英語論文格式參考范文

英語論文格式參考范文第1篇英語論文格式參考范文第1篇Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.Igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor,Ms.SunYanlan,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.Inthepreparationofthethesis，shehasspentmuchtimereadingthrougheachdraftandprovidedmewithinspiringadvice.Withoutherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticismandexpertguidance,thepletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.

IalsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsinForeignLanguagesInstitute,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesIhavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.

Ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeen.

1.簡短畢業(yè)論文致謝詞

英語論文格式參考范文第2篇1，求職信首先要標明信息來源，說明自己的寫作意圖，然后介紹自己的工作經歷，學習經歷，以及自己對該職業(yè)的看法和規(guī)劃等，并證明自己能夠勝任該職位。

2，投訴信主要寫明自己投訴的原因，并展開論述該問題的具體情況和對自己造成的損失，最后表達對上述問題需要及時得到解決的強烈愿望。

3，邀請信開篇表明寫作意圖，向某人發(fā)出邀請。然后說明邀請的具體原因，邀請的內容。最后表明強烈的期盼，并希望盡快得到答復。

4，訂購信開篇點出寫信的目的，定購你要的東西。接著詳細說明你訂購貨物的規(guī)格、大小、顏色、尺寸等。最后表示對方回函以便確認。

5.詢問信首先明確寫信的目的，說明寫這封信的目的`是尋求某信息或幫助。然后詢問具體問題，強調所需信息的重要性。最后表達獲取信息的強烈愿望，提供聯(lián)系方式以便收信人與你聯(lián)系，并對有關人員表示感謝。

同學們在寫小作文的時候還要注意簡化描述語言。用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。在作文完成的時候，應該檢查、修改，以免遺漏一些需要表達清楚的要點和細節(jié)。

Somepeoplethinkthatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindwhattheywantandhelpthemattainit?Inmyview,thismethodisgenerallynotthebestwaytoproceedinadvisingothers;itignorestheplaintruththatmanypeopledonotknowwhattheywantanddonotknowwhatisbestforthem.

Mymainreasonforrejectingthistechniqueisthatpeopleveryrarelyhaveanyclearideaofwhattheywant.Thisappliesnotonlytoconsumeritemssuchasclothing,carsandluxuryitemsbutalsotowhattheywantoutoflifeingeneral.Infact,numerousstudieshaveshownthatmostpeoplecannotlistthetenthingstheywantmostoutoflife,evenifgivenconsiderabletimetothinkaboutit.

Mysecondreasonforrejectingthismethodisthatmoreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.Parentscontinuallyfacethisproblemwhenadvisingtheirchildren.Forexample,supposeachildwantstoquitschoolandgetajob.Surely,theparentswouldbederelictinhelpingtheirchildattainthiswantinsteadofconvincingthechildthatcontinuingeducationwouldbeinhisorherbestinterest.

Admittedly,followingtheproposedadvisingmethodwouldresultinahighrateofcompliance,sincethepersonbeingadvisedwouldactconsistentlywithhisorherownwillbyfollowingtheadvice.However,asnotedabove,actingaccordingtowhatonewantsisnotnecessarilydesirable.Proponentsofthismethodmightalsopointtocollegecounselorsasmodelsofthistechnique.However,collegecounselorsshouldnotnecessarilybeheldupasmodelsforadvisingpeoplegenerally,letaloneasmodelsforadvisingstudents.

英語論文格式參考范文第3篇Acknowledgements:

Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereanddeepgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorSunJisheng,forherinspiringinstructions,earnestencouragementandgreatpatienceshehasofferedtome.Iwasespeciallytouchedandencouragedtohaveherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionswhenrevisingthethesis.What'smore,Ilearnedfromherthespiritofrigorousscholarshipinmycontactwithherinthepastseveralmonths.

Withouthersupervisionandinstruction,Iwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethisthesis.

IwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetotheotherprofessorsofChinaForeignAffairsUniversityduringmytwo-yearpostgraduatestudythere.TheirinstructivelectureshaveprovidedmewithanenjoyableandprofitablelearningexperienceatCFAU,whichhasgreatlyimprovedmyacademicinterestandability.

IalsoowemygratitudetomycolleaguesintheMinistryofForeignAffairswhereIwork.Mygratitudealsogoestomydepartmentforthesupporttothislearningjourney.

Myheartfeltthanksalsogotomywifeandmydaughter,whohavealwayssupportedmeduringmypostgraduatelearning,preparationfornationalqualificationexamsandthisthesiswriting.Theirloveandsmileeverydayarethemostvaluablethingstomeonthisjourney.

Acknowledgements:

Ittakesmeawholeyeartofinishthispaper,andtheprocessisdefinitelynoteasy.

Fortunately,mysupervisor,ProfessorZhangLei,keepsgivingmevaluableinstructionandencouragementwithhergreatpatienceandcarefulness.EachtimeIsentheradraftofmypaper,shewouldnotonlycheckitsoverallstructureandlogicclosely,butalsocorrectalltheerrorswordbyword,whichhelpedmetoimprovemypapersteadilyandmademefeelmoreconfidentdaybyday.Withoutherguidance,thispapercanneverbefinishedintime.Andbesidesthepaperitself,ProfessorZhangalsogavemeusefuladviceonhowtoapproachthefieldofinternationalrelationswhichwillbequiteconducivetomyfurtherstudy.Therefore,IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProfessorZhangLeiforherkindhelp.

IalsowanttothankallmyEnglishteachersatChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.

Duringmytwoyears'studyoncampus,theygavemeprofessionalandpatientinstructiononEnglishlearning,whichprovedtobeanecessarybasisforthewritingofthispaper.

Acknowledgement:

Thisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorLvHui,forhisinvaluableinstruction,incessantinspirationandconstantencouragement.Shehasspentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.Withoutheracademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.HerenergyandpassionforknowledgeandeducationhavehadsuchagreatinfluenceonmethatIamsuretheyalwaysremainabeaconinmyfuturecareer.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorZhangXiaoLi,Ms.ShiYi,Ms.MeiQiong,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorWangYan,ProfessorSongAiqunandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetimeatthisuniversity.

IwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfriendsLiuYingandJinXiaoQingfortheirsinceresupport.

Inaddition,Iwishtosaythankstomyfamilyandrelatives,especiallymyelderbrotherLiuWenFeng,whogavemealotofusefulinformationforme.

Intheend,I'mgratefultomymother.Withoutherhelpandencouragement,Iwouldneverhavefinishedthisthesisontime.

Acknowledgements:

Thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutconstructiveadviceandhelpfrommanypersons.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorRanJijun,forhisgreatadviceandguidanceonthecontentandformatofthisthesis,whichiscriticalforrevision.

Withouthisacademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.

IwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorHeYinghong,ProfessorGuoLiqiu,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorZhangLei,ProfessorSongAiqun,ProfessorWeiLameiandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetwoyearsatthisuniversity.

Also,theemotionalsupportfrommyparentsandmyhusbandisnolessimportantthantheacademicassistance.

Intheend,Iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomycolleagueswhohelpedcollectusefulreferencebooksandmaterialsforme.

AcknowledgementsThisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

First,I'dliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorZhangXiaoli,whogavemealotofusefulandconstructiveadviceonmythesis.Withhisprofessionalandacademicknowledge,hetaughtmehowtodoresearch,howtorevisethethesis.WheneverIsenthimane-mailconcerningmythesis,herepliedsoon.Hespentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.OnlyunderhisguidanceandencouragementcouldIfinishthisthesis.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.Asateachermyself,Ilearnedalotaboutinterpretation,translation,cultureandteachingmethodsfromthem,whichishelpfultomyjob.

Iwishtoexpressmythankstomyleader,deanoftheDepartmentofAppliedLinguistics,CapitalMedicalUniversity.Sheencouragedmeconstantlytofinishthestudy.

Atlast,Iwanttothankmyhusbandandotherfamilymembersandrelatives,whoshowedtheirconcernandsupportwhenIpursuedmystudy.

英語論文格式參考范文第4篇英文論文引用格式

英文法學論文的文獻引用格式是怎么樣的?一篇法學學術論文往往在在大量文獻引用和邏輯分析基礎上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!

引用規(guī)范包括兩個要求：一是對于參考借鑒必須注明出處，二是引用形式要統(tǒng)一

1.參考借鑒必須注明出處

無論是中文還是英文論文的寫作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三個方面：(1)幫助讀者識別和調用相關文獻資源：Helpreadersidentifyandrelocatethesourcework。

(2)證明論文的觀點是經過充分研究得出的;Provideevidencethatthepositioniswell-researched。

此外，在閱讀一些論文的時候，我們經常看到一個引用泛化的現(xiàn)象，就是引用沒有體現(xiàn)上述功能。

例如，將學界通識引用為個別知名教授的觀點，將一些基本事實、常識引用為個別文章的成果，等等。

2.引用形式要統(tǒng)一

引用形式要統(tǒng)一，是指引用的格式必須按照標準化的要求做到全文統(tǒng)一，并遵循有關要求。

在英文論文寫作中，引用的格式有多種參考標準。

在GoogleScholar檢索中自動生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T7714三種可選，其中第三個是中國國家標準化管理委員會發(fā)布的國家標準《文后參考文獻著錄規(guī)則》，在國內高校的畢業(yè)論文引用規(guī)范和理工科學術期刊中采用較多。

此外，國際標準化組織(ISO)還發(fā)布了文獻引用格式的國際標準ISO690:(Informationanddocumentation--Guidelinesforbibliographicreferencesandcitationstoinformationresources)，致力于推動文獻引用格式的國際協(xié)調一致。

文獻引用格式的標準化，有利于促進文獻數(shù)據(jù)的信息化處理，進而服務于學術影響力評價等諸多方面。

目前，各種類型文獻引用規(guī)范都是推薦性的。

各個研究機構、學術期刊往往會根據(jù)本領域文獻的特征，選擇其中一種或者自創(chuàng)一種格式作為采用格式。

在法學論文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律評論》等為主的期刊聯(lián)盟就自行制定了文獻引用體系的藍皮書，也即TheBluebook，該引用格式目前是英文世界法學文獻的主流引用格式。

此外，APA、Martin也被諸多法學研究機構和學術期刊采用，故此，本文就分別介紹一下TheBluebook、APA、Martin的基本情況。

1、TheBluebook文獻引用格式

TheBluebook的英文全稱為TheBluebook:AUniformSystemofCitation，中文全稱為《藍皮書：統(tǒng)一注釋體系》。

在使用過程中，一般直接稱為藍皮書(TheBluebook)，它是一本在美國使用最為廣泛的法律引用指南。

藍皮書是由《哈佛法律評論》、《哥倫比亞法律評論》、《賓夕法尼亞法律評論》、《耶魯法律評論》的編委會共同參與編寫。

藍皮書第一版出版于1926年，現(xiàn)在已經出到了第二十版。

藍皮書是美國絕大多數(shù)法學院進行引用時參考的指南，也是美國絕大多數(shù)聯(lián)邦法院使用的引用格式。

當然，美國最高法院有自己的引用格式，每個州在自己的法院系統(tǒng)里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。

TheBluebook全書共計560頁，詳細的列舉了各類文獻的引用形式。

在書中，你可以看到中文文獻的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文獻的多種引用形式。

英語論文格式參考范文第5篇1.標題

即標題，它的首要作用是歸納全部論文的中心內容。標題要切當、恰當、明顯、簡略、精粹。

XXXX

(標題：二號，黑體，加粗，居中，除了英語小詞外，別的單詞首字母都要大寫;別的：除了標題外，論文中一切英文的字體均選用“TimesNewRoman”)

XX學院XX級

學號XXXXX輔導老師：XXX

2.摘要

摘要是論文的高度歸納，是長篇論文不行短少的組成有些。請求用中、英文分別書寫，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5個要害字。

【Abstract】XXXX……

(英文摘要：上空二行;標題選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，加粗，置于粗體方括號內，頂格放置;隨后的內容與前面的粗體方括號之間空一格，不必別的任何標點符號;選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，不加粗;單倍行距。)

3.要害字

是標明文獻要害主題內容，但盡量少用不標準的主題詞或新造詞。要害字是為了文獻標引作業(yè)，從論文中選取出來，用以表示全文首要內容信息款目的單詞或術語。

【KeyWords】XX;XX;XX;XX

(英文要害字：標題選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，加粗，兩個單詞的首字母要大寫，置于粗體方括號內，頂格放置;隨后的內容與前面的粗體方括號之間空一格，不必任何別的標點符號，

選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，不加粗，除了專有名詞外，別的單詞的首字母不大寫，各單詞之間用分號“;”離隔，分號以后空一格;最終一個要害字以后不必任何標點符號;單倍行距。)

4.正文

英語論文格式參考范文第6篇1.正反觀點式議論文模板

導入：

第1段：Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...（導入話題）

Ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.（觀點有分歧）

正文：

第2段：Mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.（正方觀點）

Herearethereasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3個贊成的理由)

第3段：However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.（反方觀點）

Theirreasonsareasfollows.Inthefirstplace...What’smore...Inaddition...(列出2~3個反對的理由)

結論：

第4段：Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soIsupportit.（個人觀點）オ

2.“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatAissuperiortoBinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatBismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldpreferAbecauseIthinkAhasmoreadvantages.

正文：

第2段：TherearemanyreasonswhyIpreferA.Themainreasonisthat...Anotherreasonisthat...(贊同A的原因)

第3段:Ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2個B的優(yōu)勢)

結論：

第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,AismuchbetterthanB.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...(得出結論)オ

3.觀點論述類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某個決定作為議論的話題

Asastudent,Iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.（亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對）

Thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.（過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：

第2段：Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3個贊成或反對的理由)

結論：

第3段：Inconclusion,Ibelievethat...（照應第1段，構成xxx總—分—總xxx結構）

toxxx類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某種困難作為議論的話題

正文：

第2段：Manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingmaybemosteffective.Firstofall...Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemis...Finally...(列出2~3個解決此類問題的辦法)

結論：

第3段：Thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeactionto...(強調解決此類問題的根本方法)

英語論文格式參考范文第7篇Idiomsuniversallyexistineverylanguage.AnIdiomisawordoranexpressionthatcannotbeliterallytranslatedfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguagebecauseitsidiomaticmeaningcannotbeunderstoodbyliterallydefiningitscomponentparts.(Background)Inabroadsense,idiomscontainsetphrases,proverbs,colloquialisms,slangs,maxims,allusions,etc.(YinLi,2007:9)InChinese,theyalsoincludeenigmaticfolksimiles.Newmark,aBritishtranslationtheorist,inhisworkATextbookofTranslation,said,_Idefineasculturethewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression._(Previousresearch)EnglishIdiomsderivesfromEnglishculturesanddailylife.Inrealcontext,idiomsexplainthemselves:ninetimesoutoftentheycarrytheirownexplanations.Ifweareunawareofthese,wewillfindourselvesinastateofconfusionsincewewillassignliteralmeaningtothem.TheChineseIdioms,especiallythefour-characteridioms,havetheirownuniqueoriginswhicharecloselycorrelativetotheChinesehistoryandcultures.Inviewofthedifficultiesinunderstandingidioms,weshouldpaydueattentionandeffortstounderstandtheirculturesandcustoms.ThisthesisisdesignedtodigintotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishandthenelaboratesonthetranslationtheoriesappliedtoidioms.(Subject+Method)

英語論文格式參考范文第8篇Abstract

Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeveryimportant.Iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.Thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.Thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherpartysculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.Inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.

Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact

Contents

1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………...…......4

Thedefinitionofculture……..............….....4

Thecausesofculturaldifferences……………..………......4

Geographicaldifferences………..………………....….....4

Ethnicdifferences…………..………………....................4

Politicaldifferences…………..………….………….…...4

Economicdifferences…………………..….……….…....4

Religiousdifferences……..………….......4

Theconceptofdifference…………………...……….......5

ImportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………….…..5

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………..………...........5

Communicationprocess……………...…...……...…....…..5

Negotiatingstyle…...…..……..……………...……….…...8

Values………………...…………....….……..…….......…..8

Ethics………..……..………………...…..8

Sense………..……………..……….…....8

ConceptofCollective…………………....8

Conceptoftime……….....8

3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……..…………........9

Tolearnmoreabouttheformerinthenegotiationsoftheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise………...…..……………….…..9

Inthenegotiationsnecessarytocorrectlyhandletheculturaldifferences………………...9

Negotiationstodoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferences…………...…………......……10

4.References…...………….………….……....11

Businessnegotiationininterpersonalrelationshipsasaspecialform,relatetodifferentgeographical,ethnic,socialandculturalexchangesandcontacts,whichhavetakenplaceincross-culturalnegotiations.Incross-culturalnegotiations,thedifferentgeographical,ethnic,culturaldifferenceswillaffectthethinkingofthosenegotiations,thenegotiationstyleandbehavior,thusaffectingtheentirenegotiationprocess.Therefore,toengageinbusinessactivities,especiallyforthecross-borderbusinessactivitiesmustunderstandandmasterthelinksbetweendifferentculturesanddifferences.Conductingnegotiationswiththeorganization,alsohavetounderstandthatculturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiations,onlythefaceofsuchapositiveimpactonthedesiredobjectivescanbeachieved.

1.Culturaldifferences

thedefinitionofculture

Nationalcultureisacountry-specificconceptsandvaluesystems,whichconstitutetheconceptofpeopleslivesandworkbehavior.Thenationsoftheworldasaresultofspecifichistoricalandgeographicalandgraduallyformeditsownuniqueculturaltraditionsandculturalpatterns.AsthedifferenceofChineseandWesterntraditionalcustoms,values,religiousbeliefs,differentwaysofthinking,etc,makingthedifferentperformanceofChineseandWesterncultures.

thecausesofculturaldifferences

Culturaldiversitycausedbymanyreasons,Tosumup,themainsourceofculturaldifferencesareinthefollowingareas:

geographicaldifferences

Referstothegeographicaldifferencesindifferentgeographicregionsduetothegeographicalenvironment,thelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtraditionaldifferencesinhabits,peopleoftenhavedifferentlanguage,lifestyleandhobbies.Andthesewillaffecttheirbehavior.Forexample,theWestandtheAmericanpeopleinsomecountriestreatChristmasimportant,butinareassuchasneartheequatordonothavesnowalltheyearround,thepeopleofsomeAfricancountriesmaynothavetheconceptofChristmasbecausethebestmodifiedChristmasissnow,astothepeopleintheregionthatarenotlong-termsnow,thereislittleconcentrationofChristmasthanAmericanStates.

nationaldifferences

Ethnicdifferencesisthedifferentethnicgroupsinthedevelopmentoflong-termprocess,theformationoftheirownlanguage,customsandpreferences,habits.Theirdiet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeoftheirowncharacteristics.TakethehistoryofourcountryandourHunHan,theXiongnupeoplearevaliant,characteristicsoftypicalnomads.AndwetametheHancharacter,thetypicalcharacteristicsoffarmingnation.WhichledtotheHunsinthediet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifearedifferentwithHan.

thepoliticaldifferences

Politicaldifferencesareduetothepoliticalsystemandthepoliciesandregulationsonpeoplesbehaviorwiththeroleofastandardized,sothatallpeoplesinthepoliticalaspectsontheconceptoftheexistencearedifferences.TaketheUnitedStatesandFranceasexample,theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionthepowersofthePresidentofthesevererestrictionsonthetwomajorpowerswithotherinstitutionsofCongressandtheSupremeCourtofstrongconstraints.WhileFrancealsohadtosetwasreadytoroyalistrestorationofthemonarchyoftheThirdRepublictoamendtheConstitutionalittlefurtherexpandthepowersofthepresident.

economicdisparities

Economicdifferencesareresultoftheeconomicfactorsofareflectionofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thepeopleintheWesterndevelopedcountriesarerichlivesandhighlevelofeducation,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoflife,securitymeansmoregenerally.AndeconomicbackwardnessoftheThirdWorld,peoplecaremoreaboutfoodandclothing.

religiousdifferences

Religionisthedevelopmentofhumansocietytoacertainstageofhistoricalphenomenon,Religionhasitsown(Catholic)MajorepidemicinWesternEuropeandSouthAmerican;IslamisthescopeofthewholeoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.BuddhismismoreprevalentinAsiancountries.Theworldhasthreemajorreligions:Christianity,BuddhismandIslam.Christian(Protestant)ismajorepidemicinNorthernEurope,NorthAmericaandAustralia;peopleinmanypartsofAsiabelieveinBuddhist.Differentreligionshavedifferentculturaltendenciesandprecepts,whichaffectthewayofpeopleunderstandthings,codesofconductandvalues.

theconceptofValuesdifference

Valuesaremeansofobjectiveevaluationcriteriaofthings.Itincludestheconceptoftime,wealth,theattitudetowardslife,theattitudetoriskandsoon.Differentsocieties’peopletothesamethingsandproblemswillcometodifferentandevenoppositeconclusions.

Geographicaldifferences,ethnicdifferences,politicaldifferences,economicdifferences,religiousdifferencesanddifferencesinconceptshavetheimpactonpeoplespenetrationinthefood,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeinallitsaspects.Thusaffectingpeoplesbehavior,values,religiousbeliefsandmodesofthoughthavealotofdifference,Finallyhasformedthevariouscountriesandareasofculturaldifferences.

culturaldifferencesontheimportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Practiceinthenegotiations,manynegotiatorsoftendonotunderstand,ortooknoteoftheculturalimportanceofthesignificantimpactonnegotiations.Negotiatingpartiesforforeignculture,somenegotiatorsmayhavenoticedsomeoftheothernegotiations,“different”or“hardtounderstand”theconcretemanifestationofnegotiations,butthatisnotimportant.Somepeopleblindlybelievethatnegotiationistheuseofforeign-relatedfactsandfigurestospeak,andthefactsanddataarecommon.Similarly,someforeigncountries’negotiatorstonegotiationswitheachothertomaintainharmoniousrelations,theywillnoticethesimilaritiesbetweenbothcultures,whileignoringtheirdifferences.Letslookatanexample.

In1992,negotiatorsfromChinaandother12expertsofdifferentprofessionstoformadelegationtotheUnitedStatespurchasesabout30million.dollarsofchemicalequipmentandtechnology.TheUSnaturallydoeseverythingpossibletosatisfythem.Oneofthemisnegotiationsinthefirstroundofthedelegationsenttoeachofthemasmallsouvenir.TheSouvenirspackagingisveryparticularisabeautifulredbox,redforadvanced.Butwhenthedelegationwaspleasedtoopentheboxwhenface-to-faceinaccordancewiththeAmericans,Everyonesfaceappearsverynotthenatureactually--thereisagolfcap,butthecolorisgreen.Americanbusinessmansintentionis:aftersigningthecontract,andeveryonetoplaygolf.Buttheydon’tknowthe“beacuckold”isthebiggesttabooinChinesemen.Finallythedelegationdidnotsignthecontract,notbecausetheAmericans“insult”people,butbecausetheyworkcareless,andevendon’tknowthecommonsensethatChinesementaboo“beacuckold”.Howcanwefeelfreetotensofmillionsofdollarsprojecttothem?ItcanbeseenthatthefailureoftheAmericansnegotiationisduetotheydonotunderstandtheChineseculture.

Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanlearninbusinessnegotiations,ifwedonotattachimportancetoeachothersculturaldifferences,thenegotiationsarelikelytoleadtofailure.

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Theimpactofcultureonnegotiationsisextensiveandprofound,anddifferentcultureswillnaturallydividedpeopleintodifferentgroups,thisregion,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectivegroupsarebringingpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupstendtoalienateeachother;Ontheotherhand,differentculturalcommunicationandexchangesbetweenpeoplearealsoobstacles.Therefore,therequirementsofthenegotiatorstoaccepteachothersculture,butalsobyculturaldifferences,unmistakablyrevealsthatthepurposeofunderstandingofeachothersbehavior,andtheyhavebeenacceptedbytheotherparty,andultimatelyreachaconsensusagreement.

Overall,theimpactonculturenegotiationsareinfollowingseveralaspects:

thecommunicationprocess

Culturaldifferencesonthecommunicationprocessofthenegotiations,firstofallistheperformanceofthecommunicationlanguageinthenegotiationprocess.Languageisabridgeofanycountry,anyregionandanynation.Statescompanies,individualstoconductbusinessnegotiations,wemustfirsthavethelanguagetothis.Thedifferenceslanguageofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisthemostdirectandclear.SuchasChinas“whiteelephant”brandbatteries,totheEnglish“WhiteElephant”itwouldcausebadassociations.

Becausethe“WhiteElephant”Inadditiontothenameofanimalsthathavetwomeanings:“Theownerdidnotuse,butmaybeusefultoothers;donotreusethings.”Solvethelanguageproblemisverysimple,youcanhireatranslatororuseacommonthirdlanguagetotalk.Whilethenegotiatorsofthelanguageusedinavarietyofcultureswithhigherfitness,butnomatterwhat,thedifferenceisobvious.SuchasJapan,BrazilandFranceCulture,theJapanesestyleofbusinesscommunicationisthemostpolite,morepositivecommitmenttotheuseofrecommendedandguarantees,andlessuseofthreats,commandsandwarningsoffreedomofspeech,theirmannersofspeechstyle,Themostprominentisthattheydonotoftenuse“no”,“you”andfacialgaze,buttomaintainaperiodofsilence;Brazilianbusinessmentouse“no”and“you”atthehigherfrequency,theirnegotiationstyleseemsmorepresumptuous,anditseemsnotlonelyinthenegotiations,togazeateachotherand