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目錄2007年四川大學418英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解2008年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解2009年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解2010年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解2011年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解2012年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2013年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2014年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2015年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2016年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2017年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題2018年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題(回憶版)2019年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題(回憶版)

2007年四川大學418英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解PartⅠEuropeanandAmericanCultures(50points)Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEoutofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.Aristotle【參考答案】(1)Aristotle,aGreekphilosopher,wastutorofAlexandertheMacedonianKing.(2)ThenheretiredtoAthenstoestablishhisownschoolattheLyceum.(3)Onlogic,moralphilosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetryandrhetoric,Aristotlewroteepoch-makingworks,amongwhichEthics,Politics,PoeticsandRhetoricarestillveryimportanttoscholarsandgeneralreaders.2.theMagnaCarta【參考答案】

(1)TheMagnaCarta,alsocalledGreatCharter,wasadocumentsignedin1215byKingJohnundercompulsionbythepowerfulbarons.(2)Itsaimwastolimittheabsolutepowersofthekingandtolethimrecognizetherightsofthebarons.(3)TheCharterisnowintheBritishMuseum.3.FederalismintheUS【參考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,theFederalgovernmenthasonlythepowersthatarenecessaryforprovidingforthematterswhichareofcommoninteresttoallthestates.(2)Andthestatesgiveuptheirrightstoconductseparaterelationswithoneanotherandwiththeoutsideworld.However,eachofthemstillkeepsthebasicpowersofgovernmentforitselfwithinitsownterritory.4.Renaissance【參考答案】(1)RenaissancereferstorevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculturebetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.(2)ItstartedinItalyandthenembracedtherestofEurope.

(3)Inessence,RenaissancewasaperiodwhentheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeeffortstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideaswhichsignifiedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.5.theBaptistsinAmerica【參考答案】(1)IntheUS,theBaptists,thelargestProtestantgroup,isconsideredwhollyAmerican.(2)Havingovertwentybranches,theyareconcentratedparticularlyintheSouthernBibleBelt.(3)MostofthesouthernBaptistspracticewithracialprejudice,whileatthesametimetheysticktotheirChristianbelief.(4)Besides,mostoftheNegroesarealsoBaptists.Ⅱ.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingtocompletetheidea:(10points)1.TwomajorelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringinEuropeanculture,theyare_____.【答案】theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement

2.ItisestimatedthatbytheendofWorldWarⅡ,about_____peoplehadbeenkilledallovertheworld.【答案】60,000,0003.IntheUnitedStates,the_____MountainsaresituatedintheeastandtheRockyMountainsareinthewest.【答案】Appalachian4.Before1900,theprevailingeconomicdogmahadbeenlaisser-faire,whichmeansthat_____.【答案】thegovernmentshouldonlypreserveorderandprotectpropertyandshouldinterferewithcommerceaslittleaspossible.5.TheCivilWarresolvedtwofundamentalproblemsthathaddividedtheUnitedStatessince1776:puttinganendtoslaveryand_____.【答案】assuringtheintegrityoftheUnitedStatesasanindivisiblenation6.ShakespearewasamanofthelateRenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressionto_____ideals.Hewasbornanddiedat_____.【答案】humanist;Stratford-upon-Avon

7.AllAmericanchildrenareoffered_____yearsoffreepubliceducation.【答案】twelve8.InEurope,Columbusand_____werethetwofamoussailorswhostartedtheageofdiscovery.【答案】Magellan9.ItisstillpartoftheQueen’sjobintheUnitedKingdomtoconferhonors,suchas_____peeragesandknighthoods.Thisisusuallydoneontheadviceof【答案】herministersⅢ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(25points)1.WhataresomeofthemajordevelopmentsintheworkingsoftheBritishConstitution?【參考答案】(1)IntheWesternworld,Britainisuniqueinnothavingaconstitutionthathasbeenwrittendowninasingledocument.Infact,muchoftheBritishconstitutionisnotwrittenatall,buthasdevelopedoverthecenturiesandhas

becomeacceptedby“convention”,i.e.,thenormalandacceptedwayofdoingpoliticalbusiness.Asaresult,theBritishConstitutionismuchmoreflexiblethanthewrittenonesinothercountries.(2)ItsmaincomponentsincludethePrerogativeoftheCrown,CommonLaw,ConventionsoftheConstitution,ActsofParliamentandParliamentaryPrivilege.(3)DuringthecenturiesofdevelopmentintheworkingsoftheBritishConstitution,therearesomeprincipalchanges.Forinstance,thereisadeclineinpowersoftheMonarch,whilethesovereigntyofParliamenthasbeenestablished.Withtheadventofdemocracy,BritainhaswitnessedadeclineinthepowersoftheHouseofLords.Atthesametime,theparty-systemhasdeveloped.【解析】答題要點:本題考察英國憲法運行方式的主要發(fā)展,可簡要介紹英國憲法并舉例說明其發(fā)展變化。英國是君主立憲制國家,沒有成文憲法;英國憲法的主要成分包括皇室特權(quán)、習慣法、憲法慣例、議會法案及議院特權(quán);隨著憲法的不斷發(fā)展,王權(quán)減弱而議會權(quán)力增加,上議院權(quán)利減弱而民主權(quán)利增強,同時政黨制度有了發(fā)展進步。2.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?【參考答案】(1)InancientGreece,thereemergedsuchoutstandingdramatistsasAeschylus,SophoclesandEuripidesandAristophanes.

(2)Aeschylusiswell-knownforhisvividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry.HewrotesuchplaysasPrometheusBound,PersiansandAgamemnon.Theseplaysarewritteninverse,inwhichtherearemerelytwoactorsandachorus.(3)SophocleswasthewriterofplayslikeOedipustheKing,ElectraandAntigone.OedipustheKingisthestoryofamanwhounknowinglycommittedaterriblecrimebykillinghisfatherandmarringhismother.ThepsychiatristSigmundFreud’sterm“theOedipuscomplex”alsostemmedfromthisplay.(4)EuripideswasmoreofarealistthanAeschylusandSophoclesandmaybecalledthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.HewrotemainlyaboutwomeninsuchplaysasAndromache,MedeaandTrojanWomen.(5)Aristophaneswasthebestauthorofcomedies.HehasleftelevenplayincludingFrogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirds.Theseplaysarelooseinplotandsatiricalintone,fullofcleverparodyandacutecriticism.【解析】答題要點:本題要求闡述古希臘杰出的劇作家及其重要作品。埃斯庫羅斯、索福克勒斯、歐里庇得斯以及阿里斯托芬是古希臘劇作家的代表;埃斯庫羅斯著有《被縛的普羅米修斯》《波斯人》及《阿伽門農(nóng)》;索??死账故恰秺W狄浦斯王》《埃勒克特拉》與《安提戈涅》的作者;歐里庇得斯的作品有《安德洛瑪刻》《美狄亞》以及《特洛伊婦女》;阿里斯托芬著有《蛙》《云》《馬蜂》和《鳥》。3.WhatistheProgressiveMovementinAmericanhistory?Discussthe

successesmadeintheMovement.【參考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,theProgressiveMovementreferredtoamovementatthebeginningofthe20thcenturytoreformeconomy,politics,societyandindividualsthroughgovernmentregulation.Itwasprimarilyamovementofsocialengineerswhothoughtthatscientificandcost-efficientsolutionscouldbefoundtoallpoliticalproblems.(2)Duringthemovement,socialworkerswentintoslumsanddemandedimprovementinlivingconditionsforthepoorincities;prohibitionistsaskedforrestrictiononliquor;statespassedlawstobanchildlaborandtoensureworkers’rights;womenfoughtforworkhourlimitandtherighttovote;“muckrakers”andnovelistsattackedsocialevils.(3)TheRooseveltadministrationenforcedtheShermanAntitrustActagainstseveralbigcorporations,anditalsopromotedconservation.Thus,bigcorporationswerepreventedfromprice-fixingandcontrolofthemarket.(4)SomeAmericansevenfavoredmoreradicalideologies,suchassocialismandtheIndustrialWorkersoftheWorld.【解析】答題要點:本題考查美國進步主義運動的概念及其成就。進步主義運動是美國二十世紀初出現(xiàn)的一場經(jīng)濟、政治和社會改革運動。這場運動取得了許多成就,比如,勞動人民尤其是婦女兒童的權(quán)利有所改善;社會的黑暗面被傳媒揭露出來并展示在大眾面前;根據(jù)反壟斷法,一些大公司被拆分成了數(shù)家較小的公司。

PartⅡBritishandAmericanLiterature(50points)Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.LordoftheFlies【參考答案】Publishedin1954,LordoftheFliesisanallegoricalnovelbyNobelPrize-winnerWilliamGolding.Itdiscusseshowculturecreatedbymanfails,usingagroupofBritishschoolboysstuckonadesertedislandwhotrytogovernthemselves,butwithdisastrousresults.ThetitleissaidtobeareferencetotheHebrewnameofBeelzebub,anamesometimesusedasasynonymforSatan.2.CharlesLamb【參考答案】CharlesLamb(1775—1834)wasanEnglishessayist,bestknownforhisEssaysofEliaandchildren’sbookTalesfromShakespeare,whichheproducedwithhissister,MaryLamb.LambhasbeenreferredasthemostlovablefigureinEnglishliterature,andhisinfluenceontheEnglishessayformsurelycannotbeoverestimated.3.WaitingforGodot【參考答案】WaitingforGodotisaplaybySamuelBeckett,inwhichtwo

characters,VladimirandEstragon,waitforsomeonenamedGodot.Godot’sabsence,aswellasnumerousotheraspectsoftheplay,hasledtomanydifferentinterpretationssincetheplay’spremiere.4.AmericanRomanticism【參考答案】AmericanRomanticismisthenamesometimesgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.AmericanRomanticismisrepresentedbyworksofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.Theysharecertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinindividualismandintuitive.5.TheAmbassadors【參考答案】TheAmbassadorsisa1903novelbyHenryJames,originallypublishedasaserialintheNorthAmericanReview.Thisdarkcomedy,oneofthemasterpiecesofJames’sfinalperiod,followsthetripofprotagonistLewisLambertStrethertoEuropeinpursuitofChad,hiswidowedfiancée’ssupposedlywaywardson,tobringtheyoungmanbacktothefamilybusiness,butheencountersunexpectedcomplications.Ⅱ.MultipleChoice:(15points)Selectfromthefourchoicesofeachitemtheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.Writedownyouranswerontheanswer

sheet.1.ThemostprominentoftheUniversityWitswasnodoubt______.A.ChristopherMarloweB.EdmundSpenserC.WilliamShakespeareD.ThomasKyd【答案】A【解析】題目考查大學才子派中最重要、成就最大的一個?!按髮W才子派”是指16世紀80年代英國出現(xiàn)的一批受過大學教育的劇作家。這批作家致力于英國戲劇改革,把戲劇藝術(shù)提升到了一個新高度。該派主要包括克里斯托夫·馬洛(ChristopherMarlowe)、約翰·李利(JohnLyly)、托馬斯·基德(ThomasKyd)、羅伯特·格林(RobertGreene)等。馬洛(1564—1593)毫無疑問是“大學才子”中最有才華、成就最大的一個,在文學史上享有“詩劇的晨星”“英國悲劇之父”的美譽。他是莎士比亞以前英國戲劇界最重要的人物,也是英國文藝復興戲劇的真正創(chuàng)始人。其主要作品有《帖木兒》《浮士德博士的悲劇史》和《馬耳他的猶太人》。2.Whichofthefollowingworksisgenerallyregardedasthebestmodelofsatire,notonlyofthe18thcenturybutalsointhewholeEnglishliteraryhistory?

A.AModestProposalB.TheHistoryofTomJonesC.AnEssayonCriticismD.RobinsonCrusoe【答案】A【解析】題目考查下列哪部作品被公認為不但是18世紀,而且是整個英國文學史上反諷藝術(shù)的典范,毫無疑問應該是JonathanSwift(喬納森·斯威夫特)的著名諷刺散文《一個小小的建議》。3.“Wherefore,BeesofEngland,forge/Manyaweapon,chain,andscourge,/Thatthesestinglessdronesmayspoil/Theforcedproduceofyourtoil?”IntheabovequotationtakenfromShelley’spoem“ASong:MenofEngland”,whatdoestheword“bees”referto?A.rulingclassinhumansocietyB.thelaboringpeopleinEnglandC.EnglishyouthD.wivesoftheworkersinEngland【答案】B【解析】“英格蘭的工蜂”指的是廣大勞動人民。該段詩歌的譯文為:憑

什么,英格蘭的工蜂,要制作/那么多的武器,鎖鏈和刑具,/使不能自衛(wèi)的寄生雄蜂竟能掠奪/用你們強制勞動創(chuàng)造的財富?4.Inthenovelsof______,natureherselfisshownassomemysterioussupernaturalforce,verypowerfulbuthalf-blind,uncaringtohumanbeings’will,andhumanbeingsproveimpotentbeforeFate;howeverhardtheytry,theyseldomescapetheirordaineddestiny.A.ThomasHardyB.DanielDefoeC.JaneAustenD.CharlotteBrontё【答案】A【解析】在哈代的小說里,自然是決定一切的巨大力量,人類無論怎么反抗,總是無法逃脫其宿命。5.______(1922),JamesJoyce’smasterpiece,hasbecomeaprimeexampleofmodernisminliterature.A.TheRainbowB.UlyssesC.LittleWomen

D.TheVirginandtheGypsy【答案】B【解析】喬伊斯的代表作是《尤利西斯》。選項A《虹》和選項D《吉普賽之戀》的作者都是DavidHerbertLawrence(戴維·赫伯特·勞倫斯);選項C《小婦人》的作者是LouisaMayAlcott(路易莎·梅·愛爾考特)。6.ThefollowingpoemswereallcomposedbyEmilyDickinsonEXCEPT______.A.“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”B.“APsalmofLife”C.“IDiedforBeauty─butWasScarce”D.“IHeardaFlyBuzz─WhenIDied”【答案】B【解析】《人生禮贊》的作者是美國詩人HenryWadsworthLongfellow(朗費羅),其余選項都是狄金森的詩作。7.FrankNorris,theauthorofTheOctopus,isa______writer.A.romanticB.modernistic

C.GothicD.naturalistic【答案】D【解析】《章魚》的作者諾里斯是一位自然主義作家。8.WhichONEofthefollowingconceptsisrelatedtotheunderstandingofAmericanRomanticism?A.SurvivalofthefittestB.indifferenceoftheuniverseC.exaltationofemotionoverreasonD.thehumanbeast【答案】C【解析】浪漫主義把情感置于理性之上。其余三個選項都是達爾文主義的觀點。9.WhichONEofthefollowingisalsoaninfluentialwriterofdetectivestories?A.HarrietBeecherStoweB.WilliamDeanHowells

C.EdgarAllanPoeD.HermanMelville【答案】C【解析】題目考查下列作家中誰還是一位有影響的偵探小說家,毫無疑問是愛倫·坡,他是西方偵探小說的鼻祖。10.ThefollowingstatementsaboutNaturalismarealltrueEXCEPT______.A.ItholdsthatdeterminismgovernseverythingB.Theuniversehaslostitsbenigncharacterandhasbecomeimpersonal,indifferenttomanC.NovelsofimaginationreplacednovelsofobservationandexperimentD.Itisstronglyinfluencedbythetheory,ofevolution【答案】C【解析】自然主義排斥想象和夸張,追求絕對的客觀性,主張通過觀察、使用試驗的方法去認識生活。自然主義深受進化論影響,主張決定論。在自然主義者的眼中,自然是客觀中立、不帶有感情色彩的。Ⅱ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(20points)

1.DiscussbrieflyJamesJoyce’sUlysses.【參考答案】UlyssesisanovelbyJamesJoyce,publishedinitsentiretyonFebruary2,1922,inParis.ThetitleparallelsandalludestoOdysseus,theheroofHomer’sOdyssey.Ulysses’stream-of-consciousnesstechnique,carefulstructuring,andexperimentalprose—fullofpuns,parodies,andallusions,aswellasitsrichcharacterizationsandbroadhumor,madethebookahighlyregardednovelintheModernistpantheon.Broadlyspeaking,Ulyssesgivesanaccountofman’slifeduringonedayinDublin.Thethreemajorcharactersare:LeopoldBloom,anIrishJew,whoworksasanadvertisementcanvasser;hiswife,MarionTweedyBloom(“Molly”),whoisanopensinger;andStephenDedalus,theprotagonistinAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan,whohasbeencalledbackbyhismother’sdeath.Thewholenovelisdividedinto18episodesincorrespondencewiththe18hoursoftheday.Withgreatmanyvarietiesandminutedetails,Ulyssesembodiesasymbolicpictureofallhumanhistory,whichissimultaneouslytragicandcomic,heroicandtrivial,magnificentanddreary.2.PleasebrieflycommentonTheodoreDreiser’snovelSisterCarrie.【參考答案】SisterCarrie(1900)isanovelbyTheodoreDreiseraboutayoungcountry

girlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.Withapainstakingdocumentationofdetail,DreiserportraysthreedifferentworldsinwhichSisterCarriemovesandwhichbetweenthemofferapanoramicviewofthecrudeandthesavageaspectsofsociallifeattheturnofthetwentiethcentury:theseincludehersister’sworking-classexistence,herlifewithDruetinChicago,andwithHurstwoodinNewYork.Everydetailisrelatedwithanamazingdispassionateexactitudeandsoassumesasenseofimportance.Aloneandhopeless,SisterCarriemovesalonglikeamechanismdrivenbydesireandcatchesblindlyatanyopportunitiesforabetterexistence.Afeatherinthewind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehend,stilllesstosaycontrol.PartⅢLinguistics(50points)Ⅰ.StateinONESENTENCEforeachterm,whatyouunderstandaboutthefollowingterms:(10points)1.productivity(designfeatureoflanguage)【參考答案】Productivitymeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseofafinitesetofrules.

2.phaticfunctionoflanguage【參考答案】Thephaticfunctionoflanguagereferstotheuseofthelanguagewhichoftenconsistsofsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactsratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.Forexample,greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishcouldservethisfunction.3.descriptivestudyoflinguistics【參考答案】Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivestudyistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherolestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.4.bilabialconsonant【參考答案】Bilabialconsonantsrefertoconsonantswhicharemadewiththetwolips.5.minimalpairs【參考答案】Thetwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound(onephoneme)andwhichalsodifferinmeaning

constituteaminimalpair.(說明:本部分答案沒有嚴格按題目要求只用一句話給出答案,而是為了便于考生更加深入地掌握該術(shù)語,給出了更完善的答案。)Ⅱ.Definethefollowingtermswithatleasttwoexamples:(10points)1.morpheme【參考答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forexample,inboys,therearetwomorphemes:“boy”and“-s”;ininternational,therearethreemorphemes:“inter-”“nation”and“-al”.2.inflection【參考答案】Inflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Forexample,thepastformoftheverbworkisrealizedbytheadditionoftheinflectionalsuffix:“-ed”;thepluralformofthenounchildisrealizedbytheinflectionalsuffix:“-ren”.3.compound

【參考答案】Compoundreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasthecompoundwords“blackboard”and“well-known”.4.stem【參考答案】Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Forexample,“friend-”infriends,and“friendship-”infriendshipsarebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemcanbeequivalenttoaroot,whereasthelattershowsthatastemmaycontainarootandaderivationalaffix.5.back-formation【參考答案】Back-formation.Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Forexample,from“editor”theword“edit”wasgenerated.Ⅲ.Completethewordswithsuitablenegativeprefixes:(10points)1.rational【答案】rational:irrational

2.moral【答案】moral:immoral3.regular【答案】regular:irregular4.political【答案】political:apolitical5.effective【答案】effective:ineffective6.human【答案】human:inhuman7.relevant【答案】relevant:irrelevant8.legal

【答案】legal:illegal9.proportionate【答案】proportionate:disproportionate10.resistible【答案】resistible:irresistibleⅣ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(10points)1.Howistherelationbetweensoundandmeaningclassified?【參考答案】Soundandthemeaningclassifiedareinfactrelatedarbitrarily.Thatistosay,thereisactuallynonaturalrelationshipbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeanings.Thepronunciation[dC^]mightrefertoapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.Languageisthereforelargelyarbitrary.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyarbitrary,becausetherearecaseswherethereareoratleastseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofonomatopoeicwords,likerumble,crash,cackle,banginEnglish,which

soundlikethesoundstheydescribe.Therefore,theselinguisticformswouldberegardedtohaveanaturalbasis.Secondly,somecompoundsarenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Snow”and“Storm”arearbitrarywords,while“snowstorm”isnotentirelyarbitrary.Yet,non-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.2.Whatisthedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?【參考答案】Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemescouldbeillustratedinthefollowingfouraspects.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem,forinstance,thoseinflectionalaffixesinwordssuchastoys,walks,John’s,etc.Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.Incontrast,derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning,egcite,citation;generate,generation.Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers;whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot,suchastherelationbetweensmallandsmallnessfortheformer,andthatbetweenbrotherandbrotherhoodforthelatter.Veryofteninflectionalaffixesareconditionedbynon-semanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.Whereasderivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaning

distinctions.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.Ⅴ.UseICanalysistoexplainthefollowingexpressions:(10points)1.Theyaremovingsidewalks.【答案】2.TomsaidMarlwouldgoyesterday.【答案】3.thesyntheticbuffalohides【答案】4.thefatmayor’swife【答案】5.oldmenandwomen【答案】2008年四川大學918英語專業(yè)綜合知識考研真題及詳解PartOneEuropeanandAmericanCultures(50points).Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEoutofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.Socrates【參考答案】(1)Socrates(about470-399B.C.),aGreekphilosopher,wastheteacherofPlato.HeisknownmainlythroughwhatPlatorecordedinthefamousworkDialogues.(2)ThemethodofargumentthatSocratesusedinexposingfallaciesisknownasthedialecticalmethod.(3)In399B.C.,attheageofseventySocrateswasputontrialonachargeof“injuringthecity”bynotacknowledgingitsgodsandcorruptingtheyoung.ThistrialwasrecordedbyPlatointhedialogue“TheApologyofSocrates”.2.TheEnglishsenseofhumor

【參考答案】(1)TheEnglishsenseofhumorisaqualitywhichissimilartoEnglishmodesty.(2)Itisanattitudetoliferatherthanmerelytheabilitytolaughatjokes.(3)Itsstartingpointisself-deprecation,whileitsgreatenemyisconceit.(4)Theidealofthisqualityistolaughatoneself-atone’sownfaults,failures,embarrassmentsandevenideals.3.HispanicsandChicanos【參考答案】(1)HispanicsisthegeneralnameofSpanish-speakingpeopleintheUnitedStates.TheycontainChicanos,PuertoRicans,CubansandotherpeoplefromdifferentSpanish-speakingnationsofCentralandSouthAmerica.(2)Amongthem,ChicanosrefertoMexicanAmericans.TheyareconsideredassojournersinAmericaastheycan“gobackhome”whentheyareunsatisfied.4.ThePentateuch【參考答案】(1)ThePentateuch,thefirstfivebooksoftheOldTestament,istheoldest

andthemostimportantofallthe39books.(2)ItcontainsGenesis,Exodus,Leviticus,NumbersandDeuteronomy.(3)GenesisisareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewpeople;ExodusisareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt;Leviticusisacollectionofprimitivelaws;NumbersisacontinuationofExodus;DeuteronomyisaboutthefinalwordsofMosestohispeople.5.CatholicsintheU.S.【參考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,Catholicsisthelargestsinglereligiousgroup.(2)Overone-quarterAmericansareoftheRomanCatholicfaith,andmostofthemaredescendantsofimmigrantsfromIreland,ItalyandPoland.(3)CatholicsshowloyaltytotheirchurchthroughsupportforCatholicschoolsandthroughahopethattheirchildrenwillmarryCatholics.Ⅱ.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingtocompletetheidea:(10points)1.InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalled_______.【答案】theMiddleAges

2.Itwouldbe________tofindanyoneinmodernBritainwhocouldsaywithcertaintythathisancestorshadnotcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse.【答案】impossible3.IntheUnitedStates,religiousinstructioninpublicschoolsis________theConstitution,accordingtoarulingbytheSupremeCourt.【答案】against4.Intheeighteenthcentury,Britainwasfarfrombeingademocracy:itwasreally________,inwhichonlyimportantpeoplewereallowedtovote.【答案】adespoticstate5.Thenorth-easternpartofthegreatbasinbetweentheAppalachiansandtheRockyMountainsisknownas________.ThetermisconfusingbecauseinfactitdescribesthenortheasternquarteroftheUnitedStatesexceptforthestatesclosetotheAtlantic.【答案】theGreatPlain6.DanteAlighieriwasthegreatestpoetof________andalsoaprosewriter,literarytheorist,moralphilosopheraswellaspoliticalthinker.His

masterpiece,________,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.【答案】Italy;TheDivineComedy7.________,signedinSeptember1783,recognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesandgrantedthenewnationalltheterritorynorthofFlorida,southofCanadaandeastoftheMississippiriver.【答案】ThetreatyofParis8.Herodotus,oftencalled“Fatherof________”,wroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.【答案】History9.TheBritishParliamenthasthreemainfunctions:tomakelaws;tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;to________.【答案】controltheraisingandthespendingofmoneyⅢ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(25points)1.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(8points)【參考答案】

(1)Plato(about428-348B.C.)wasaGreekphilosopher.HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialoguesPlatowrote,27survived,includingtheApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.(2)HisApologywasaboutSocrates’defenseofhimselfatthetrial.Symposiumdealtwithbeautyandlove.AndTheRepublicwasabouttheidealstateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.(3)Plato’scomprehensivesystemofphilosophydealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretogetknowledge.Theanswerhegavetotheproblemwasthatmenhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”suchasbeauty,truthandgoodness.(4)Plato’sphilosophyiscalledidealismasinhissystemofphilosophyonlysuch“ideas”asbeauty,truthandgoodnessareconsideredascompletelyrealwhilethephysicalworldisconsideredasjustrelativelyreal.【解析】答題要點:本題要求闡釋柏拉圖的部分思想及其被稱為唯心論者的原因。柏拉圖的主要思想體現(xiàn)在他的代表作《對話錄》中,特別是其中的《詭辯篇》《會飲篇》以及《理想國篇》;他認為物質(zhì)世界只是相對真實的,而一些抽象概念才是完全真實的,因此被稱為唯心論者。2.DiscusstheimportanceoftheElizabethanAgeinEnglishhistory.(8points)【參考答案】

(1)InBritishhistory,theElizabethanAgereferstotheperiodduringthereignofElizabethI.Itwasofgreatsignificanceasitwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstabilityaswellaseconomicprosperity.(2)TheEli

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