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POLITICS

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SOCIETYUKgovernmentfinancesCHAPTER

01OverviewTotalmanagedexpenditureexpressedasapercentageofGDPintheUnitedKingdomfrom1900/01to2028/29GovernmentspendingasapercentageofGDPintheUK1900-202975%65%55%45%35%25%15%5%3Description:GovernmentspendingintheUnitedKingdomwasapproximately45.3percentofGDPin2022/23,comparedwith44.3percentinthepreviousfinancialyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1900to2029Source(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityTotalpublicsectorcurrentreceiptsexpressedasapercentageofGDPintheUnitedKingdomfrom1900/01to2028/29(inmillionGBP)GovernmentrevenueasapercentageofGDPintheUK1900-202950%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%4Description:In2023/24thegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom'sincomewasestimatedtoequatetoapproximately40.4percentofGDP,comparedwith40.3percentinthepreviousfinancialyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1900to2029;*ForecastsReadmoreSource(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityPublicsectornetdebtexpressedasapercentageofGDPintheUnitedKingdomfrom1900/01to2028/29NationaldebtasapercentageofGDPintheUK1900-2029PublicsectornetdebtPublicsectornebtdebt(excludingBankofEngland)300%250%200%150%100%50%0%5Description:Publicsectornetdebtamountedto88.8percentofgrossdomesticproductintheUnitedKingdomduringthe2023/24financialyear,risingto97.6percentwhenBankofEnglandisincluded.Thisisthehighestdebtincurredbythegovernmentsincetheearly1960s.AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,governmentdebtintheUKgraduallyfell,beforeasharpincreaseisvisibleinthelate2000satthetimeoftheglobalfinancialcrisis.ReadmoreNote(s):1900to2029;*ForecastdataReadmoreSource(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityPublicsectorborrowingexpressedasapercentageofGDPintheUnitedKingdomfrom1900/01to2028/29GovernmentborrowingasapercentageofGDPintheUK1900-202930%25%20%15%10%5%0%-5%-10%6Description:ThegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomborrowedapproximately4.2percentworthofitsGDPinthe2023/24financialyear,comparedwithfivepercentin2022/23.In2020/21,governmentborrowingreached15.1percentofGDP,duetoincreasedfinancialsupporttopublicservicesduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,combinedwithreducedrevenuebecauseofsocietallockdowns.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1900to2029;*ForecastdataReadmoreSource(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityFiscalheadroomagainstdebtforecastsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2010to2024(inbillionGBP)FiscalheadroomforecastsintheUK2010-2024807060504048.137.932.7302010025.725.725.721.321.7161615.212.88.97.1Jun

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247Description:InMarch2024,thefiscalheadroomforecastintheUnitedKingdomwas8.9billionBritishpounds,comparedwith13billionpoundsinNovember2023.FiscalheadroomistheamountofmoneytheUKgovernmentcanusetoincreasespendingorcuttaxeswhilestilladheringtofiscalrulesregardingnationaldebtfallinginthefuture.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;June2010toMarch2024Source(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityCHAPTER

02ExpenditureTotalmanagedexpenditureofthegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2028/29(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingintheUK2000-20291,4001,2001,00080060040020009Description:In2022/23thegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomhadatotalmanagedexpenditureof1.15trillionBritishpounds,equivalenttoapproximately45percentofGDP.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2029;*ForecastdataReadmoreSource(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityBudgetedpublicsectorexpenditureonservicesintheUnitedKingdomin2024/25,byfunction(inbillionGBP)SpendingbudgetoftheUKgovernment2024/25AmountbudgetedinbillionGBP100

150050200250300350400SocialprotectionHealth371251Education131Debtinterest109Defence71Transport595349474540Other(includingEUtransactions)Industry,agricultureandemploymentPublicorderandsafetyPersonalsocialservicesHousingandenvironment10Description:In2024/25,theexpenditureoftheUnitedKingdomgovernmentisexpectedtobereach1,226billionBritishpounds,withthehighestspendingfunctionbeingthe371billionpoundsexpectedtobespentonsocialprotection,whichincludespensionsandotherwelfarebenefits.Governmentspendingonhealthwasexpectedtobe251billionpoundsandwasthesecond-highestspendingfunctioninthisfiscalyear,whileeducationwasthenexthighestcategoryat131billionpounds.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,2024toMarch31,2025Source(s):HMTreasuryMonthlytotalmanagedexpenditureintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuarytoApril2024(inmillionGBP)MonthlygovernmentexpenditureintheUK2019-2024120,000110,000100,00090,00080,00070,00060,000Jan

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2411Description:InApril2024,thegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomspentapproximately106billionpounds,comparedwithlastAprilwhenitspent103billion.ReadmoreNote(s):January2019toApril2024Source(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)PublicsectorexpenditureonhealthintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingonhealthintheUK1999-2023250230210190170150231.3

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157.5156147141.6135.8132.6125.813011090117.11069890.683.6705012Description:ThegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomspentover211.6billionBritishpoundsonhealthin2022/23,comparedwith230.4billionpoundsin2021/22.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureonsocialprotectionintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingonsocialprotectionintheUK1999-2023350330322.7320.7321.2319.7

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317315.5315.6315.6310.1302.3310290270250230210190170150297.5275264.2253.8252.5249243.3232.7225.1214.8208.213Description:SocialprotectionspendingintheUnitedKingdomreached318.8billionBritishpoundsin2022/23,comparedwith300billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureondefenseintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingondefenseintheUK1999-202358565452504855.551.951.650.349.849.947.547.247.246.446.24645.845.445.245.2

45.1464442404544.644.343.24342.541.614Description:In2022/23,theUnitedKingdomspentapproximately55.5billionBritishpoundsondefense,comparedwith51.9billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ThiswasthehighestdefensespendingfortheUKduringthisprovidedtimeperiodandthesecondconsecutiveyearofincreaseddefenseexpenditure.Between2010/11andand2016/17defenseexpenditurewasgraduallyreducedfrom51.6billionpounds,tojust44.3billionpounds,andreflectedthepolicyofausterityimplementedbythe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureonpublicorderandsafetyintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingonpublicorderandsafetyintheUK1998-20235045.6

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43.343.442.441.341.441.239.739.138.837.837.437.13736.836.835.934.131.115Description:TheUnitedKingdomgovernmentspent43.9billionBritishpoundsonpublicorderandsafetyin2022/23,comparedwith42.4billionpoundsinthepreviousfinancialyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureoneducationintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingoneducationintheUK1999-2023125120.1118.1112.211510595111.5110.2106.6106.7105.2105.5104.7104.5103.1103.4101.6

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101.1101.198.895.487.683.98576.77571.46516Description:PublicsectorspendingoneducationintheUnitedKingdomreached105.5billionBritishpoundsin2022/23,comparedwith106.7billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureoneconomicaffairsintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingoneconomicaffairsintheUK1998-2023250200150100207.6125104.874.970.167.26562.457.3

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36.4017Description:PublicsectorexpenditureoneconomicaffairsintheUnitedKingdomwas125billionBritishpoundsin2022/23,comparedwith104.8billionpoundsinthepreviousfinancialyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureonhousingandcommunityamenitiesintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingonhousingandcommunityamenitiesintheUK1999-20232321.720.7211917151311918.217.817.516.516.21615.814.51413.413.212.712.612.312.312.111.910.510.29.28.687518Description:In2022/23publicsectorexpenditureonhousingandcommunityamenitiesintheUnitedKingdomreached17.8billionpounds,comparedwith16.2billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1998to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureonenvironmentprotectionintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)GovernmentspendingonenvironmentprotectionintheUK1999-202315.514.714.314.214.513.512.511.510.59.514.113.913.913.913.913.713.613.513.513.413.313.312.812.612.410.69.79.68.88.58.38.57.519Description:In2022/23publicsectorexpenditureonenvironmentprotectionspendingintheUnitedKingdomwas13.9billionBritishpounds,comparedwith14.7billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryPublicsectorexpenditureonrecreation,culture,andreligionintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2022/23(inbillionGBP)Governmentspendingonrecreation,culture,andreligionintheUK1999-202318.517.617.516.515.514.513.512.517.116.816.716.316.1

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15.215.214.914.414.114.11413.913.813.813.513.513.1131320Description:Inthe2022/23financialyeartheUnitedKingdomspent14billionBritishpoundsonrecreation,culture,andreligion,comparedwith13.8billioninthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1998to2023Source(s):GOV.UK;HMTreasuryCHAPTER

03IncomeTotalpublicsectorcurrentreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2028/29(inmillionGBP)GovernmentrevenueintheUK2000-20291,4001,2001,000800600400200022Description:TheUnitedKingdom'sgovernmentrevenuewasjustoveronetrillionBritishpoundsin2023/24,comparedwith982billionpoundsinthepreviousfinancialyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2029Source(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityExpectedpublicsectorcurrentreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomin2024/25,byfunction(inbillionGBP)GovernmentrevenuesourcesintheUnitedKingdom2024/25RevenueinbillionGBP100

150050200250300303350IncomeTaxVAT203NationalInsurancecontributionsOthernon-taxesOthertaxes168123115CorporationTaxCounciltax1014746ExcisedutiesBusinessrates3223Description:In2024/25,thegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomisexpectedtoreceive1,139billionBritishpoundsofpublicsectorcurrentreceipts,with303billionBritishpoundscomingfromincometax,aswellas203billionpoundsfromVAT.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,2023toMarch31,2024Source(s):HMTreasuryMonthlypublicsectorcurrentreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary2019toApril2024(inmillionGBP)MonthlygovernmentrevenueintheUK2019-2024125,000115,000105,00095,00085,00075,00065,00055,00045,000Jan

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2424Description:InApril2024,publicsectorcurrentreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomamountedtoapproximately85.7billionBritishpounds,comparedwithalmost84.1billionBritishpoundsinthesamemonthofthepreviousfinancialyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;January2019toApril2024Source(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)TaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2023/24(inbillionGBP)TaxreceiptsintheUK2000-2024950850750650550450827.74788.59715.68633.3621.05593.32567.99583.97532.5514.06492.8472.04473.63453.96414.92456.12445.53428.63402.87375.8347.95321.74324.73350

315.6425025Description:In2022/23thevalueoftaxreceiptsfortheUnitedKingdomamountedtoapproximately827.74billionBritishpounds.Thisrepresentedanetincreaseofover512.1billionpoundswhencomparedwith2000/01.Sincethatyear,thetotalvalueoftaxreceiptsshowedyear-on-yearincreasesinmostyears,exceptfor2008/09,2009/10,and2020/21whenthevaluedeclined.Taxreceiptsformthebulkof?UKgovernmentincome,basedonvariousdirectandindirecttaxes.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2023Source(s):HMRevenueandCustomsValueaddedtaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2023/24(inbillionGBP)VATreceiptsintheUK2000-2024180160140120100169.25159.75157.55132.54129.89126.42119.8114.94111.36104.72100.57101.6598.2983.580.678.4477.3673.03

72.8680604020070.1669.0863.4561.0358.6226Description:In2023/24VATtaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomamountedto169.25billionBritishpounds,comparedwith159.75inthepreviousfinancialyear.AlongwithincometaxandNationalInsurancecontributions,VATisoneofthethree-largesttaxationsourcesfortheUKgovernment.Unlikeincometaxandnationalinsurance,VATisanindirecttax,andisraisedviaa20percentlevyappliedonmostgoodsandservicessoldintheUK.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2024Source(s):HMRevenueandCustomsIncometaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2023/24(inbillionGBP)IncometaxreceiptsintheUK2000-2024300250200150273.27248.36220.61193.24193.74191.03180.05177.07168.45163.11156.9153.44151.74153.49150.94152.03147.71134.92144.88127.29117.92109.51107.99105.181005027Description:In2023/24,incometaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomamountedto273.3billionBritishpounds,comparedwith248.4billioninthepreviousyear.Althoughthevalueofincometaxreceiptshasgrownquiteconsistentlythroughoutthisperiod,thereisasharpincreaseobservablefrom2021/22onwards.Theperiodofhighinflationfrom2021onwardsledtofasterwagegrowth,whichpushedmany?UKworkersintohighertaxbands,resultingintheincreasedincometaxrevenue.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2024Source(s):HMRevenueandCustomsNationalInsurancecontributionstaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2023/24(inbillionGBP)NationalInsurancetaxreceiptsintheUK2000-2024200180160140120177.44177.74158.04142.87143.46136.85130.93124.47113.7110.41107.69101.62102.04100.4196.8896.5595.5210080604020087.2785.5278.172.4664.5563.1760.6128Description:TaxreceiptsforNationalInsurancecontributionsintheUnitedKingdomamountedtoover177.7billionBritishpoundsin2023/24,comparedwith177.4billionpoundsinthepreviousyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2024Source(s):HMRevenueandCustomsCorporationtaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2023/24(inmillionGBP)CorporationtaxreceiptsintheUK2000-2024OnshoreOffshoreBanksurcharge100,00090,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000029Description:In2022/23corporationtaxreceiptsintheUnitedKingdomamountedtoapproximately88.3billionBritishpounds,comparedwith80.3billioninthepreviousyear.Thevastmajorityofthisincomecamefromonshorecorporationtaxreceipts,whichamountedtoover83.9billionpounds,withoffshorecorporationtaxcontributingalmostthreebillionpounds,andthebankssurchargearound1.45billionpounds.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2024Source(s):HMRevenueandCustomsCHAPTER

04BorrowingandDebtTotalpublicsectornetborrowingintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2028/29(inbillionGBP)GovernmentborrowingintheUK2000-2029400350300250200150100500-5031Description:ThegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomborrowedapproximately128.7billionBritishpoundsinthe2022/23financialyear.In2020/21,governmentborrowingwasover333billionpounds,duetoincreasedfinancialsupporttopublicservicesduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,combinedwithreducedrevenueduetothelockdowns.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2029Source(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityTotalpublicsectornetdebtexcludingBankofEnglandintheUnitedKingdomfrom2000/01to2028/29(inbillionGBP)GovernmentdebtintheUK2000-20293,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500032Description:GovernmentdebtintheUnitedKingdomreachedover2.25trillionBritishpoundsin2022/23,comparedwith1.83trillionpoundsin2019/20.Althoughtheamountofpublicsectordebthasbeenrisingforsometime,therewasanoticeableuptickbetween2019/20and2020/21,whengovernmentspendingincreasedsubstantiallyduetotheeconomicimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemic.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2000to2029Source(s):OfficeforBudgetResponsibilityMonthlygovernmentnetborrowingintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary2019toApril2024(inmillionGBP)MonthlygovernmentborrowingintheUK2019-202460,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000-10,000-20,000Jan

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2433Description:InApril2024,theUKgovernmentborrowedapproximately20.5billionBritishpounds,comparedwithalmost19billionpoundsinApril2023.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;January2019toApril2024Source(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)MonthlypublicsectornetdebtintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary2019toApril2024(inbillionGBP),byfinancialyearMonthlygovernmentdebtintheUK2019-20242,8502,6502,4502,2502,0501,8501,650Jan

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2434Description:InApril2023,thegovernmentdebtoftheUnitedKingdomstoodatapproximately2.69trillionBritishpounds,comparedwith2.54trillionpoundsayearearlier.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;January2019toApril2024Source(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)Governmentbondyieldscurve(nominalforward)intheUnitedKingdomasofMarch2023YieldcurveintheUK20234.5%4.0%4.13%4.03%3.69%3.43%3.34%3.5%3.0%2.5%2.0%1.5%1.0%0.5%0.0%3.21%3.19%3.14%2.63%1year2years3years5years7yearsBondmaturity10years20years30years40years35Description:AsofMarch2023,allUnitedKingdomgovernmentdebtsecuritieswerereturningpositiveyieldsbasedontheinstantaneousnominalforwardpriceofmorethanonepercent,regardlessofmaturity.