北大計(jì)算機(jī)課程-計(jì)算機(jī)原理first

ComputerOrganizationand

Principle

ChapterOneIntroductiontocomputer

Systems

?Maincontentistheapplicationsofcomputers,

theprincipleofcomputers,thetypeof

computers,theperformanceofcomputersand

thearchitectureofcomputersandsoon.

?1Application

?computersareusedforeveryfieldsofhuman

life.Forexamples,1)computercontrolin

industry,2)processingdataincommerce,3)

computinginscience4)artificialintelligence.

?2Principle

?1)Principle

?thereasonoffastspeedisthatcomputersare

electronicproducts.

?Thereasonofautomationisstoredprogram

principle^VonNeumann'sprinciple.Now,all

computersarecalledstoredprogramcomputersor

Neumann'scomputer.

?Whatisstoredprogram?

?Themethodsthatisusedforsolvingproblems

?aretransformedintoaprogram,theprogramis

importedintoacomputer.Thecomputerworks

?accordingprograms-humaninstruction.

?2)Computerlanguage

?acomputermustunderstandshumaninstruction.

?weuselanguageforcommunicationwith

computersinordertotellthecomputerhowto

work.

?Machinelanguage.

?assemblelanguage.

?Highlevellanguage.

?3thearchitectureofVonNeumann^Computer

?(hardware)

?Input/outputmechanismorperipheral

devicesfortransferringdatatoandfromthe

system.Everydevicemusthaveaadapter

(interface).

?Amemoryusedforholdingbothinstructions

andthedatarequiredbythoseprograms.

?Location(單元)：itstoresaword.

?Word:itisabinarynumber.Itcanrepresenta

instructionoradatum.Instructionwordand

dataword.

?Address:sequentialnumberoflocations.

?Acontrolunitforfetchingtheinstructionsand

explainingtheinstructions.

?Anarithmeticprocessorforperformingdifferent

operations.

Ole.swf

?CPU:CentralProcessingUnit.Itincludescontrol

unitandarithmeticprocessor.

?Mainframe（主機(jī)）ItincludesCPUandmain

memory.

?4VonNeumann'sComputerCharacters

?serialoperation（串行）.

?Machinesarecomposedby5mainparts.

?Dataandinstructionsarerepresentedwithbinary

notationandprocessedthroughanarithmetic

processor,instructionsinaprogramarechanged.

?Instructionsareexecutedinorder.

?Instructionsareconsistofoperationsandoperand.

?Arithmeticprocessorisacenterofacomputer.

?5ComputerSoftware

?SystemSoftwareandapplicationsoftware

?systemsoftwareincludesoperatingsystem,

programminglanguageandsoon

?ApplicationSoftwareincludeseveryprogramfor

solvingdifferentproblems

?6ComputerHiberarchy

?makeaprogramfbrcalculating2+3=

?1)highlevellanguage

A=2+3;

2)assemblelanguage

movax,3

movbx,2

addax,bx

3)machinelanguage

11000011;movax,3

10001111;movbx,2

00110101;addax9bx

thedifferentlevelofdifficultytellusthat

?Aprogramerwithdifferentprogramminglanguage

mastersthedifferentknowledgeofcomputers.

?3)ComputerHiberarchyisfollowing

?HighLevelLanguageMachine

?AssembleLanguageMachine

?OperatingSystemMachine

?MachineLanguageMachine(RealMachine)

?TherelationshipofThesemachineisasfollowing

picture

?AssembleLanguageMachine

HighLanguageMachineHigherlevel

AssembleLanguageMachine

OperatingSystemMachine

MachineLanguageMachine

(RealMachine)Lowerlevel

?7HistoryofComputerDevelop

?thefirstgeneration:from1946to1954

?thefirstelectroniccomputerwasfundedinUSA,

theirhardwarewasmadebyvacuumtubes,their

softwarewasprogrammedbymachinelanguage.

?Thesecondgeneration:from1955to1964.

?theirhardwarewasmadebytransistors.Their

softwarewasprogrammedbyhighlevellanguage.

?Thethirdgeneration:from1965to1972

?operatingsystemwasusedinthecomputers.

?Computerfamilyappeared,forexample,IBM360.

Theirhardwarewasmadebysmallscaleormedial

integratedcircuits.

?Thefourthgeneration:from1973tonow.

?itshardwarewasmadebyVLSL.Computer

networksareapplied.

?8Typeofcomputers

?computersareclassifiedasdigitalelectronic

computerandanalogelectroniccomputeraccording

processedsignaltype.

?computersareclassifiedasmacrocomputer,large

computer,microcomputeraccordingcomputer

scales.

?computersareclassifiedasgeneral-purpose

computerandspecialcomputeraccording

purposeforusing.

?9Performanceofcomputers

?speed:itsunithasMIPS—millioninstructionsper

second.

?Mainfrequency:itsunithasMH1MH=1O6Hz

?wordlength:itsunitisabit.Suchas16bitsand

32bits.

?Performance/price

?memorycapacity:itsunit