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POLITICS

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SOCIETYPensionreformdemonstrationsinFranceCHAPTER

01OverviewAveragegrossamountofpensionsperretireeandpermonthinFrancebetween2004and2021(incurrenteuros)GrossmonthlyamountperpensionerofdirectpensionsinFrance2004-2021Averagemonthlyamountincurrenteuros02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,60020042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520161,0881,1231,1611,1981,2401,2621,2851,3321,3571,3801,3951,4061,4253Description:In2021,aretireeinFrancewouldreceiveamonthlygrosspensionof1,488eurosworthofpension.Sincethemid-2000s,thisaveragegrossamountofpensionsperretireeofdirectpensions,excludingthechildsurcharge,hasincreased.Thisnumberrepresentedanincreasecomparedto2004,whentheaverageamountwasabout1,080euros.However,amajorityofFrenchdeclaredin2023thattheywereafraidofnotgettingenoughmoneytoliveproperlywhentheyretire.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;2004to2021;retiredpersonswhoreceivedadirectrightduringtheyear,residinginFrance,stillaliveon31stDecemberoftheyearSource(s):DREES;MinistèredesAffairessociales,delaSantéetdesDroitsdesfemmesExpenditureonthepensionsystemasashareofthegrossdomesticproductinFrancefrom2002to2021SpendingonpensionsasashareofGDPinFrance2002-202115.0%14.5%14.0%13.5%13.0%12.5%12.0%11.5%11.0%2002

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20214Description:ThisstatisticshowstheexpenditureonthepensionsysteminFrancefrom2002to2021,asapercentageoftheGDP.In2021,thepublicspendingonpensionsrepresented13.8percentoftheGDP,comparedwith11.67percentin2002.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;2002to2021Source(s):SGG;Varioussources(Conseild'orientationdesretraites)AverageageofretirementinFrancefrom2008to2022AverageageofretirementinFrance2008-202263.563.162.963.062.862.862.762.562.462.462.562.061.561.060.562.2862.2262.0861.9861.58200961.48201061.12008201120122013201420152016201720182019*2020202120225Description:ThisgraphshowstheaverageageofretiredpeopleinFrancefrom2008to2022.TheaverageretirementageforpeopleinFrancekeptrising,from61.1yearsin2008to63years13yearslater.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;2008to2022;*breakinseriesfollowingtheintegrationoftheself-employedworkerschemeintothegeneralscheme.ReadmoreSource(s):Caissenationaledel'assurancevieillesseTotalnumberofpensionersunderthegeneralpensionplaninFrancefrom2001to2023,bygenderNumberofpensionersofthegeneralpensionplaninFrance2001-2023,bygenderMenWomen9,000,0008,528,1618,410,8928,306,3468,177,789,2612,1747,980,9137,840,4577,769,1307,669,9057,568,7777,459,0628,000,0007,305,7177,214,6947,071,1566,876,5686,681,8306,479,9846,269,0026,072,9845,915,9605,770,4326,723,7786,578,261,6238,2797,000,0006,533,064,5138,5146,371,5076,255,560,2899,0776,184,9276,117,9636,040,0195,887,357,9529,3575,813,6805,678,1656,000,000

5,582,2725,677,9535,558,4415,372,8685,179,6674,989,1944,831,4445,000,0004,568,340,6040,5904,492,0174,000,0003,000,0002,000,0001,000,00002001

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20236Description:ThisstatisticpresentsthetotalnumberofpensionersunderthegeneralpensionplaninFrancefrom2001to2023,brokendownbygender.Itappearsthattherewere6,723,778malepensionersand8,528,161femaleretireesin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;2001to2023Source(s):Caissenationaledel'assurancevieillesseShareofpeopleinfavorofraisingthelegalretirementagefrom62to64or65inFranceinSeptember2022,byagegroupSupportforraisinglegalretirementageinFrance2022,byageShareofrespondentsChangetheretirementagefrom62to6510%

20%Changetheretirementagefrom62to6430%

40%0%50%60%23%18to24yearsold25to34yearsold35to49yearsold50to64yearsold65yearsoldandoverFrance35%20%27%20%28%15%38%31%50%22%37%7Description:InFrance,thelegalageofretirementis62yearsold,butthegovernmentwantstoextenditto65.Todoso,itplanstograduallyincreasethisage,byfourmonthsperyear,inordertoreach64in2027,the65in2031.WhensurveyedinSeptember2022,mostFrenchpeoplewereopposedtothismeasure:only37percentofthemwereinfavorofraisingthelegalageto64,andonly22percentinfavorofraisingitto65.Themostopentothischangewere,unsurprisingly,Frenchpeopleover[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;September27-28,2022;1,006respondents;18yearsandoverSource(s):IFOP;SudRadioCHAPTER

02ParticipationindemonstrationsLargestdemonstrationsinFrancebetween1984and2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsLargestdemonstrationsinFrance1984-2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsPoliceestimationsOrganizers'estimations4,000,0003,500,0003,000,0002,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,0000Jun

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311984

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202377579Description:Since1984,Frenchpeoplehavefrequentlyusedtheirrightstodemonstrate,mostlytoexpresstheirdisagreementwiththegovernment'snewpolicies.Pensionreforms,forexample,haveoftenbroughtmanypeopletothestreets.OnOctober12,2010,around3,5millionpeople,accordingtoorganizers'estimations,protestedagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEricWoerth,whowasMinisterofLaboratthetime.Almost15yearslater,Frenchpeopledemonstratedtheiroppositionto[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;1984to2023Source(s):FranceInter;RadioFranceNumberofpersonsparticipatingindemonstrationsagainstpensionreformsinFrancefrom1995to2023(inmillions),bydayofmobilizationNumberofpeopleprotestingagainstpensionreformsinFrance1995-20231995(A.Juppé)2003(J-P.Raffarin)2010(F.Fillon)2019-2020(E.Philippe)2023(E.Borne)4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.01234567891011121314Dayofmobilization10Description:InFrance,duringthe14thdayofmobilizationagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyPrimeMinisterElisabethBorne,around900,000personsprotested,accordingtoorganizers'estimations.Comparedtotheotherpensionreformscarriedoutbypreviousgovernments,themobilizationagainstBorne'sreformwasthelongest.ThesecondlongestprotestationmovementwasagainstFran?oisFillon'sreformin2010,whentwelvedaysofmobilizationwereorganized.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;1995to2023Source(s):FranceInfoMobilizationagainstpensionreforminParis,FrancebetweenJanuaryandApril2023MobilizationagainstpensionreforminParis,France2023PoliceestimationsOrganizers'estimations700,000900,000800,000700,000800,000600,000500,000500,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,0000450,000450,000400,000400,000400,000400,000300,000300,000119,00093,00093,00087,00080,00081,00081,00057,00057,00048,00037,000Feb1642,000Jan19Jan31Feb7Feb11Mar7Mar11Mar15Mar23Mar28Apr6Apr1311Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.EventhoughthereformwasofficiallypromulgatedonApril14,2023,onedaybeforethatonApril13,around400,000people(accordingtoorganizers'estimations)wereinthestreetsofParis,toprotestagainstthereform.IntheFrenchcapital,themobilizationwasthehighestonMarch23,whenaround800,000personstookpartinthe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):FranceSource(s):FranceBleuMobilizationagainstpensionreforminMarseille,FrancebetweenJanuaryandMay2023MobilizationagainstpensionreforminMarseille,France2023PoliceestimationsOrganizers'estimations300,000280,000245,000250,000200,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000180,000180,000170,000160,000140,000140,000130,00090,00080,00040,00030,00026,00015,00016,00012,000Feb1111,000Mar2813,00011,0006,50010,000Apr67,000Feb167,000Mar117,000Mar15Jan19Jan31Feb7Mar7Mar23Apr13May112Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.EventhoughthereformwasofficiallypromulgatedinApril,onMay1,orInternationalWorkers'Day,around130,000persons(accordingtoorganizers'estimations)wentdownthestreetsofMarseille,toprotestagainstthereform.Inthesecond-biggestFrenchcity,themobilizationwasthehighestonMarch23rd,whenaround280,000persons[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):FranceSource(s):FranceBleuMay1stdemonstrationsinFrancebetween2002and2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsMay1stdemonstrationsinFrance2002-2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsPoliceestimationsOrganizers'estimations2,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,00002002

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202313Description:In2023,Francewentthroughanimportantmovementofopposition,withdemonstrationsorganizedmonthly,toprotestagainstthenewpensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.Still,thereformwasadoptedinSpring2023,andinthatcontext,ontheMay1,2023,morethan2.3millionpeoplewereinthestreets(accordingtoorganizers'estimations)fortheInternationalWorkers'Day.Accordingtopoliceestimations,thiswasthelargestMay1demonstrationsince[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;2002to2023;*quarantineperiod.ReadmoreSource(s):FranceInfoMay1stdemonstrationsinParis,Francebetween1995and2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsMay1stdemonstrationsinParis1995-2023,bypoliceandorganizers'estimationsPoliceestimationsOrganizers'estimations600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000014Description:In2023,Francewentthroughanimportantmovementofopposition,withdemonstrationsorganizedmonthly,toprotestagainstthenewpensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.Still,thereformwasadoptedinSpring2023,andinthatcontext,ontheMay1,2023,around550,000Parisianswenttothestreets(accordingtoorganizers'estimations)fortheInternationalWorkers'Day.Ontheotherhand,thepoliceestimatedtherewereonlyaround112,000peopleinthe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;1995to2023;*quarantineperiod.ReadmoreSource(s):FranceInfoCHAPTER

03ViolencefromdemonstrationsparticipantsNumberofdemonstrationsaffectedbyviolentactionsinFrancefromMarch15toMay1,2023NumberofdemonstrationsaffectedbyviolentactionsinFrancein20231816161515141210810986420Mar15Mar23Mar28Apr6Apr13May116Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.DuringtheSpringof2023,somedemonstrationswereaffectedbyviolentactionsandwerereportedindifferentcitiesallaroundFrance.Forinstance,onApril6,16citieswereaffectedbyviolentdemonstrations.ReadmoreNote(s):FranceSource(s):AssembléeNationaleNumberofdamageanddestructionincidentsduringpensionreformprotestsinFrance,fromJanuary19toMay3,2023,bytypeofdamageNumberofdamageanddestructionincidentsinpensionreformprotestsinFrance20234,0003,6023,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500259179156990StreetfiresDamagetopublicbuildingsDamagetoparliamentaryofficesFiresaffectingbuildingsFiresdestroyingvehicles17Description:InJanuary2023,animportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernmentstartedinFrance.TheprotestsbecamemoreviolentfollowingMarch16,whenPrimeMinisterElisabethBornedecidedtomakeuseofthe49.3articleoftheConstitution,allowingtoengagethegovernment'sresponsibilityandadoptthereformwithoutfacingtheParliament'svote.Indeed,duetoprotestsbetweenJanuary19andMay3,99firesdestroyedvehicles,[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):FranceSource(s):AssembléeNationaleCityofParisestimationsofdamagecostcommittedduringpensionreformprotestsbetweenJanuaryandApril2023EstimationsofdamagecostcommittedduringpensionreformprotestsinParis2023900,000800,000800,000700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,0000536,000106,000NewspaperkiosksandbillboardsexpensesCleaningexpensesUrbanpropertyexpenses*18Description:InJanuary2023,animportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernmentstartedinFrance.TheprotestsbecamemoreviolentfollowingMarch16,whenPrimeMinisterElisabethBornedecidedtomakeuseofthe49.3articleoftheConstitution,allowingtoengagethegovernment'sresponsibilityandadoptthereformwithoutfacingtheParliament'svote.Asaresult,inlateApril2023,theCityofParisevaluatedthecostofdamage[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;JanuarytoApril2023;*forinstancebenchesorbusshelters.ReadmoreSource(s):L'ObsNumberofpolicemeninjuredduringpensionreformprotestsinFrancefromMarch16toMay23,2023NumberofpolicemeninjuredduringpensionreformprotestsinFrance20231,000900800700600500400300200100094752448CRS*PoliceofficersGendarmes**19Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.DuringtheSpringof2023,andespeciallyfollowingMarch16,2023,whenPrimeMinisterElisabethBornedecidedtomakeuseofthe49.3articleoftheConstitution,allowingtoengagethegovernment'sresponsibilityandadoptthereformwithoutfacingtheParliament'svote,demonstrationswereaffectedbyviolentacts.Indeed,betweenMarch16[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):France;*CRS(Compagniesrépublicainesdesécurité)areaspecializedunitoftheFrenchNationalPolice.

**GendarmieNationaleisaFrencharmedforcetaskedwithpolicingmissions.ReadmoreSource(s):AssembléeNationaleNumberofarrestsamongdemonstrationparticipantsinFrancefromMarch23toMay1,2023NumberofarrestsamongdemonstrationparticipantsinFrance20236005005404284024003002001000271177Mar23Mar28Apr6Apr13May120Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.DuringtheSpringof2023,andespeciallyfollowingMarch16whenPrimeMinisterElisabethBornedecidedtomakeuseofthe49.3articleoftheConstitution,allowingtoengagethegovernment'sresponsibilityandadoptthereformwithoutfacingtheParliament'svote,demonstrationswereaffectedbyviolentacts.Forinstance,onMarch23,[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):FranceSource(s):AssembléeNationaleCHAPTER

04PolicerepressionNumberofriotgunammunitionroundsusedbythenationalpoliceforceinFrancebetween2017and2022NumberofriotgunammunitionusedbythenationalpoliceforceinFrance2017-202225,00020,00015,00010,0005,000019,07110,7857,25620207,02020226,88420216,28420172018201922Description:InFrance,in2022,thenationalpoliceforceusedriotgunammunitionin7,020instances,mostoftenduringdemonstrations.Incomparison,in2018duringthe"YellowVest"events,thepoliceusedaround19,000riotgunammunition.ReadmoreNote(s):France;2017to2022Source(s):MinistryoftheInterior(France)Numberofde-encirclementstunhandgrenadesusedbythenationalpoliceforceinFrancebetween2017and2022NumberofhandstungrenadesusedbythepoliceforceinFrance2017-20226,0005,4205,0004,0003,2443,0002,3441,92820222,0001,3671,47020211,0000201720182019202023/statistics/1461616/hand-grenade-ammunition-used-by-police-force-franceInFrance,in2022,thenationalpoliceforceused1,928de-encirclementstunhandgrenadesammunition,mostoftenduringdemonstrations.Incomparison,in2018duringthe"YellowVest"events,thepoliceusedaround5,400de-encirclementgrenades.ReadmoreNote(s):France;2017to2022Source(s):MinistryoftheInterior(France)NumberofpoliceviolencevictimstreatedbyvolunteerrescuersduringdemonstrationsinFrancebetweenMarch9,2019,andMay1st,2023PoliceviolencevictimstreatedbyvolunteersduringdemonstrationsFrance2019-20237006005905003944003002001000296260175147140525039424030332521171615Mar9,

Mar16,

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2023*24Description:InFrance,onMay1,2023,duringtheInternationalWorkers'Daydemonstration,volunteerrescuersestimatedthat590personswereinjuredduetopoliceviolenceandhadtobetreated.Thatdemonstrationhappenedinaspecificcontext,indeedin2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.ReadmoreNote(s):France;March9,2019toMay1,2023;*estimation.

Thesourceaddsthefollowinginformation:thereportsonlytakeintoaccountcareprovidedbytheteamsmonitoredbytheObservatory,anddonottakeintoaccountallvictimswho[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):ObservatoireNationaldesStreet-medicsetSecouristesvolontairesTowhatextentdoyoufeargoingtoapensionreformdemonstrationandbeingavictimofviolence?ShareofFrenchfearingviolenceduringpensionreformdemonstrationinFrance2023Donotknow10%Alot24%Notatall17%Notreally21%Somehow28%25Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinApril2023,intotal,around52percentoftheFrenchrespondentsfearedbeingavictimofviolencewhengoingtoapensionreformdemonstration.Ontheotherhand,therewereonly17percentofthosesurveyedwhodidnotfearbeingavictimofviolenceatall.ReadmoreNote(s):France;April3to4,2023;1,016respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TheHuffingtonPost;YouGovCHAPTER

05PublicopinionTowhatextentdoyousupport,ornotthesocialmobilization(strikes,demonstrations)againstthepensionreform?FrenchsupporttothesocialmobilizationagainstthepensionreforminFrance2023Donotknow6%Notatall18%Completely37%Notreally18%Somehow21%27Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinApril2023,almost60percentoftheFrenchrespondentsdeclaredthemselvessomehowsupportiveofthesocialmobilization,includingstrikesanddemonstrations,thatstartedatthebeginningof2023,asacontestationagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.ReadmoreNote(s):France;April3to4,2023;1,016respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TheHuffingtonPost;YouGovWhichofthefollowingsecurityrisksdoyoufearmostintheupcomingmonths?MainsecurityrisksfearedbythepopulationinFrancein202360%48%50%40%30%20%10%0%39%38%25%23%1%Everydaysecurityrisks(delinquency,burglaries,etc.)TerroristriskRisksassociatedwithviolentdemonstrationsCyberattackrisksRisksofarmedconflictDonotknow28Description:Inthefirstmonthof2023,animportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernmentstartedinFrance.AccordingtoasurveyconductedinthiscontextinFebruary2023,amongsecurityrisks,38percentoftheFrenchrespondentsfearedmosttherisksassociatedwithviolentdemonstrations.Incomparison,39percentofthosesurveyedalsomentionedtheterroristriskasoneoftheirmainsecurityconcernsforthenearfuture.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;January18to19,2023;1,005respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):Fiducial;LeFigaro;OdoxaFrenchopiniononviolenceduringdemonstrationsinFrancefromDecember2018toMarch2023FrenchopiniononviolenceduringdemonstrationsinFrance2018-2023YoucondemnitYouunderstanditwithoutapprovingYouapproveit4%100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%4%5%6%27%30%32%37%69%66%63%57%Dec2018Jan2019Mar2019Mar202329Description:In2023,FrancewentthroughanimportantmovementofprotestsagainstthepensionreformcarriedoutbyEmmanuelMacron'sgovernment.DuringtheSpringof2023,somedemonstrationswereaffectedbyviolentactions,andindividualsandpublicauthoritiessuffereddamage.AccordingtoasurveyconductedinMarch2023,57percentoftheFrenchrespondentscondemnedtheseviolentacts,however,37percentofthemunderstoodtheviolence,stillwithoutapprovingit.

ReadmoreNote(s):France;March28to29,2023;1,002respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):IFOPInyouropinion,whoisresponsiblefortheviolenceanddisruptionsthatoccurredduringthelastfewdaysofm