考研英語沖刺班講義及內(nèi)部模擬試題

考研英語沖刺班講義及內(nèi)部模擬試題

考研沖刺班講義[主講人：周固]

-:英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用

05版：

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellers

comparedwithanimals,(1)thisislargelybecause,(2)animals,westandupright.Thismeansthat

ournosesare(3)toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthoughtheair,(4)themajorityofsmells

whichsticktosurfaces.Infact,(5),weareextremelysensitivetosmells,(6)wedonotgenerally

realizeit.Ournosesarecapableof(7)humansmellsevenwhentheseare(8)tofarbelowonepart

inonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,(9)others

aresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethe

genesnecessarytogenerate(10)smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhich

sensesmellsandsend(11)tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitiveto

acertainsmell(12)cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen(13)toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit(14)tokeepallsmell

receptorsworkingallthetimebutcan(15)newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay(16)explainwhy

wearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot(17)ofthe

usualsmellofourownhousebutwe(18)newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrain

findsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors(19)forunfamiliarandemergencysignals(20)thesmellof

smoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while

2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides

3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined

4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking

5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed[D]diffused

9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical

11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create

16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate[B]r叩el[C]neglect[D]notice

19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom

06版:

ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.1,homelessnesshas

reachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3

independence,thefederalgovemmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,

andfundmorelow-costhousing.

5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom

600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumber

ofthehomelessis8_.Oneofthefederalgovernment^studies9thatthenumberofthehomeless

willreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11

whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplace

tosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13_thestreet.Partoftheproblem

isthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthe

homelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14_notaddictedormentallyill,simply

lacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotes

thatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsof

thehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegein

Massachusetts,19_it,“Therehastobe20_ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedcal.^^

1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore

2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain

3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward

4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep

5.[A]Generally[B]Almost[C]Hardly[D]Not

6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ

7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat

8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending

9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers

10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss

11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only

12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house

13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering

14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas

15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance

16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up

17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating

18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus

19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes

20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordination

英譯漢

05版

Itisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphase

inEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobea

mixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelings

arecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferent

peoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbe

anythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisinmindwecan

begintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroups

havebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,

magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewould

betheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.

Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompete

insucharichandhotlycontestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusiness

isnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeighty

Europeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.

Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniesto

cooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.

(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity^^thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgo

tomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheoldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategic

choicethatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.Thisentailsreducingourdependenceon

theNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhich

aredifferentfromourown.

Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreoncoproductions,the

exchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.Thisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetween

EuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryfor

productioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay

“Unitywestand,dividedwefair9andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinour

diversity."Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.

06版

IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?I

amgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobserved

thatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.They

havegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecome

anti-intellectual.

First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)1shalldefinehim

asanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkingin

Socratic(蘇格拉底的)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,

articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finally

bysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformation

whichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustacceptthe

obligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimto

hisdecision.

Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaverage

scientist,forone.(48)1haveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributeto

thesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthe

factualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenin

theeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties-heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,

manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthe

moralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehis

energiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewill

takehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.

Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghas

traditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(50)Theymayteach

verywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependent

reflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthe

majorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething;

livingin"publicandindustriousthoughts",asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.

一Q47滿分譯文參考：

(1)他的功能是一個(gè)分析家，好比一個(gè)法官，他必須接受這個(gè)責(zé)任：用盡可能明顯的方

式揭示導(dǎo)致他做出決定的這個(gè)原因的過程。

(2)他的功能類似于一個(gè)有責(zé)任和義務(wù)用盡可能明顯的方式展現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致他做出決定的理性

過程的法官。

(3)他的功能與法官相似，必須以盡可能明顯的方式對(duì)引導(dǎo)他做出判斷的推理過程進(jìn)行

揭示為己任。

(4)他的作用被類比為一名法官，這個(gè)法官必須以顯而易見的方式盡可能接受導(dǎo)致他做

出決定的推理過程所揭示的責(zé)任。

(5)知識(shí)分子的職能是具有分析能力的審判官，他必須接受這樣的責(zé)任，用盡可能明顯

的方式揭示出他得出結(jié)論的推理過程。

寫作

Directions:(04版)

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethedrawing.

2)interpretitsmeaning,and.

3)supportyourviewwithexamples.

Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

終點(diǎn)又是起點(diǎn)

Sample1

Asisshowninthepicture,onarrivingatthefinishinglineofaraceontheplayground,the

activeyoungmanhastocontinuehisnewjoumeyinnotimeinsteadofstoppingtotakearest.He

hassuccessfullysettledthepuzzleof“stoppingorgoingon“whichmighthaveconfusedmany

others.

Withtheincreasingpaceofmodernlife,perhapsnochangehascharacterizedthepastdecade

moredramaticallythatthatofpeople'sviewontheirlife.Itisgenerallyagreeduponthatpeople

havetoadjustthemselvestothisnewchange.Ontheonehand,nodoubt,peoplewillgainalotby

settingnewgoalsintheirdailylife.TakethefamousscientistThomasEdisonforexample.Hehad

doneverywellinhisearlylife,butcontinuedtopursuesomethingmoredifficultallthroughhis

life.Ontheotherhand,ifoneisobsessedwiththesuccesshehasachieved,hewouldlosethe

chancetopursuenewsuccess.What'smore,hemaybecometheslaveofhissuccess.Thereare

manycasesshowingthatpeoplelosetheircouragetobetterthemselvesafterbecomingsuccessful.

Tosumup,one'sviewonhissuccessdetermineshisfuture.Inmyopinion,itisnecessaryto

carryoutanation-widecampaignpublicizingpeoplewhohaveaburningdesireformoreandever

greaterachievementwhentheyarealreadywellknown.Sothatpeopleinthesocietywilldevelop

aforward-lookingattitudeandmaketheirlifeworthlivingandtheworldmorebeautifulaswell.

Sample2

Thedrawingdepictsthataboyafteralongdistancerunning,isjusthittingtheendingrod.

Therearetwomarksontheground.Theoneaftertheboymarks"ending“andtheoneinfrontof

theboymarks“starting”.

Fromthedrawing,wecanconcludeeasilythat“Endingmeansanotherbeginning”.Defferent

racesthatcomeonearoundanotherconsistourlives.Wehavenochoicebuttofacethem.In

college,we"run"withourclassmates.Incompany,we"run"withourcolleagues.Duringtherace,

wemustalwaystryourbestforifyouarelazyyouwilllossyourposition.To“run”fasterandto

keepupwiththequickdevelopmentofmoderntechnologyandoursocietyistheprincipleof

futuresociety.Theearlyyouendtherace,theearlyyoucanbeginthenextone,themorechances

youmayheld.

Nowadayswiththequickdevelopmentoftechnology,wescientificcollegestudentmusttryto

keepupwithit.Weshouldn'tfeelsatisfiedwithwhatwehaveachieved.Developingisthefirst

principle.Theonlythingwecandonowisrunninganddeveloping.

Sample3

Asisknowntoallpeopleshouldnevergiveuphardworking.Justlikeadrawinghastoldus.In

thedrawing,thereisarunnerwhohasreachedtheend,buthedoesn'tstop,heiskeepingon

running.Therunnerdoesn'thavearestbecauseofheknowstheendisalsothenewbeing.

Defferentpeople,however,havedifferentopinionsonwhetherweshouldkeeponrunningor

havearestattheendofajob.Somepeoplethinkweshouldkeeponrunning,becausetheendis

alsothenewbeing.Intheiropinionifonewanttobeasuccessormustalwaysworkhard.Others

thinkwewon'tkeeponrunning,weshouldtakearest.Intheiropiniontheycan'tdoapainswork.

Tomyview,Ithinktheendisalsothenewbeing,wemustdoourbesttokeeponrunning,

working.Forexample,ChinesepeoplehasfightagainstSARSforseveralmonths,andwegota

stagesuccess,butweshouldn'thavearest,becauseifwedon'ttakecareofSARSandifwedon't

keeponworkinghard,perhapswewillbeillagain.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkweshouldkeeponrunningattheendbecausetheendis

alwaysthenewbeing,andIbelieveifwewanttobesuccesskeeponrunningisbothsoundable

andwell-grounded.

Sample4

Therunnergettotheendoftherun-waybuthegettothebeganoftherun-waytoo.

Theoveristhebegain,itisnotmeaningthatthebegainisnotaccordingtotheend.Thebegain

isneuwlevefsbegain.Itmeansthattheonethingbegainingtodo.

Thethingmustgototheothebegainofonethebegain.Thesuccessmustbaseontheother

success,ifnot,theworldwouldnotdevelop.Tome,itisthissureaction.

Ihavefinishedminlityschool,itistheend,butIbegaintostudy,universityclass,itisthe

begain.Ibegaintostudyuniversityclassisbaseonthathavingfinishedtheminlingschoolclass.

Ifnot,Ican'tstudyuniversityclass.

Thebegainisnewbegain.

閱讀理解A節(jié)

Text1

Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,Americansocietyisanamazingmachinefor

homogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthe

casualnessandabsenceofdeference,,characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto”a

cultureofconsumption^^launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarrays

ofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite^^

thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshopping

intoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesfor

homogenization.

Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevating

butishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreports

thattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998

immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,

3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.

Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.

The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmost

commoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywelTaftertenyearsofresidence."The

childrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.4tBythethirdgeneration,the

originallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmerica

asa“graveyard“fbrlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970

hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-born

Americans.

Foreign-bomAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintennarriagethandoU.S.bom

whitesandblacks.^^Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedto

non-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremairiedtonon-Asians.

Rodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslike

ArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantsliving

withintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”

AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughto

haveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today's

socialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.

21.Thewordt4homogenizing,,(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

[A]identifying.

[B]associating

[C]assimilating.

[D]monopolizing.

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury

[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.

[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.

[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.

[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.

23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.

[A]areresistanttohomogenization.

[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.

[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.

[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.

24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?

[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.

[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.

[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.

[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.

25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis

[A]rewarding.

[B]successful.

[C]fruitless.

[D]harmful.

Text2

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare-butthereare

twodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeare

Company(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorial

TheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,not

toseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway?sCottage,Shakespeare^birthplaceandtheother

sights.

TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.They

franklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.

It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimself

anactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.

Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentake

inWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeof

themareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittle

sight-seeingalongwiththeirplay-going.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuch

ofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcash

intothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownby

nightfall.

Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothe

subsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelessevery

hotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotel

there,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,

theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.

Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsa

subsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsfbrthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431

seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,

isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.

Itwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeople

whoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.They

allseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)-lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearing

jeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownfbrthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethe

theatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothem

whentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.

26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat

[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.

[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.

[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms.

[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.

[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythatthesightseers.

[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.

[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.

28.Bysaying"Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Lines2—3,Paragraph4),theauthorimplies

that

[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.

[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties.

[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.

[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.

29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause

[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.

[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.

[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.

[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise.

30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor

[A]issupportiveofbothsides.

[B]favorsthetownsfolk^view.

[C]takesadetachedattitude.

[D]issympathetictotheRSC.

Text3

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothe

largeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growing

animalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbe

happeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansom

MyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalf

acenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatethe

actualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsofthe

ocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.Accordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedin

Nature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryis

reducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,

ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishing

technologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,which

werenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeing

caught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecorded

bychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwith

fish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhave

beenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,in

theearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.That

isnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuture

managementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamong

marinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthe

massivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlya

relativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximum

sustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesis

about50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodo

business.

31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat

[A]largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.

[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.

[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.

32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat

[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.

[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.

[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.

[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.

33.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative^^