Postmodernism-后現(xiàn)代主義簡論

Postmodernism

后現(xiàn)代主義BROCKOVICH--------Afterreading‘Postmodernism:AVeryShortIntroduction’,byChristopherButler,professorinOxfordUniversity,UK.WhatisPostmodernism?

Postmodernism

isaphilosophicalmovementawayfromtheviewpointofmodernism(現(xiàn)代主義).“Thatpostmodernismisindefinableisatruism.However,itcanbedescribedasasetofcritical,strategicandrhetoricalpracticesemployingconceptssuchasdifference,repetition,thetrace,thesimulacrum,andhyperrealitytodestabilizeotherconceptssuchaspresence,identity,historicalprogress,epistemiccertainty,andtheunivocity(單義多名)

ofmeaning.”-------StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophyItholdsrealitiestobepluralandrelative,anddependentonwhotheinterestedpartiesareandwhattheirinterestsconsistof.Itupholdsthebeliefthatthereisnoabsolutetruthandthewayinwhichdifferentpeopleperceivetheworldissubjective.Forthebattlesaroundpostmodernism(quiteunlikethebattlesaroundmodernism)havehadthedistinctivefeaturethat,thankstothe‘riseoftheory’,theyraiseperennialphilosophicalquestions.Itisthisunderlyingdeepdialectic(辯證對話)—betweenreasonandscepticism(懷疑論),realityandtheimage,thepoliticalpowersofinclusionandexclusion—whichiscentraltopostmodernismthought,anditisadialecticthatwillcontinuetoengageusforsometimetocome.

Postmodernismishuman-orientedandliberalized.Itfocusesonreflectingpersonalityandcultureaswellasthecontinuityofthehistoryandcivilization.Italsohighlyunifiescontradictions,complexityanddiversity.Whilemodernismisbasedonthephilosophyofrationalism(理性主義)andrealism,postmodernismisbasedonromanticismandindividualism.IntuitiveCognitionOfModernism

&PostmodernismArchitectureDesign

ModernismPostmodernismPostmodernismDesignEarlyOneMorningConceptualWorkofArtModernism&PostmodernismModernism:Modernismattemptstoconstructacoherentworld-viewAssertsthatmankindprogressesbyusingscienceandreasonBelievesinlearningfrompastexperiencesandtruststhetextsthatnarratethepastConsiderstheoriginalworksasauthenticPostmodernism:AttemptstoremovethedifferencebetweenhighandlowBelievesthatprogressistheonlywaytojustifytheEuropeandominationoncultureDefiesanytruthinthetextnarratingthepastandrendersitofnouseinthepresenttimesBaseitsviewsonhyper-reality

Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenmodernismandpostmodernismisthatmodernistthinkingisaboutthesearchofanabstracttruthoflifewhilepostmodernistthinkersbelievethatthereisnouniversaltruth,abstractorotherwise.

ModernismConstructivism構(gòu)成主義Purism純粹主義Metaphysics形而上學(xué)Simplism簡約主義……PostmodernismDeconstruction解構(gòu)主義Surrealism超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義Expressionism表現(xiàn)主義Structuralism結(jié)構(gòu)主義……DeconstructionRelativism----theviewthattruthitselfisalwaysrelativetothedifferingstandpointsandpredisposingintellectualframeworksofthejudgingsubject.Therelationshipoflanguagetorealityisnotgiven,orevenreliable.FormerPoint:“Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworldiswellfoundedandreliable.”ischallengedExample：Whenreadingabookoressay,doestheauthoropensadooruponreality?However,whatwereallyknowistheauthor’sdescriptionofit.Andespeciallywhenwecomeacrossametaphor…

EXAMPLE----MetaphorinMiddlemarchbyGeorgeEliot:Thecharacterthinksherlifeseemedtohavebecomeamasquewithenigmaticalcostumes.(似乎變成了假面劇，有著謎一般的服裝。)Thedescriptionofthecharacterisonlyvalidwithin,andsorelativeto,themasque-appreciatingdiscoursewhichiscurrentwithinacertaingroup.TheCultureofPostmodernism

Postmodernistideasinphilosophyandtheanalysisofcultureandsocietyexpandedtheimportanceofcriticaltheoryandhasbeenthepointofdepartureforworksofliterature,architecture,anddesign,aswellasbeingvisibleinmarketing/businessandtheinterpretationofhistory,lawandculture,startinginthelate20thcentury.Thesedevelopments—re-evaluationoftheentireWesternvaluesystem(love,marriage,popularculture,shiftfromindustrialtoserviceeconomy)thattookplacesincethe1950sand1960s,withapeakintheSocialRevolutionof1968—aredescribedwiththetermPostmodernity,

asopposedtoPostmodernism,atermreferringtoanopinionormovement.Whereassomethingbeing"Postmodernist"wouldmakeitpartofthemovement,itsbeing"Postmodern"wouldplaceitintheperiodoftimesincethe1950s,makingitapartofcontemporaryhistory.Theythoughtthatform-following-functionlanguageofmodernistarchitecturewasfartoopuritanicalSotheythoughttheyshouldallowforthevitality,andnodoubttheprovocation,tobegainedfromdisunityandcontradictionAsaresult,worklikethishappilydeconstructsitselfgLiterature：MainBranches1.ExistentialismLiterature存在主義Outsider,byAlbertCamus2.TheatreoftheAbsurd荒誕派戲劇TheBaldPrimaDonna,byEugeneIonesco3.MagicalRealism魔幻現(xiàn)實(shí)主義CienAnosdeSoledad,byGabrielGarcíaMárquez(百年孤獨(dú))4.LeNouveauRoman新小說派Gravity'sRainbow,byPynchon.T.5.SickHumor黑色幽默派

Slaughterhouse-Five,KurtVonnegutgPostmodernmusiciseithersimplymusicofthepostmodernera,ormusicthatfollowsaestheticalandphilosophicaltrendsofpostmodernism.Asthenamesuggests,thepostmodernistmovementformedpartlyinreactiontomodernism.Evenso,postmodernmusicstilldoesnotprimarilydefineitselfinoppositiontomodernistmusic.MyPointofViewonPostmodernismAmongthephilosophyandethics,theaesthetics,andthepoliticalsociologyofpostmodernismexistssomebroaddistinctions.Inallthreeareasthecriteriaforbeingpostmodernvaryagreatdeal:theveryterm‘postmodernist’drawsattentiontoamixtureofhistoricalperiodandideological(意識形態(tài)的)implications.Theclaimofanyworkofartorthinkerorsocialpracticetotypifypostmodernistdoctrines,ortodiagnosewithaccuracy‘thesocialconditionofpostmodernity’,willthereforedependonthevarydiversecriteriathathaveheldswayinthemindsofmostcommentatorsonthesubject.Declaration

Postmodernismdonotsimplysupportaesthetic

‘isms’,oravant-grade(先鋒派)movementssuchasminimalismorconceptualism.Theyhaveadistinctwayofseeingtheworldasawhole,anduseasetofphilosophicalideasthatnotonlysupportanaestheticbutalsoanalyzea‘latecapitalist’culturalconditionof‘postmodernity’.Thisconditionissupposedtoaffectusall,notjustthroughavant-gradeart,butalsoatamorefundamentallevel,throughtheinfluenceofthathugegrowthinmediacommunicationbyelectronicmeans.Andyetinournew‘infosociety’,paradoxicallyenough,mostinfoisapparentlytobedistrusted,asbeingmoreofacontributiontothemanipulativeimage-makingofthoseinpowerthantotheadvancementofknowledge.Thepostmodernistattitudeisthereforeoneofasuspicionwhichcanborderonparanoia(偏執(zhí)狂).MyPointofViewonPostmodernism

Theenduringachievementsofpostmodernismarethereforelikelytobefoundnotwithinphilosophyorpolitics,oreveninmoralthought,butwithintheartisticculture.Thepoliticsofthepostmodernisterawillprobablytakecareofitselfastheconditionsunderwhichitbecamepopularchange,butwhatwillremain,ifsomesenseofhistoryandtraditionalsoremains,isasenseofpostmodernismasaculturalphenomenon,whichhaslefttheworldoverthelast30yearsofitscanonofmajorworks.Butitiscrucialtorememberthatinthearts,too,alternativetraditionspersist—andfortwomainreasons—firstly,becausemodernisttraditionscontinue,andtherearemanyartistswhohavelearntsomethingfrompostmodernismwithoutbeingdevotedfollowersofit.Somemodernistmovements—suchasDada(達(dá)達(dá)派)—seemtohavebeenfairlydirectlyappropriatedbypostmodernists.Suchresemblesandcontinuitiesfromoneperiodtoanotherarenevertoodifficulttofind,andthedivergencesintopostmodernismfrommodernismhereareamatterofdifferentvaluesinvolved.