的演講。Beforeyoudeliveranacademicspeech,youshould,firstofal,getwellpreparedforit.Then,youshouldmakeyourmajorpointsclearinyourspeech,andyourspeechshouldbewellorganized.Whenspeaking,youshouldnotspeaktoofast,andyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Don’talwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbeforehand.Fromtimetotime,youshouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehand,youcanshowyourrespecttoyouraudience,andontheotherhand,youwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmoresmoothly.Unit2Energyhasadualrelationshipwithhumanwell-being.Formostofhumanhistory,manhasbeenconcernedmainlyaboutthebenefitsideoftheenergy－well-beingequationthanktothelowcostsinvolvedinenergyuse.However,withthestaggeringscaleofenergydemandbroughtforthby100yearsofunprecedentedpopulationgrowth,coupledwithanequallyremarkablegrowthinpercapitademandofindustrialenergyforms,energyentailsincreasinglyhighercosts,bothexternalandinternalized.Ontheonehand,energyresourcesarereducingatanacceleratingspeedandenergysupplyrequireshigherinput.Ontheotherhand,theexternalcostsseemmoreworrisomebecauseenergyuseposesseriousthreatstopublichealthandsafety,keepsdisruptingtheglobalecosystem,andmaytriggerlarge-scalemilitaryconflict.能源和人類利益有著雙重關(guān)系，人力歷史發(fā)展長河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人們主要關(guān)注能源和人類安康關(guān)系中有利的一面，然而，過去一百年來人口以空前速度增長，引起了能源需求的激增，同時(shí)，人均工業(yè)能源需求亦急劇增長，因此，能源利用所需成本越來越高，無論是外延成本還是內(nèi)涵成本。一方面，能源資源加速減少，能源供應(yīng)所需投入越來越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人憂慮，原因是能源利用嚴(yán)重威脅大眾健康和安全，不斷破壞全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，并可能引發(fā)大規(guī)模軍事沖突。以上各種因素究竟如何影響能源供應(yīng)的資金成本難以量化，部分原因是許多非環(huán)境因素實(shí)際上同環(huán)境因素相互交織在一起。比如，造成工程施工延誤的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及質(zhì)量監(jiān)控等方面的問題。然而在美國，過去20年中由于環(huán)境影響，石油產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)的資金成本至少上升了25%，而火電和核電生產(chǎn)的資金成本則上升了40%，甚至更多。Itisdifficulttoquantifythetotalcontributionofallthesefactorstothemonetarycostsofenergysupply,inpartbecausefactorsnotrelatedtotheenvironmentareoftenentwinedwithenvironmentalones.Forexample,constructiondelayshavebeencausednotjustbyregulatoryconstraintsbutalsobyproblemsofengineering,managementandqualitycontrol.Nevertheless,intheUS,environmentalimpactshaveincreasedthemonetarycostsofsupplyingpetroleumproductsbyatleast25percentduringthepast20years,andthecostsofgeneratingelectricityfromcoalandnuclearpowerby40percentormore.Unit3Twofatalwrecksinlessthana24-hourperiodovertheThanksgivingweekendkolledthreepeople,bringingtosixthenumbeiofdeathinthepasttwoweeksonSpringfieldcitystreets.Withonemonthleftintheyear,atleast17peoplehavebeenkilledinfatalityaccidentsinSpringfield,includingthethreemembersofaChicagofamilywhodiedtheweekendbeforeoninterstate44.OnSunday,springfieldhusbandandwifeJonBauer,58,andJuanitaBauer,59,diedinthe2400blockofSouthGlenstoneAvenue.Accordingtopolice,JonBauer’ssouthbound2001HyundaiSantaFesideswipeda1995ChryslerCirrus,alsoheadingsouthbound,drivenbyChaddRohde,27,ofMountainHome,Ark,ataround10:30a.m.JonBauer’svehiclecontinuedsouthandstruckabrickwallandutilitypoleatSpringfieldNationgalCemetry.TheSpringfieldFireDepartmentextractedthecouplefromthevehicle.JuanitaBauerwaspronounceddeadatthescene.JonBauer,whowanunconscious,wastransportedtoSt.John’sRegi