學(xué)士學(xué)位翻譯

英文翻譯論文院系南通職業(yè)大學(xué)專業(yè)工程管理姓名伍歡學(xué)號(hào)0634122030602014年2對(duì)建筑混凝土施工技術(shù)探討建筑工程施工中混凝土主要指通過(guò)凝膠材料膠結(jié)集料成為整體建筑工程所需的復(fù)合材料，一般來(lái)講混凝土多指利用水泥為凝膠材料，而將砂、石作為集料，按照一定的配合比與水經(jīng)過(guò)攪拌、養(yǎng)護(hù)成型進(jìn)而獲取水泥混凝土，也就是我們通常所稱的普通類型混凝土，其通常廣泛應(yīng)用于民用建筑、工業(yè)建筑、國(guó)防工程等建筑施工中，混凝土的質(zhì)量好壞與否，將影響整個(gè)工程質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣。施工的地點(diǎn)不同，外界環(huán)境的變化以及混凝土的自身原因等都將對(duì)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生及其重要的的影響，因此，在混凝土的使用過(guò)程中，一定要加強(qiáng)管理，嚴(yán)把質(zhì)量關(guān)。1．做好進(jìn)場(chǎng)原材料的質(zhì)量控制原材料的質(zhì)量好壞，對(duì)混凝土質(zhì)量有很大影響。如水泥質(zhì)量的好壞，將直接影響混凝土的強(qiáng)度；各級(jí)配石子顆粒含量的變化，將導(dǎo)致混凝土級(jí)配的改變，并將影響攪拌混凝土的和易性，骨料含水量的變化，對(duì)混凝土的水灰比影響極大。為了保證混凝土的質(zhì)量，在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，一定要對(duì)混凝土的原材料進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)，全部符合技術(shù)性能指標(biāo)方可應(yīng)用。骨料中含有害物質(zhì)，超過(guò)規(guī)范規(guī)定的范圍，則會(huì)妨礙水泥水化，降低混凝土的強(qiáng)度，削弱骨料與水泥石的粘結(jié)，能與水泥的水化產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行化學(xué)反應(yīng)，并產(chǎn)生有害的膨脹物質(zhì)。如果粘土、淤泥在砂中超過(guò)3%，碎石、卵石中超過(guò)2%，則這些極細(xì)粒材料在集料表面形成包裹層，妨礙集料與水泥石的粘結(jié)。對(duì)混凝土集料來(lái)說(shuō)，影響配合比組成變異而導(dǎo)致混凝土強(qiáng)度過(guò)大波動(dòng)的主要原因是含水率，含泥量的變化和石子含粉量的影響。在混凝土生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，對(duì)原材料的質(zhì)量控制，除經(jīng)常性的檢測(cè)外，還要求質(zhì)量控制人員隨時(shí)掌握其含量的變化規(guī)律，并擬定相應(yīng)的對(duì)策措施。如砂石的含泥量超出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求時(shí)，及時(shí)反饋給生產(chǎn)部門(mén)，及時(shí)篩選并采取能保證混凝土質(zhì)量的其它有效措施。砂子含水率，通過(guò)干炒法，及時(shí)根據(jù)測(cè)定的含水率來(lái)調(diào)整混凝土配合比中的實(shí)際用水量和集料用量。對(duì)于相同標(biāo)號(hào)之間水泥活性的變異，是通過(guò)膠砂強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的快速測(cè)定，根據(jù)水泥活性結(jié)果予以調(diào)整混凝土的配合比。水泥、砂、石子各性能指標(biāo)必須達(dá)到規(guī)范要求。2．混凝土工藝原理及配合比混凝土基于加入攙和高效活性摻合料、減水劑，通過(guò)合理設(shè)置配合比例與計(jì)量攪拌系統(tǒng)精度、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化控制外加劑總量、水灰比綜合用水量通過(guò)澆筑成型及必工中裂縫的問(wèn)題是很難避免的，假如混凝土澆筑的時(shí)候不實(shí)，那么施工中的裂縫現(xiàn)象可能會(huì)存在一定的縫隙。施工企業(yè)一般會(huì)采用振搗的方法處理裂縫問(wèn)題，振搗過(guò)程通常是使用機(jī)械來(lái)完成，因?yàn)槿斯さ恼駬v方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致混凝土的分布不均。在具體施工過(guò)程中，混凝土振搗應(yīng)該以施工要求的時(shí)間為準(zhǔn)，要以混凝土不下沉以及其表面產(chǎn)生浮漿為準(zhǔn)，促進(jìn)建筑工程施工中混凝土澆筑過(guò)程質(zhì)量的優(yōu)化。6．混凝土裂縫的處理一旦出現(xiàn)裂縫，要分析產(chǎn)生裂縫的原因，并采取相應(yīng)合適的策略，對(duì)裂縫進(jìn)行修復(fù)和填充，避免出現(xiàn)一系列連鎖反應(yīng)而導(dǎo)致工程質(zhì)量黑洞。常見(jiàn)的方法有樹(shù)脂灌注法，灌漿法，附加鋼筋法以及自閉合法。環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂是最常見(jiàn)的裂縫灌注材料。它具有較高的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，并能抵抗混凝土所遇到的大多數(shù)化學(xué)侵蝕，樹(shù)脂可以灌入到0.05mm的裂縫。除某些特殊的環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂之外，當(dāng)裂縫是活動(dòng)的、有滲漏的、不能干透的或者裂縫數(shù)量極多時(shí)，通常不易采用樹(shù)脂灌注法。對(duì)于體積水壩、厚混凝土墻、或者水工結(jié)構(gòu)的巖石基礎(chǔ)上的裂縫，有時(shí)通過(guò)注入硅酸鹽水泥砂漿來(lái)密閉。采取附加鋼筋法修復(fù)裂縫時(shí)，在修復(fù)初始階段對(duì)裂縫進(jìn)行隔離，在裂縫貫穿平面90°方向進(jìn)行鉆孔，將鋼筋插入孔內(nèi)的過(guò)程中同時(shí)注入環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂，使鋼筋與裂縫合為一體。自封閉方法主要基于水泥漿中氫氧化鈣炭化的原理，形成具有機(jī)械粘連作用的氫氧化鈣與碳酸鈣的晶體，這種修復(fù)手法使用的條件是潮濕的環(huán)境。7．結(jié)束語(yǔ)混凝土施工技術(shù)是當(dāng)代建筑工程施工中所必須高度重視的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)，也是我國(guó)建筑行業(yè)健康快速發(fā)展的技術(shù)保障。事實(shí)上，建筑項(xiàng)目混凝土施工技術(shù)有著很豐富的內(nèi)涵，包含技術(shù)施工以及養(yǎng)護(hù)管理等多項(xiàng)施工技術(shù)。建筑施工企業(yè)只有做好混凝土施工技術(shù)中的每一項(xiàng)，才能夠逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的科學(xué)化發(fā)展。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，各相關(guān)主體應(yīng)該共同努力，不斷提高建筑工程混凝土施工技術(shù)以及相關(guān)管理水平，促進(jìn)混凝土施工的科學(xué)化和現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展。翻譯：TodiscussbuildingconcreteconstructiontechnologyConcreteintheconstructionofcementaggregatemainlyreferstothroughthegelmaterialbecometheoverallcompositematerialsforconstructionprojects,generallymorethantheuseofcementconcreteforgelmaterial,andthesandandstoneasaggregate,accordingtocertainproportionaftermixingwithwater,curingmoldingtoobtainthecementconcrete,andalsoiswhatweusuallycalltypesofconcrete,itusuallyiswidelyusedincivilconstruction,industrialconstruction,nationaldefenseconstruction,concretequalitystandorfallornot,willaffectthequalityofthewholeproject.Constructionsiteisdifferent,theexternalenvironmentchangesandreasonsofconcretewillbeproducedinthequalityofconcretestructureanditsimportantinfluence,therefore,intheprocessofconcreteuse,muststrengthenmanagement,strictlythequalitypass.1dowellinqualitycontrolofrawmaterialsThequalityofrawmaterials,hasagreatinfluenceonthequalityofconcrete.Suchascementquality,directlywillaffectthestrengthofconcrete;Atalllevelswiththechangeofgravelparticlescontent,gradingchangeswillleadtoconcrete,andtheinfluenceontheworkabilityofconcrete,aggregatethechangeofwatercontent,watercementratioofconcreteinfluencegreatly.Inordertoguaranteethequalityofconcrete,intheprocessofproduction,qualityinspectionmustbedoneontherawmaterialsofconcrete,andallconformtothetechnicalperformanceindicatorsshallbeapplied.Aggregatecontainsharmfulsubstances,exceedthescopeofthespecification,itwillhindercementhydration,reducethestrengthoftheconcrete,weakenthebondingofaggregateandcement,cancarryoutchemicalreactionsandhydrationproductsofcement,andtheexpansionoftheharmfulsubstances.Ifmorethan3%inclay,silt,sand,gravel,pebblesofmorethan2%,hastheextremelyfinegrainedmaterialsinaggregateformaparcellayer,preventtheadhesiveoftheaggregateandcement.Foraggregateconcrete,themixingproportionofimpactcausedbyvariationofconcretestrengthtoobigfluctuationisthemainreasonofthemoisturecontent,thechangeofsiltcontentandtheinfluenceofstonepowdercontent.Intheprocessofconcreteproduction,tothequalitycontrolofrawmaterials,inadditiontotheregularinspection,qualitycontrolpersonnelarealsorequiredtokeeptrackofitscontentchangerule,andproposedthecorrespondingcountermeasures.Suchassandsiltcontentisbeyondthestandardrequirements,timelyfeedbacktotheproductiondepartment,filteringintimeandtakeothereffectivemeasurestoensurethequalityofconcrete.Sandmoisturecontent,throughdrysautemethod,timelyadjustmentaccordingtothedeterminationofthemoisturecontentofconcretemixtureratiooftheactualwaterconsumptionandaggregateconsumption.Variationbetweenactivityofcementforthesamelabel,isthroughtherapiddeterminationofmortarstrengthtest,beadjustedaccordingtotheresultsoftheactivityofcementconcretemixtureratio.Cement,sandandgravelinvariousperformanceindicatorsmustmeetthespecificationrequirements.2processprincipleandconcretemixproportionBasedonmixedefficientactiveadmixtures,concretewaterreducingagent,throughsettingupreasonablematchingproportionandmixingsystemmeasurementaccuracy,standardizedcomprehensivewaterusetocontrolthetotalquantityoftheadditiveandwatercementratiobycastingmoldingandnecessarymaintenanceandsooncomprehensivelinktoachievetheconstructiongoal.Selectedmixturephasewemustbefullymeetthedurability,strength,constructiontechnologyandpumpability,workabilityandsooncomprehensiverequirements,toensureithasappropriatesettingtime,cantakefullcontrolofslumplosscausedbybad,etc.Onlythroughcarefulandslumptestmatchdeterminedandmeettheeligibilitycriteria,wecanmaketheconcreteintheconstructionputintoformaluse.Determineformulateconcretestrengthstageweshouldtestaccordingtothestrengthofevaluationcriteriaandrelatedproceduresrecommendedconstructionconcretestructure,comprehensiveconsiderationofconstructionconditiononsiteenvironmentalchangesandtheformulationsofdifferences.Atthesametime,weshouldcontroltheconcretewater-cementratioisbetweenzeropointtwoeightandzeropointtwoeightcategory,shouldnotbearbitrarilyincreaseordecreasestrengthgrade,C60levelorabovethelevelofconcretewatercementratioshouldnotbehigherthanzeropointtwoeight,atthesametime,wecanuseorplusmixturemixingmaterialsworkabilityintheformofhighefficientwaterreducingagentandcomprehensiveadjustment,onthebasisofensuringworkabilitycriteriaweshouldtrytoreducewaterconsumption.Foreffectiveoptimizationwork,ifweusethehighefficiencywaterreducingagentshouldcontrolitsonepointfivepercenttotwopercentbelowthedosageofcement.Cementdosageshouldbecontrolledinwewithinfourhundredandfiftytofivehundredkilogramspercubicmeter,ifaboveconcreteinsixtymillionweshouldnotbeusedpercubicmetreisgreaterthanfivehundredandfiftykgofcement,toeffectivelyreducethecontrolthedosageofcement,wecanalsoextraaddingmineraladmixtures,suchasaddingsiliconpowder,etc.Atthesametime,weshouldcontrolthesandratiointwenty-sixpercenttothirty-twopercentrange,pumpingoperationstage,sandratioshouldbecontrolledinthirty-twopercentand36categories.CalculatingoremixedwithFratiowecancooperatewithconcreteapplicationoftheassumeddensityorabsolutevolume,fornotaddingFmineralpowderasthebenchmarkofconcretemixtureratiocalculation,thenthedisplacementintoFkuangfentobenchmarkconcretemixtureratio,dosageofabouttenpercentoftheconcreteandreasonableinsteadofcement.Determineslumpstageweshouldbebasedonspecificandconcretemeasurestechnologytoimprovetransportationtime.3qualityofconcreteconstructionrequirements3.1strengthofconcrete,andmaininfluencefactorsConcretecompressivestrengthisoneofthemainindicatorsofquality,fromconcretestrengthexpressionisnotdifficulttosee,theconcretecompressivestrengthisproportionaltothestrengthofconcretewithwatercement,accordingtotheformula,whenequalsthewater-cementratio,highgradecementpreparedthanlowgradecementofhighcompressivestrengthofconcrete.Sodon'tusethewronglabelcementconcreteconstruction.Inaddition,watercementratioisproportionaltothestrengthofconcrete,watercementratio,concretestrengthishigh.Lowwater-cementratioissmall,thecoagulationonstrength,therefore,whenthewater-cementratioisconstant,triedtoincreasethetemperaturewithincreasingdosageofcementconcretestrengthiswrong,thistimecanonlyincreasetheworkabilityofconcrete,increasingtheconcreteshrinkageanddeformation.Coarseaggregateforconcretestrengthalsohasacertaininfluence,whentherockstrengthisequalthanpebblegravelsurfaceroughsurface,anditsadhesionwithcementmortararebetterthanpebbles,whenthewater-cementratioisequalormixturephaseatthesametime,twokindsofmaterialmixedcoagulation.Strengthofconcretearebetterthanpebblesgravel.Thereforeweusuallyonthecoarseaggregateofconcretecontrolin3.2cm,varietiesoffineaggregateforconcreteintensityinfluenceextentissmallerthantheaggregate.Sotheconcreteformuladoesnotreflectinsandandsofteffect,butthequalityofsandqualityofconcretehasacertaininfluence.Sandquality,therefore,mustconformtotherequirementsofdifferentconcretelabelwithsandqualitystandards.Duetotheconstructionsitesandmasschangeisrelativelylarge,sothesiteconstructionpersonnelmustguaranteethequalityofsandandgravel,andaccordingtotheon-siteadjustwatercementratio,sandmoisturecontenttoensurethattheconcretemixtureratio,ratioofratiooftheexperimentandconstructiondon'tmix.Strengthofconcreteisonlyattheappropriatetemperatureandhumidityconditionstoguaranteethenormaldevelopment,shouldaccordingtotheconditionsstipulatedinthespecificationofconstructionforconcretecuring.Winterinsulationtopreventfrostdamage.Inthesummertopreventexposure,dehydration.Nowthewinterconstructiongenerallyadoptcomprehensiveheatandsteamcuring.3.2concretegradeandtheaveragestrengthofconcreteanditsstandarddeviationConcretegradeisbasedontheaveragedistributionofstrengthofconcretestandardminus1.645timesstandardvalues.Toensurereliabilityofconcreteare95%sure,belowrateisnotgreaterthan5%ofthestandard,fullyguaranteethesafetyofthebuilding.Constructionpersonnelnotonlytomakeconcreteaverageisgreaterthantheconcretegradeisdetermined,and,moreimportantly,onethousandpartyhundredsofreduceconcretetodeterminevariability,whichshouldmakeconcretetothestandarddeviationisrelativelylow,so,notonlyensuretheengineeringquality,andalsoreducestheengineeringcost.4thepouringofconcreteShouldbewellpreparedbeforecastingwork,completetheconcealedengineeringacceptance,technicalclarificaitontechniciansaccordingtothespecialconstructionscheme;Productioninspectionequipment,materialpreparation,guaranteethesupplyofwaterandelectricity;Tograsptheweatherseasonchanges,checkpreviewoftemplate,reinforcingbarandthereservedholeandhiddenproject,checkifequippedwithappropriatesafetyfacilities,laborforce,whetheritcanmeettherequirementsofthecastingspeed.Checktheembeddedparts,boxes,protectivelayerthickness,holespositionandlocatethereliabilityofthemeasures.Keeppouringvibratingpressurereinforcedframe,platereinforcedskeletonclassshouldsetthehorsestoolbracket,laidthespringboard.Concretepump,thedesignlayoutofpipelineroute,trytoreducethenumberofpipebending.Incastingprocess,weshouldcontroltheuniformityandcompactnessofconcretevibrating,concretemixingcontenttothepouringlocation,shouldbepouringintothemouldimmediately.Castingprocess,theprofessionalneedtoholdpeopleaccountablefortheirqualityassuranceoftheproject,oftenshouldobservetemplate,scaffold,reinforced,embeddedpartsandthestabilityofthereservedhole,whenfounddeformation,displacement,shouldimmediatelystoppouring,andimmediatelytakemeasuresinthecastingoftheconcretebeforecondensationtrimintact.Positionofconstructionjoints,appropriatepourplateconcretebeamsalongthetimedirection,constructionjointsshallberetainedinthemiddleofthesecondbeamcrossathirdrange.Surfaceshouldbewithoutconstructionjointsorboardfaceperpendiculartothebeamaxis,shallnotbeleftobliqueif,constructionjointwiththetemplate.Stairconstructionjointsonthestairsfloorrestplatform,run(alayer)inthestairstepandsidewallwidthrange,anotherdirectionforrestplatformwidthof1/3.Afterfloorofpost-caststripsetaside,willformacantileverstructure,tosupportheretodismantleshallbemaintainedaccordingtodesignrequirements;Floorareaofpost-caststripprotectiveusewoodenplateprotective,stayonbothsidesofthestructureofcasting(approvedbydesign),aftertwomonthswillbecleanedupandthesurfaceofpost-caststripcuthair,withhigherthantheoriginalstructuremicroexpansionconcretepouring.5analysisofthemainpointsoftheconcreteconstruction,constructionengineering5.1theworkpointofconcreteconstructionInconstructionengineeringconcreteconstruction,inthecaseofhighqualityrawmaterials,accordingtoconstructionrequirementsandconstructionenvironmenttosettheallocationproportionofconcrete.Blenderatruntimeforrawmaterialstobestrict,rigorousandstrictcalculation,toensurethegoodqualityofconcrete.Alsoshouldbelayersoftheconcretequalityinspection,closelymonitorthewholeprocessofarchitecturalengineeringconcreteconstruction,concretematerials,transport,constructionandlatermaintenanceworktobetightlycontrolled,preventanyconstructionlinktocutcorners,toensuretheconcreteconstructionprocessisscientificandnormative.5.2constructionpointsofsteelfiberreinforcedconcreteIntheprocessofbuildingengineeringconstruction,shouldbestrictsupervisionofthesteelfiberconcreteconstruction,especiallytosupervisethemixingprocess.Inmixing,thedistributionofthesteelfiberconcretemustbeeven,shoulduseforcedmixer,mixinguniformitydegreemeettherelevantrequirements.Atthesametime,shouldberegularlycheckedconstruction,toensuretheconstructionquality.Therearestrictrequirementsonmixingway,mainlyincludesthewetmixingdrymixintwoways.Stirringtimeandputintheorderofrawmaterialsisverystrict,toensurethatthesteelfiberinconcreteformclumps.Inconcretemixing,shouldbeputintothesand,addthesteelfiber,cementandadmixture,etc,toensuretheconcretequalitystandards.5.3thetransportationandpumpingofconcreteIntheprocessofcivilengineeringintheactualconstruction,concretemixingtransporterareusuallyusedtotransport.Atthetimeoftransportation,thestrengthoftheconcretewillbeaffectedbythetransporttimelength.Asaresult,theconstructionenterpriseintheconcretetransportdistanceandtimeitmusthaveaholisticplan,toensurethequalityofconcreteisnotaffectedbythetransportprocess.Ifconcretetransportationtimeislong,willbefrozen,whendischargingwillbedifficult,slowdownthespeedofconstruction.Inordertoavoidthissituation,constructionteamshouldbeintransitforladlestirringorasecondarystirringatthescene,inordertoensuretheuniformityintheprocessofconcreteinthetransport.5.4keypointsthatshouldbenoticedinconcretepouringprocessIntheactualconstructionprocessofconcretecasting,shouldattachgreatimportancetocrackproblems.Duetothecrackproblemsintheconstructionisdifficulttoavoid,falseiftheconcretepouring,thecrackphenomenonintheconstructiontheremightbesomegap.Constructionenterprisesusuallyadoptthemethodofvibratingtotackletheproblemofcracksinvibratingprocessusuallyistousethemachinetocomplete,becauseartificialvibratingmodewillleadtotheunevendistributionofconcrete.Intheprocessofconcreteconstruction,concretevibratoryshouldtheconstructionrequirementsoftimeshallprevail,notsinkingtoconcreteanditssurfacelaitance,promotequalityofbuildingengineeringconstructionintheconcretepouringprocessoptimization.6processingofconcretecracksOncethecracks,toanalyzethecausesofcracks,andtakeappropriatestrategy,torepairandfillingofcracks,avoidaseriesofchainreactionandresultinengineeringqualityblackhole.Commonmethodsincluderesinfillingmethod,groutingmethod,additional