全國職稱英語等級考試試題(衛(wèi)生類)

第一部分閱讀理解（75分）

Passage1

Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat

（威脅）topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformof

cigars（雪茄煙），chewingtobacco,pipetobacco（煙草），andsnuff（鼻煙）.

Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall.

Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentof

thecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproduce

greatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice.

Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-three

percentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomen

intheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingto

note,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmoking

habit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-six

percentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhave

stoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingis

increasing.

Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomenthe

agegroupwiththehighestproportion（比例）ofsmokersistheage

group24-44.

Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindetermininga

person，ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingon

farms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmoke

cigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.

Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokes

asall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday.

Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightly

moresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhigher

educationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.

Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily.

Amongteenagers（少年）thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewer

teenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewer

fromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoare

preparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodo

notplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenare

mostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparents

smoke.

1.Menusetobaccomainlyinformsinthepast.

OA.one

OB.two

OC.three

OD.four

2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan.

OA.onehundredyearsago

OB.attheturnofthecentury

OC.intheeighteenseventies

OD.intheeighteencentury

3.IntheUnitedStatessmokecigarettes.

OA.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople

OB.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople

OC.onlyoldpeople

OD.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-one

percentofthegrown-upwomen

4.Aman*ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby

OA.hisincome

OB.hiseducation

OC.hisoccupation

OD.alloftheabove

5.Childrentostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.

OA.aremostlikely

OB.arelesslikely

OC.hate

OD.donotwant

Passage2

Manyofusbelievethataperson'smindbecomeslessactiveashe

growsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,

professorofpsychiatry（精神病學）attheUniversityofCalifornia.

Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveral

years.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsof

identicaltwins（李生兒），whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywere

already60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthe

twinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydecline

aswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.This

meansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanit

usedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittle

intellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik*sstudies

haveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoning

ability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,

butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell.

Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemory

isnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall

“l(fā)ossofmemory"isnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincomplete

learninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhaps

hadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastrying

tolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswherethe

olderperson,smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnot

necessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenit

issimplyasignofadepressedemotional（壓抑的感情）state.

6.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik，sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersons

wouldexpectto.

OA.rememberless

OB.reasonbetter

OC.learnfewernewthings

OD.losenointellectualability

7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis.

OA.common

OB.muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve

OC.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve

OD.trueofthoseoversixty

8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat.

OA.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears

OB.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeed

withwhichtoperformmentaltasks

OC.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen

OD.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder

9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesof

^incompletelearning〃except.

OA.poorhearing

OB.badeyesight

OC.lackofattention

OD.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings

10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof.

OA.alow-spiritedstate

OB.aworseningstateofhealth

OC.oldage

OD.nervoustension

Passage3

Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition（營養(yǎng)）

wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi（腳

氣），andscurvy（壞血?。?Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,a

Scottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi-wholerice.

ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontain

substancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.In

timethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.

Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonly

threeofthem.

Vitaminsregulate（調(diào)節(jié)）thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergy

andlivingtissues（組織）.Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthe

lackofonevitamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.The

continuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease.

Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeata

balanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole

grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods.

Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.

Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,these

reactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall.

Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed-essentialtogoodhealth

andlife.

11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases.

OA.alongtime

OB.in18thcentury

OC.recently

OD.in1906

12.Beriberiisatypeof.

OA.food

OB.vitamin

OC.fruit

OD.disease

13.Ittakesscientiststoknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare.

OA.alongtime

OB.afewyears

OC.ashorttime

OD.anumberofexperiments

14.Humanbodyproduceskindsofvitamins.

OA.allkindsof

OB.five

OC.thirteen

OD.three

15.Eating_______isthebestwaytogetvitamins.

OA.fewthings

OB.vegetables

OC.fruits

OD.manykindsoffood

第二部分完成句子（25分）

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容完成句子，每個空格只能填一個單詞。有的單詞第一個字母已經(jīng)給出，請將其

余字母補全。

Somepsychologists（心理學家）maintainthatmentalactssuchas

thinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatone，s

musclesalsoparticipate（參力□）.Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwith

ourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusic

withoutbodies.

Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonly

withyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistento

musicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyor

morespecifically（具體地），somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenone

listenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirectthe

orchestra（管弦樂隊）eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestra

eventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob.

Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonfor

it.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlesshe

participates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistener"feels”

himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhis

body.

Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate（參力I」）inthemental

processofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationisless

obviousbecauseitislesspronounced.

16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlyby

one*sbrainbutalsoone's.

17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarin

thatmusclesinbothprocesses.

18.peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithout

movingsomepartoftheirbody.

19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto

themusicfully.

20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessof

thinkingisnotreadilya.

第三部分閱讀理解（80分）

Passage1

Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesitting

down.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodies

soonbecomeflabby（不結實的）andsystemssluggish（缺乏活力的）.Then

theguiltfeelingsstart:〃Imustgoonadiet”,〃Imusttryto

loseweight","Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser”,〃Imust

stopsmoking”,〃Imusttrytokeepfit.Therearesomeaspectsof

ourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuch

featuresofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsand

stress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise（減少到最低限度）the

effectsoftheseevils.

Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeep

fitistotakeupsomesportorother.Whileitistruethat

everyweekendyouwillfindpeopleplayingfootballandtennisin

thelocalpark,theyareoutnumbered（超過）ahundredtoonebythe

peoplewhoaresimplywatchingthem.Itisanillusiontothink

thatyouwillgetfitbygoingtowatchthefootballmatchevery

Saturday,unlessyoucounttheeffortrequiredtofightyourway

throughoutthecrowdstogettothebestseats.

Forthosewhodonotparticularlyenjoycompetitive（競爭性的）sports,

itisespeciallydifficulttodosoifyouarenotgoodatthem.

Therearesuchactivitiesforonepersonascycling,walkingand

swimming.Whatoftenhappens,though,isthatyoudotheminsucha

leisurelyway,soslowly,thatitisdoubtfulifyouaredoing

yourselfmuchgood,apartfromthefactthatyouhaveatleast

managedtogetupoutofyourarmchair.Ofcourseyoucanbevery

thoroughaboutexercise.Manysportsshopsnowsellfrighteningpieces

ofapparatus,chest-expandersandothermysteriousgadgets（小裝置）of

shinyspringsteel,which,accordingtotheadvertisements,willbring

youuptoanOlympicstandardoffitness,providedthatyoufollow

aregularprogrammeofexercises.Suchprogrammesgenerallyinvolve

longperiodsoftimebendingthesecuriousbitsofmetalinto

improbab1eshapes.

Itallstrikesmeasutterlyboringandalsotime-consuming.Somebody

suggestedrecentlythatallsucheffortwaspointlessanywaybecause

ifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,

youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyou

wasteddoingthe"jogging“inthefirstplace.Theargumentisfalse

evenifthefactsarecorrect,outthereisnodoubtthatexercise

initselfcanbeboring.

Evenafteryouhavefoundaroutineforkeepinginshape,through

sportorgymnastics,youarestillonlyhalfwaytogoodhealth,

because,accordingtotheexperts,youmustalsomastertheartof

completementalandphysicalrelaxation.Now,thisdoesnotmean

sleepinginthearmchairofgoingdancing(whichisagoodformof

exerciseinitself).Ithassomethingtodowithdeepbreathing,

emptyingyourmindofallthoughts,worriesandsoon.

21.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youshould.

OA.goinfornotonlycompetitivesports,butalsosolitaryones

OB.goinfornotonlysports,butalsoenjoyyourrelaxation

OC.notputontoomuchweight

OD.notspendlonghourssittinginyourarmchair

22.ThelatterpartofthelastsentenceofPara.2(〃…unless

youcounttheeffort…gettothebestseats.〃)suggeststhatthe

authorthinksthat.

OA.fightingyourwaythroughcrowdsisagoodexercise

OB.bestseatsaredifficulttosecure

OC.beingaspectatorisnotawaytokeepfit

OD.gettingthroughcrowdsisnotaneasyjob

23.Whichstatementreflectstheauthor*spointofviewonsolitary-

sports?

OA.Theydonotcontributemuchtoyourhealth.

OB.Theycanbedoneinaslowway.

OC.Theylackasenseofcompetition.

OD.Theycanbedoneatanytimeandinanyplace.

24.InPara.4,theauthorquotes:〃…ifyouspendhalfanhour

everydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlife

exactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe'jogging，in

thefirstplace.Hethinksthatthestatementis.

OA.partiallycorrect

OB.absolutelytrue

OC.untrue

OD.paradoxical

25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytogood

healthinthearticle?

OA.Mentalandphysicalrelaxation.

OB.Competitiveandsolitarysports.

OC.Piecesofexerciseapparatus.

OD.Mountainclimbingoffresh-airbreathing.

Passage2

Whetheryoueattoliveorlivetoeat,foodshouldhelpkeepyou

well.Inourmodernworldofprocessedandpreservedfoods,many

nutritionists（營養(yǎng)學家）aresuggestingthatwecanstayhealthywith

awell-balanceddietofplentyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesand

nottoomuchredmeat,salt,orsugar.Infact,eatingnatural,

unprocessedfoodsthataremadefromscratch,insteadofartificial

andjunk（假的）foods,maynotonlykeepyouhealthy,butsaveyour

money,too.

Tostayhealthy,youmustalsobecarefultoavoidfoodpoisoning,

acommon,unpleasant,andoftendangerousillnessthataffectsone

outofeverysixAmericanseachyear.Foodpoisoningisoftencaused

bysalmonellabacteria（沙門化菌）infood,especiallyrawmeatsand

dairyproducts.Heatusuallykillsthebacteria,andrefrigeration

keepsthemfromgrowing.Soremembertokeephotfoodhotandcold

foodcold.Also,besuretokeepyourhandsandcookingutensils

cleansoyoudon，ttransfergermstothefoodwhileyouare

preparingit.

Ifyouusecannedfood,alwayscheckthecansforleaksor

puffiness.Apuffedcancouldmeanbotulism,afataltypeoffood

poisoningthatyoucannotseeorsmell.Nevertasteanyfoodthat

yoususpecthasspoiled.Instead,returnanydamagedcansorspoiled

foodtothegrocerystore,andthemanagerwillrefund（歸還）your

money.Whenusingprocessedfoods,besuretoreadallthelabels

andchecktheingredientsandthefreshnessdatebeforeyoubuyor

eatthefood.

Eatingisoneofthejoysoflife.Beingcarefulaboutwhatyou

putinyourmouthcankeepitthatway.

26.Accordingtomostnutritionists,adietofisgoodfor

you.

OA.redmeatandsweets

OB.artificialandjunkfoods

OC.freshfruitsandvegetables

OD.processedandpreservedfoods

27.Tostayhealthy,onemust.

OA.noteatunprocessedmeatanddairyproducts

OB.avoidyourhandstouchingallfoods

OC.nottasteoutdatedcannedfood

OD.heatcoldfoodbeforeeating

28.Ifacanispuffy,itissuggestedinthepassageto

OA.openitandtastealittletocheckit

OB.throwitawaytoavoidpoisoningotherfoods

OC.heatitsoastokillthebacteria

OD.returnittoitssellerforrepayment

29.Whatdoes〃it〃inthelastparagraphreferto?

OA.Life.

OB.Joy.

OC.Eating.

OD.Food.

30.Onthewhole,thepassagestronglysuggeststhat.

OA.naturalfoodishealthierthanartificialfood

OB.foodhelpskeeponehealthy

OC.cannedfoodmaybepoisoning

OD.one'spoorhealthisgenerallyaresultoffoodpoisoning

第四部分概括大意（20分）

給下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主題用一個或幾個單詞表示，空出的詞已給出

了第一個字母，請把其余字母補全。

31.D

Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,

nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsold

totwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceed

seventeaspoonfulsperday.

32.W

Donotadminister（用藥）tochildrenundersixyearsoldorto

individualswithhighbloodpressure,heartdisease,ordisease,or

diabetes.Thispreparationmaycausesleepy.Donotdriveoroperate

machinerywhiletakingthismedicine.Chronic（長期的）coughis

dangerous.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinue

useandconsultyourphysician.

33.EofInformationbetweentheSensory（感觀的）Neurons（神經(jīng)）and

theBrain.

Thesensoryneuronskeepthebraininformedofwhatishappening

outsideandinsidethebodythroughavarietyofsensorypick-up

unitscalledreceptors.Someofthese,lyingatorneartheskin

surface,maybespeciallysensitivetotissuedamage（causingpain）,

orlightcontact（producingatouchsensation）,orpressure,or

temperature,eitherhotorcold.Otherreceptorsonthetongueand

inthenoserespondtolightofvaryingintensities,whilereceptors

respondtocolor.Receptorsintheearrespondtominutevibrations

causedbysoundwavesstrikingtheeardrum.Otherreceptorsaredeep

inthewallsoftheintestines;whentheintestinescontract

vigorouslybecauseofthepresenceofuncomfortablefoodorgas,

thesereceptorstransmitsignalsofpain.Stillotherreceptorslodged

inthemuscles,fireoffsignalstothebrainanytimeamuscle

contractsorajointmovesorissubjectedtoaddedpressureor

tension.

34.Cofafever;Feverisaconditioninwhichthebody

temperatureishighthannormal.Usuallythepresenceoffeveris

duetoaninfection,thoughtherecanbemanyothercausessuchas

malignancies（惡性腫瘤），braininjuries,poisoningreactions,reactionsto

vaccines,anddiseasesinvolvingthecentralnervoussystem.Sometimes

emotionalactioncanbringonafever.

35.CoftheStomach;Carcinomaofthestomachisacommoncancer

ofthedigestivetract.Itisoneoftheleadingcausesofdeath.

Thediseasetendstooccurintheagegroupsover40,andtothis

typeofcancermalesaresomewhatmorelikelythanfemales.Inmany

casestheearlystageofgrowthofthecancerisusuallynot

associatedwithdefinitesymptoms.Bythetimesymptomsoccurtoan

intensitythatmakesthepatientseekmedicaladvice,thecanceris

oftenfoundtohavespreadtootherorganssuchastheliver.

第五部分閱讀理解（120分）

Passage1

Whatcanyoudoifyousufferfrominsomnia?Twothings:youcan

eatcertainfoodsthatwillhelpyoufallasleepandstayasleep,

andyoucandocertainthingsthataresleep-inducing.Herearesome

guidelinesDr.Schwartzhasworkedoutafteryearsofresearch.

a.Ifyou'vehadabadnight，ssleep,don'tstayinbedlaterthe

nextmorning.

b.Don，tgotobedearlierthenextnight.Sticktoyourusual

bedtimeandrisingpattern.

c.Don'tnapduringtheday.Napscutdownonnightsleep-time.

d.Neverlieawakeinbedandsleeplessness,thusreinforcingyour

poorsleepingpattern.

e.Whenyougetoutofbedafteranhourofsleeplessness,do

something,butmakesureit'ssomethingdull.Readabookthat

doesn'tinterestyourmuch.NeverwatchTVorlistentotheradio,

f.Trysittingstillinachairinadarkenedroom;you'11be

surprisedhowfastyou'11getsleepy.

g.Whenyouretireforthenight,don，tliethererehashing（重講）

themistakesoftheday.Noristhisthetimetoplanyournext

day'sactivities-youmaybecometooanxiousorover-stimulated,

h.Getasmuchexerciseaspossible,preferablyearlyintheday.

Exerciseisagreatsleepinducer.

i.Developabedtimeroutine:closingupthehouseandturningout

thelightsinacertainway,bathing,plumping（使鼓起）upthe

pillows.Sleepstudiesshowthatdoingthingsinsequence-ina

waythattendstocalmandsooth-canhelpyouachieveagood

sleeppattern.

Asforfoodintaketohelpyousleep,makesurethatyourdaily

dietisabalancedoneandhighintryptophan（色氯酸），anamino

（氨基的）acidfoundincertainfoods.Thebodyconvertstryptophanto

L-tryptophanandthentoserotomin,abodychemicalcrucialtothe

sleepprocess.Foodsrichintryptophanare:wholeorskimmilk,

eggs,cheese,meat,andpeanuts,apples,bananas,cherries,dried

prunes（梅脯），andwatermelon.Ifyouincludefoodshighin

tryptophaninyourdailydiet,andincorporatesomeofthe

sleep-inducingactivitiesintoyourlife,thechancesaregoodthat

youwillachieveapatternofrestful,soothingsleep.

36.Lookoverthelistofguidelinesinparagraph1.Whichofthe

followingwouldDr.Schwartzprobablyapproveofdoingifyoucan't

sleep?

OA.Readanexcitingnovel.

OB.Gotobedatyourusualbedtime.

OC.Thinkaboutameetingyouhavetoattendtomorrow.

OD.Takeanapatlunchtime.

37.Inparagraph1,item,Dr.Schwartzimplies,butnotdirectlysay

that_______.

OA.youshouldreadabookthatdoesn，tinterestyoumuch

OB.watchingTVorreadinganinterestingbookwillstimulateyou

andkeepyouawake

OC.listeningtotheradiowillwakeupotherpeopleinyourhouse

OD.youshouldcountnumberssilently

38.Thethirdsentenceinparagraph2isalistoffoods,paragraph

2.

OA.doesnotexplainwhythesefoodsarelistedhere

OB.saystoavoidthefoodlisted

OC.highlyrecommendsthatyoueat