分析李爾王悲劇的成因

[2]PAGEREF_Ref132464709\h15BasedonShakespeare'sKingLear,thispapermainlystudiesthecausesofKingLear'stragedyfromtheaspectsofstorybackgroundandperformance,soastoalertpeopleandmakethemunderstandthatgreedandextremeegoismofhumannatureoftencausethelossoffamilyaffection.Weshouldbewarmandkind.Thispaperalsotriestomakeuslookatthingsdialecticallyandre-understandtheworldaroundusthroughtheanalysisofKingLear,whichhascertainsignificance.KingLearisbasedonaCeltickingofBritaininthe8thcenturyBC.RomewasasmallcityontheItalianpeninsula.ThereweresomeCeltictribesinGaul.Lear'slittledaughterwenttoGaul.Francedidn'texistyet.TherealKingLearwasverypowerfulandruledfor60years,butwhenhegotoldhedividedthecountryintothreeparts,twoforhistwoeldestdaughtersandoneforhimself,whiletheyoungeroneranofftoGaul.Later,thetwoeldestdaughtersrebelledandoccupiedKingLear'splace.KingLearwenttoGaulforthehelpofhisyoungerdaughterandson-in-law,foughtbacktoBritainandresumedthethrone.Hecontinuedtorulefor3yearsanddied,andhisyoungerdaughtersucceededtothethrone.Shakespearedealtwithhimtragically,depictingthetrueportrayalofthedarksocialpictureoftheElizabethanage.Theauthorusedthebehaviorandlanguageofthecharacterstovividlydepictthesocialcontradictionsandclassoppressionthathadrisentothelimitandthemiserableanddesperatelivingsituationofthepeople.Italsogivesvoicetotheunquenchableangerandhatredoftheunderclass.Lear,theMadBeggar,theClown,andothershuddleinthehowling,thunderingwilderness.Sufferinghunger,noplacetohidethescene,istheeraof"everywherepoor"refugeemap,reproducedtheworkingpeopledisaster,canmakethetragicscene.Thisplaynotonlyfromthestoryplot,characters,ideologicalcharacteristicsoffullyreflecttheElizabethanageofsocialoutlookandessence.Eveninmanydetails,itisatruerepresentationofthatera.TheoldKingLearwasdepressedandwishedtodividethelandamonghisthreedaughters.Attheentrustingtime,hecomfortedhimselfbyaskingeachofhisdaughterstotellhimhowmuchtheylovedhim.Theeldestdaughterandtheseconddaughterdidtheirbesttopraisetheking,onlythethirddaughterCordelia,forexpressinghersimpleandsincerefeelingswerebanishedbyLearandwenttoFrancetobecomequeen.Afterdividingthelandbetweenhistwodaughters,Lear'sdaughtersimmediatelyturnedonhimandabusedhim.Learwaseventuallydrivenoutintothewildernessbyhistwodaughters.SorrowfulKingLear,whohadsufferedsomuch,angrilyrebukedhisdaughtersfortheirunfilialbehavior.Bythistime,Cordelia,whohadbecomeQueenofFrance,learnedofherfather'sfateandimmediatelyorganizedanarmytohelpkingLear.HefinallyrealizedthatthiswashismisunderstandingofCordeliaanddeservedpunishment.Whilehewasfeelingsorryforhimself,asaintcametocomforthim.LeartellsthesaintwhathedidtoCordeliaandregretshisdespair:hethinksCordeliawillneverforgivehimagain.ButthesaintsaidCordeliahadalwayslovedherfather.ItturnedoutthatthesaintwasCordelia.WhenCordelialearnedofLear'splightinFrance,sheimmediatelyorganizedanarmyandsecretlylandedinEngland.BecauseshecouldnottrustLear,sheespeciallycametovisitLearbeforethewar.Intheend,Cordelia'sarmydefeatedtheBritishandwasbrutallykilled.KingLeardiedbesideher.Inthisstory,wecanseemanytimesthatLearabuseofrights.ChapterTwoOverviewofLear’sTragedyManyofLear'sactionsintheplayleadtohistragedy.Hisownbehaviortoothersshowedhisabsoluteconfidenceinhisownpower,thathecouldlosehispositionandstillbesupportedasbefore.Henaivelybelievedthathewasthemasterofpower,andthattheking,therulesandeventhewordsweredictatedbyhim.2.1FallofLear’sKingshipLearwasnotatallimpressedbytheadviceofhisloyalsubjects,butsawhisactionsasachallengetohisking'sauthority,andatonceorderingaloyalministertobesentoutofthecountryonshortnoticeorputtodeathischilling.AndyoucanseeLear'susualabsolutecontroloverthethrone.Thosewhoseeloyalcounselcometoanunhappyend,thenotherswillnottellthetruthagain.Withoutloyalministersbyhisside,andwithouttrust,suchamonarchmustcometoamiserableend.KingLeardividedlandandpowerbetweenhistwoobsequiousdaughters,andgaveuptherealconcernforhisyoungerdaughter.Hedividedlandandpowerbyhisownwill.Howpatheticthathecan'tseerightfromwrongandhowtorunacountry.HisdespotismalsoreproducestheabominablefeudaldictatorshiprepresentedbyLear.ItalsoexpressesShakespeare'shatredforthetyrannyofancientfeudalpower.Ifasakinghewasdomineering,asafatherhewasdomineeringandruthless.Hedisinheritedandevendisownedhisdaughterbecauseofaheartfeltremarkthatstirredhistigerwhiskers.Awordofflatteryfromtheeldestdaughterandtheseconddaughter,awordofflattery,wouldmakethesuperiorkingfeelproud.Originallyintendedtogivethreeterritoriestohisthreedaughters,theresultisconfusingtotellwhichistrue.Lear,soft-hearted,waseventuallycapturedbythesweetwordsofhistwoeldestdaughters,andoffendedbythemorepracticalwordsoftheyounger.Hisdaughter'sreality,butlethimnotacceptit.SoKingLear,inafitofrage,tookawayashareofhisdaughter'spropertyandredistributedittohistwoeldestdaughters,breakingofftherelationshipbetweenfatheranddaughter.Butwhenheimaginedthathistwoeldestdaughterswouldtakegoodcareofhim,andthathewouldbeabletoenjoyhisoldage,thesweetwordsofthedaybeforebecamecoldandcruel.Hewatchedhisonlysymbolofroyalpower"arm"wasruthlesslycutoffbytwodaughters,buthelpless.ThisiswhatLearusedtobe.Hethoughthewasstillthemightyking,butthetruthshowedhimhowridiculousitwas.Heiscrazytothunderthiskindofforceofnature,toremindhisdaughter.Butitwasallinvain,andintheend,hewasdefeatedbythecruelreality.2.2LossofLear’sKingshipInLear'sconsciousness,hebelievedthathewas"rightandmoral"fortheroyalpowerandlandsenthronement,whileCordeliachallengedthepaternalpoweranddidnotgiveahundredpercentloveinreturnforherfather'sfavor,butonlygavehalfofherlove,whichLearthoughtwas"immoralandunjust".So,itmakessensetodisinheritCordelia.However,Cordeliahonestlythinksthathecannotdothings,cannotsaycasually,itistodeceivehisfatherandhisconscienceisdisloyalandimmoral.So,therelationshipbetweenfatheranddaughterbecameacontestbetweenroyaltyandsubjects.KingLearwasmostfondofhisyoungestdaughterCordelia.Whenallocatingtheland,theyoungestdaughter'sbluntexpressionsof"Ihavenothingtosay"and"Iloveyouonlyaccordingtomyname,notmuch,notmuch",aswellasheraccusationstohersisters,toldKingLearfromthesidethatherdaughterwouldmarrywhenshegrewupandcouldnotbelongtoherfatheralone.KingLeargotangry,gavehernoland,andtriedtodissuadeCordelia'stwosuitors,whichledtothetragedythatfollowed.ThiswasnotLear'soriginalintention.Inhisanger,hecouldnothelpbutconfesshisdeepdesire:"SheistheoneIlovebest,andIwouldhavecaredforherfortherestofmylife."However,KingLearwascontrolledbytheemotionsoftheeldestdaughterandtheseconddaughter.Insteadofachievinghisoriginalpurpose,heputhimselfandhismostbeloveddaughterinadisadvantageousposition.Letthetwovicioussistersgotthelandandpower.ChapterThreeTheMainCausesofKingLear'sTragedyInfact,thereasonforLear'spracticeisnothingmorethantheinfluenceofTheTimesandotherpeople.Ofcourse,italsohasalottodowithhischaracter.Variousreasonssowedtheseedsofhistragedy.3.1IdeologyofSupremacyofMonarchicalPowerinFeudalEraInthelateyearsofElizabeth'sreign②,withtheincreasingintensificationofsocialconflicts,theQueenusedherconfidantsandunlimiteduseoffull-timedictatorshipandtheexerciseofexclusiveprivilege,whichtosomeextentseriouslydamagedtheinterestsoftheassetstageandthenewaristocracy.Inthat"sheepeatpeople"era,duetothelandlords,capitalistsandtheoldandnewaristocratstothepeople'scruelexploitationandcrazyplunder,thepeople'slivesisextremelymiserable,alargenumberoffarmersdisplaced,hungryandcold,peoplebecomedestitute,becomebeggars,lifedeterioratesincreasinglyseriously,egoismflooded.Shakespearebegantowriteplays,firstbyadaptingtheworksofothers,andthenbyhimself.Hisworks,withcomplexplots,vividcharactersandrichandprofoundconnotations,reflectedthebackgroundofthetimeandwereverypopularonceperformed.Christianityatthetimebelievedthat"aperfectGodcreatedaperfectuniversewhereeverythingwashierarchicalandwellordered.Eachofthesebeingisapartofthegreatharmoniousmachine,eachwithitsownfixedplace,eachinitsownway;Ifonepartisoutoforder,itwillseriouslyaffecttheoveralloperation."Theuniverseisso,asGodundertheprotectionoftheBritishsocietyisnoexception,itsroyalorderisalsosacrosanct.WhatShakespearewantstoexposeisjustsuchanevilworldfromtoptobottom.Hecomplainedoftheevilsofpowerformedunderthefeudalhierarchy,ofthetreacherousandbrutalnatureoftheManchusbourgeoisadventurers,ofthepervasionofcorruption,oftheavariciouscruelty.Thisprovesthatthistragedyisnotasimplefamilytragedy,butatragedyofTheTimes.Ontheonehand,itdrovethefeudalsystemandthearistocracytothegraveandpromotedthedevelopmentofhistory.Ontheotherhand,itmadethepeoplesuffermoreandmorewithmorebrutalplunderingandfighting.3.1.1TheAbsoluteMonarchyofLearTheylovedhimonlyforhispowerandwealth,andassoonastheygotthem,theyturnedagainsttheirfatherandwerecrueltohim.Theylivedsolelyfortheirownenjoymentandprofit.Thesepeopleinthefaceofinterests,completelylosttheprincipleoflife.Thisisthedistortionofinteresttohumannatureandthetragedyofhumannature.Asforthedictatorship,degenerationandgovernmentofKingLear'srulingdynasty,ShakespeareexpressedthesocialstateanddifficultlivingenvironmentofKingLear'srulingdynastythroughthedescriptionofKingLear'stragedyandadoptedalargenumberofsymbolictechniques.LuXunoncesaid,"Tragedyisthedestructionofbeautifulthingsforpeopletosee."KingLearismorelikeagroupportraitofhumannature,depictingthetragedyoftwogenerations,exploringloyaltyandbetrayal,affectionandpower.Itscruel,goodpeopledon'tenduphappyandhappy,andKingLeardiesindespairingreatgriefandmadnesswithCordelia'sbodyinhisarms,whichhasastrongsenseofwarning,becauseanyoneofuscanbethenextKingLear.3.1.2TheTyrannyofPaternalismIdeologyAstherepresentativeofthenewbourgeoisie,Learwasatypicaltotalitarian.Learbelievedthathewasthesymbolofthesupremeauthority.Underthefull-timedictatorship,anyonemustobeyLear'sdecisionsandarrangementsunconditionally.BecauseLearlostthehumanityinthefaceofpower,itiseasytoindulgeinsweetwords.Finally,twodaughtersseizetherighttounderstandthat"thefamilybetweenfatheranddaughterisallbasedontheexistenceofroyalpower.Asafather,Lear'sirrationalandidiopathicpersonalityeventuallyledtohisowntragedy.Learusedhiscountryasatestof"love"forhisthreedaughters,anddirectlyproposedthatwhoevercouldshowhisloveforhimthemostwouldgetthecountryandtherighttoinheritproperty.Thisidiopathicbehaviorsowstheseedsofmisfortuneforhistragicfate.Theeldestdaughter,Goneril,andtheseconddaughter,Regan,feltthepreference:"Healwayslovedoursisterthemost."However,whenCordeliadidnotdeclareherloveasLearintended,LearnotonlydeprivedCordeliaofherland,butalsodisparagedCordeliatohertwosuitors.HedirectlyadvisedtheDukeofBurgundy①to"givehimup,"andthekingofFranceto"leavethisevilman,whomheavenandearthdonottolerate,andseekabetterwife."EvenafterthekingofFranceinsistedonchoosingCordelia,Learstilldidnotforgettocursethem,"youdonotwantmyblessing,"causingthekingofFranceto"goawayinarage."KingLearwascapriciousinhisdaughter'smarriage;Itistheultimatetyrannytocallyourbeloveddaughteravillaininaflash.3.2AnAnalysisofLear’sFlawedCharacterWhileanalyzingLear'stragedy,itisnecessarytoanalyzehischaracter.Hisautocratic,paranoidcharactergivesfurtherimpetustohistragicplot.Lethimstepintotheabyss.3.2.1Autocratic-ThePurgeofHisLoyalMinistersHismostfatalmistakewastoimaginethathecouldcommandthesamerespectandaffectionwhenhelostallpower.AsthefaithfulministerKentriskedhislifetoremonstrate,"makehastetowithdrawyourproposalforthepartitionofthekingdom,orelseIwillcryoutandtellyouthatyouhavedonewrongwhilemyvoiceisstillhere."KentclearlysawthatpartitioningthekingdommeantLearwouldloseallpowerandwouldbethebeginningofatragedy,andthatwastherealreasonwhyhetriedtopersuadeLeartowithdrawhiswill.Learisnotonlystupidandhungryforlove,butalsoexcessivelynaiveandconceitedisanotheraspectofhischaracter.Itwasundertheinfluenceofhismanypersonalitiesthathemadetheabsurddecisiontodividethelandandgrantthecountry.Thereadercanalsoseeclearlythatroyalpoweristherootofeverything,isthemostimportantthing,andcanbecomethefuseofanytragedyatanytime.3.2.2ImpulsivenessandBigotry--ArbitrarilyDividingHisKingdomAmongHisDaughtersLearhaslongbeenthesupremepower.Hecannotdistinguishbetweentheroyalandthepaternalpower,hefantasizesaboutfamilyaffection,thedignityofthemonarchboth.Theabsolutepowermadehimforgethisdutyasafatherandneglectedtoeducatehisdaughter'sgrowth.TheelderdaughterGonerilandtheseconddaughterReganusuallyactonhisfaceandunderstandLear'stemperament.Theirwordsaresoflatteringthattheysoundfalseanduntruetonormalpeople,butLear'sheartwasassweetashoney.InLear'seyes,hisdaughterscostasmuchashedotesonthem.Inthefamily,thetwoelderandyoungersistersreceivedunequalpaternallove,soLearclearlyfavoredhisyoungerdaughterCordeliainthegrantingofland.Lear'sreadinesstoleavethebestlandtoCordeliaisclearlyaviolationofanequalrightthatallthreedaughtersofthefamilyshouldhave.Theunjustuseofroyalandpaternalpowersowedtheseedsofhatredbetweensisters.Theyalsoknowthatiftheyshowanydisrespect,theirfatewillbeworse,sotheydotheirbesttosweet-talktheirwayintotheirfather'sgoodgraces.Theirlong-termrepressionandlackofequallovemakethemjealousleisurely,regardlessofsisterlylove,theyoungersister'ssharealsoacceptwithoutanysenseofguilt.ItisLear'sinfatuationwithpowerthatleadstothelossofethicsandmoralsbetweenthefamilyandonlyobedienceanddisobedience.Lear'sbigotryandinjusticeleadtohatredbetweenthethreesisters.3.3TheFamily'sBetrayalandDeceptionAmongLear'sthreedaughters,onlytheyoungesttreatedhimsincerely.Theeldestdaughterandtheseconddaughterareonlyinterestedinhispower,andwillflatterhim.Hetrickedhimintosayingthathelovedhisfather,andwhenhegainedpower,hechangedhiswaysanddrovehimoutofthecastle.3.3.1HisFirstTwoDaughters'FlatteryTheeldestdaughter,Goneril,notonlypersecutedherfatherinvariousways,butalsoencouragedotherstomakemistakes.Afterherfather's"concession,"shesaidtoReagan,"Letusworktogethertodecideonastrategy.Ifourfatherhadobeyedhistemper,itwouldnothavedoneusanygood."Later,shewrotetohersisterReaganimmediatelyafterherfather'sanger,askinghersistertotakethesameattitudeandshowherfatherabadface.TheylefttheoldLearhomeless.Extremeindividualismisrampant,resultingincountlessGonerilandReagansdrivingawaycountlessLear,whoruthlessly"teardowntheveilofwarmthoverfamilyrelations,"leavingonlyvariousLearlamentingthelossofhumanityinthetempestofnature.Tocursewildlyatthebarbarityoftheanimal."Relativesareestrangedfromeachother,friendsbecomestrangersandbrothersbecomeenemies",andtheyareeventuallyrejectedbythenextgenerationwho"outgrowtheblueandoutgrowthedrybasket"andbecomethenewman-eaters.Thisisthesocialreality.3.3.2HisLoyalDaughter’sAbandonmentCordeliaisaholyfigureofforthright,kindandfilialnature.Shetreatedherfatherwithfilialpiety,expectingnothinginreturn.AsCordelialistenedtothebravadoandposturingofhersisters,sheclearlyfeltthefalsityoffeelingbehindtheconfidentwords.Ofcourse,Cordeliaknewwhatherfatherexpectedhertosay,butCordeliacouldnotdoso.Sheknewwhatitmeanttodisobeyherfather.Sheknewthatanhoneststatementofherfeelingswouldnodoubtbedwarfedbythisfalse,flatteringlanguage,andshewouldratherbedisenfranchisedthansaysomethingthatwouldelevateherfeelingsforhim.Shekeptherfilialpietyevenwhenherfatherdidnotgiveheranylandorpropertyanddisownedher.Askedbyhisfather,"Whichofyoulovesmethemost?""Shedidnotflatterandflatterlikehertwosisters.Instead,shesimplyreplied,"Iloveyouonlyaccordingtomyduty,obeyyou,loveyouandrespectyou.HereCordelia'sloveforhisfatherissimplyaduty,adutifulobediencetothetraditionalmoralityoffilialpiety.Shewasalsoa"goodwife"whenshemarriedinFrance.Whensheheardthatherfatherhadbeenabusedbyhersister,sheexclaimed,"Sisters,shameonwomen."Inherview,unfilialambitionforpoweris"theshameofawoman".Finally,shedecidedtoattackhersistertogetjusticeforherfather.Todefendthedignityandpositionofthefather.Onlytheyoungestdaughter'sloveforhimwasreal.ChapterFourImplicationsofThisTragedytoContemporarySocietyAfterreadingthestory,healsomakesusunderstandmanytruths.Betweenthefamilies,weshouldbemoresincereratherthanintheinterestsoftherights.4.1TheHarmofObsessiveDesireforPowerFromthebeginning,LearmadeitclearduringtheThreeTerritoriesthathewantedtorelaxandenjoyhisoldage,andthathewaslookingforwardtospendingtimewithhisthreedaughters.Lear,itcanbesaid,willinglyshedtheexpensivelabelof"theking"inexchangeforwhatheconsiderstobeamorevaluableone:theglorythatcomesinbeingafather.However,infrontofthetemptationofpowerandinterests,greedtoreofftheveilofwarmth.Leargaveeverythinghehadtohistwosweet-hearteddaughters,andwasrewardedwithallmannerofabuse.ItwasLearwhowasthrownoutbyhistwodaughtersandcaughtinastorm,andtheoldKing,withhismadroar,raisesaseriesofquestionsaboutlife,fateandgods.TheonsetofstormsandstormsisconsistentwiththemadnessinLear'sheart.Peopleoftenresorttosupernaturalforcestolashandpunishthecrimescommittedbyhumanbeingsintheirdisappointmentandgriefandanger.Thecleansingofthestorm,theroarofthethunderboltwasanangryresponsetowhatLearhaddonebefore,anditwasabaptismtoLear'ssoul.Hesawapoorbeggar,andlearnedthehardlifeofthepoor,andatthesametimehesawwhowasloyalandwhowastheeunuch.Learfinallyunderstandsthatheisnolongeraking.Thinkofthelittledaughteronceruthless,theheartsuddenlyhaveadeepguilt.Therefore,hetooktheemptinessoflosingpowerandtheguiltofhislittledaughter,inthewildwindandrainscouredthepastcrazily.Atthesametime,hisyoungestdaughter,inordertodojusticeforhim,ledtheFrencharmyagainstthetwoungratefulsisters.WhenLearsawhisyoungestdaughteragain,hewasfilledwithemotion.Hehadnotexpectedtofindforgivenessandaffectionforhislittledaughterafterwhathehaddonetoher.Therearetoomanypeoplelikethisinthissociety,justlikethecharactersinthebook,therearefatuoussuchastheoldking,therearegoodsuchastheyoungerdaughter,therearefalseandvicious,suchastheelderdaughter,theseconddaughterandtheirlover,toomany,buttheyallendupinthesameplace.Almostallofthemareverymiserable.Thebottomlineisthatsocietymakesushuman.Fromthis,Iamfeelingalot,todealwiththefuturelife.Therewillalwaysbebadthings.Ofcoursetherewillbegoodthings,andIfirmlybelievethattheheartoftheaspectormainstream,wehavetodo,istoimprovethemselves,beagoodperson,andthentreatothers,constructaharmonioussociety,insuchanenvironmenttoliveandgetalongwithpeople."Power"issomethingeveryonehas,but"power"isalsoa"double-edgedsword".Inthe"right"ofsmallandbigtimetorememberwhotheyare,butalsotorememberanoldsaying"honestadviceisbadfortheear".Rightisalsoapersonwhoisfairtopeople,butalsohasacertaineducationandunderstandingofpeople.Ifanyonewantstoabusetheirpowertocoverup,indulgingtoomuchwillcausealotofbadconsequences.Therightisalsothe"weapon"ofmakingtrouble.Hecanmakerelativesturnagainsteachother,lettheoriginalfilialdaughteruprooted.Ifyoutreatpowerlightlyandlistentopainfuladvice;Don'tlistentogossip.So,theloyalministerwillnotbeangry.Atthepeakofhispower,Learcouldgivepowerandwealthtohisdaughterandcourtofficialsatwill.Theactofgivinggiftswasnotonlythepoliticalstrategyoftheking,butalsomadethegiverhimselfhaveakindofalmostdivineillusion.However,themomentofthepartitionisnotonlythepeakstateofLear'spower,butalsothemomentofhistransferofpower,almostimmediately,Learwillhavenothing,aloneontheroadtodeath.Asaking,hemaycontinuetoconstructandmaintainhisowncompletenessandself-sufficiency;Butasafatherandanoldman,healsocraveslove,perhapsfromLear'spositionasking,evenmorethanordinarypeople.ThismaypartlyexplainwhyLearflewintoarageafterreceivingCordelia'ssimpleand"rough"answer.Approachingtheendofhislife,Learhasjustembarkedonalongandpainfulspiritualroad.TheendofLear'slifewillalsobecomethestartingpointofhisrealunderstandingoftheworldandself.4.2ThePreciousnessofFamilialLoveWhenLearwasdrivenoutandshiveringinthestormywilderness,nopeoplecametohisaid.Atthistimeinthewindandrain,Leargotarudeawakening.Obviously,Leardidnotliveamongthepeopleandknewnothingaboutthelivingconditionsofthepeople.Suchamonarchwhoenjoyshimselfeverydayanddoesnotknowthesufferingsofthepeopleisboundtolosepopularsupport.Hedoesnotevenknowtheactualconditionsofthepeople'slives,stilllesscandevelopfriendshipwiththepeople,thepeoplewillnotsupporthim.NopeoplewerewillingtohelpandsupportsuchKingLearwhenhesufferedthebaptismofthestorm.ThekinginthestreetsofDoverwaslikeavagabond,isolatedandwithnothing,andhisfailuretowintheheartsofthepeopledoomedhistragicend.Tobetreatedlikethisinoldageisthemostbitterfruitofhislife,andevenworseistohavehiskindestdaughterdiebeforehim.Buthaveweeverthoughtthatheisanordinaryman,anordinarymanlikeus,andifhehadnotlistenedtotheadviceandtruthofotherswhenhewasyoung,howcouldhehavestayedonhisthroneandgovernedhiscountrysowell?However,becauseheusuallyoccupiesahighposition,longlivedinapopularcourt,surroundedbypeoplevyingtotakecreditforhimtoflatter,allpeopleorthingsrevolvearoundhim,tohislikesanddislikesforlikesanddislikes,tohisrightandwrong.Astheyearspassed,hebecamelikeanaddicteddrugaddict,andflatteryandobsequiousnessbecameanecessityofhislife.Therearesimilarstoriesaround,unfilialchildren,desolateparents,chilling,fromourbirthbegan,parentsteachustospeak,walk,eat,patientlyteachustogrowup,fatherpaidhowhard,intheparentsoldandinfirmshouldbesupportedbyusinturnwhensomepeoplehavealreadyforgottentheirparentsworkedsohardtoraisehimmorethantenyearsofkindness.Whencrowsknowthefeelingoffeedingback,weshouldfeelashamed.Whenthegraceofadropofwatercanbeexchangedforaspring,asparents,theywillbeveryhappy.Andweshoulddrinkwatertothinkaboutthesource,withagratefulhearttonurtureourgrowthparents,inreturntohelpourfriends.Inthestory,KingLearneglectshiscareandloveforhisdaughtersasafatherbecauseofhisdesireforpower.Asaresult,thedaughtersalsofailtotreattheirfatherwithfilialpietywhentheygrowup,whichalsoleadstotragedy.ChapterFiveConclusionShakespearewasdescribedbyJohnsonas"thesouloftheage."Hewasnotofoneage.Hebelongedtoallthecenturies."Or,asDrydenputit,hehad"thebroadestandmostperceptiveintellect."InKingLear,heplaceddeepthoughtsonthespiritofTheTimes,madeanin-depthdiscussionontheeternalthemeofhumannature,whichisthought-provoking,andalsohasguidingandenlighteningsignificanceforreadersindifferenttimesandregions,showingtheenduringcharm.Theestablishmentofahumanworldfilledwith"love"hasalwaysbeenthegoodwishofhumanists,butwecannotbutbesoberlyawarethattoday'srealworldisfarfromsuchastate,wecanhopetousethesermonof"love"toinfluencethearmedenemy,ButShakespeare'srevelationandcriticismofagroupofvillainswhohavenoheart,donotknowwhatis"love"andonlyhaveastrongsenseofpossessionleavesadeepimpressiononus.Wecanneverlivewithoutlove,andthebrillianceofhumanityalwaysshinesineverycornerofsociety.ThisisexactlytheidealoflifesharedbyusandthehumanistsintheRenaissanceperiod,andalsotheessentialreasonwhythetragedyKingLearstillshowsstrongartisticvitalityafterfour