2025版高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)真題精練專題一閱讀理解熱考主題6科學(xué)探索與研究課件

熱考主題6科學(xué)、探索與研究

Passage1話題：生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)主題語境：人與自然詞數(shù)：約340

難度：★★★☆☆鼓勵創(chuàng)新精神[2023新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·B]WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina."Ecologicaldesign"isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes."LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,"hesays."Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair."1.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling.

B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.

D.Helongedtobeadoctor.2.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals.

B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.

D.Totesttheeco-machine.3.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.

D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.4.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself.

B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.

D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.【解析】

JohnTodd從小就喜歡觀察大自然，并被自然的自凈能力折服。大學(xué)時期經(jīng)過專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)之后，John通過實(shí)驗(yàn)找到了合適的生態(tài)組合，發(fā)明出了"生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)"，并解決了很多實(shí)際的污水凈化問題?！究记樗龠f】

高考語篇在選材上積極引導(dǎo)同學(xué)們關(guān)注人類社會所面臨的熱點(diǎn)問題——環(huán)境問題，使同學(xué)們能夠增強(qiáng)責(zé)任感、緊迫感和使命感。本篇閱讀就以個人發(fā)明對環(huán)境作出的貢獻(xiàn)為主題，旨在倡導(dǎo)考生為環(huán)保貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。1.C理解具體信息根據(jù)第一段中的"observinghownaturesolvedproblems"和"Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking"和第二段中的"Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions"以及第二段中的兩個問題可以看出，John是一個喜歡刨根問底、喜歡探索的人，故C項(xiàng)正確。longtodosth."渴望做某事"。2.D推斷根據(jù)第三段中的"ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥)...placedtheminthetanks"可知，John修建水箱是為了清理污泥中的有害物質(zhì)，為此，他在水箱里放了一些動植物。第四段中的"allthatwasleftwaspurewater"表明了將污泥放入水箱之后的變化。據(jù)此可以推斷，John在水箱里放入污泥是為了檢驗(yàn)他的生態(tài)機(jī)器的效果，故D項(xiàng)正確?！究记樗龠f】

本題屬于跨語段綜合推斷的漂移題，同學(xué)們需要綜合兩段信息進(jìn)行推斷，增加了推斷題的難度。3.B推斷上文講到了John的發(fā)明成功了，根據(jù)第五段的中心句"Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs"可知，多年來，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到凈化福州的運(yùn)河水是為了舉例說明John的發(fā)明及其理念在實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用，故B項(xiàng)正確。A"為了回顧John的研究計(jì)劃"；B"為了展示John的理念的實(shí)際應(yīng)用"；C"為了比較John的不同工作"；D"為了消除對John的發(fā)明的懷疑"。4.A推斷本文主要圍繞John的疑問"Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived...ifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking"展開，即一條骯臟的溪流在穿過植物和流過微生物居住的巖石后，往往會變得清澈，這個過程是否可以用來清理人們制造的臟亂呢？正是在這個疑問的指引下，John發(fā)明了"生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)"，因此，John發(fā)明的根源就在于自然的自我修復(fù)能力，且最后一段中的"Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair"也印證了John的工作依據(jù)就在于"自我修復(fù)"這一理念，故A項(xiàng)正確?！径尉x】

核心單詞：fisheryn.水產(chǎn)業(yè)substancen.物質(zhì)；物品；東西fiberglassn.玻璃纖維tankn.(貯放液體或氣體的)箱，槽，罐digestv.消化canaln.運(yùn)河核心短語：aseriesof一系列take...as把……當(dāng)作takeon承擔(dān)難句分析：Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonder

ifthisprocess

couldbeusedtocleanupthemesses

時間狀語從句

主句

賓語從句

(peopleweremaking).

省略關(guān)系詞的定語從句譯文：當(dāng)John長大后，他開始想要知道這個過程是否可以用來清理人們制造的臟亂。Passage2話題：集體商議的智慧主題語境：人與社會詞數(shù)：約340

難度：★★★★☆[2023新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·D]OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds"effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif__________.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.

B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.

D.Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.

B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Approving.【解析】

作者從幾個角度探討群體智慧，指出群體討論的結(jié)果比個人思考的結(jié)果更準(zhǔn)確。【考情速遞】

高考的選材注重啟發(fā)考生獨(dú)立思考與判斷，運(yùn)用科學(xué)的思維方式發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、分析問題并解決問題的意識和能力，著眼于考查考生在邏輯性、批判性和創(chuàng)新性等方面的思維品質(zhì)。本篇以"群體智慧效應(yīng)"為話題，展示人們對該效應(yīng)的不同角度的理解，而在試題的設(shè)計(jì)上，強(qiáng)調(diào)對重點(diǎn)信息的縱深性理解，注重考查語篇能力，鼓勵同學(xué)們以系統(tǒng)和辯證的視角進(jìn)行篇章解讀，挖掘篇章的深層含義，讀懂言外之意，領(lǐng)會文章的主旨要義。1.B理解段落主旨要義第二段主要解釋了為什么大量獨(dú)立估算的平均值在某些情況下可以相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確，這是由于人們估算的誤差并不總是相同的，當(dāng)這些誤差足夠多,并被平均開來時，它們會互相抵消，從而得出更準(zhǔn)確的估算值，這就是群體智慧效應(yīng)的基本邏輯。故選B項(xiàng)。2.D推斷結(jié)合第二段中的"Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent"和第三段中的"whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion...independentindividuals"可知，Navajas的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的估計(jì)不是完全獨(dú)立的，平均正確度依舊會提升。故選D項(xiàng)?！究记樗龠f】

高考在命題形式上注重靈活性和創(chuàng)新性。本題題干并非以往的疑問式題干，而是在復(fù)合句中挖空的陳述式題干，這是自2020年新高考以來在高考卷中首次出現(xiàn)。【二次精讀】

核心單詞：illustratev.闡明correlatedadj.相互關(guān)聯(lián)的follow-upadj.后續(xù)的dominantadj.占優(yōu)勢的，占支配地位的implicationn.可能的影響；暗示enormousadj.巨大的核心短語：capitalizeon利用，從……中獲得好處cancelsth.out抵消熟詞生義：average常用義：n.平均水平；平均數(shù)

adj.平均的；一般的文章義：v.計(jì)算出……的平均數(shù)Earningsareaveragedoverthewholeperiod.所計(jì)算的是整個時期的平均收入。難句分析：Thekeyfingdingofthestudywasthat｛whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups

that引導(dǎo)表語從句，其中when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句

(thatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion)},theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefrom

that引導(dǎo)定語從句anequalnumberofindependentindividuals.

譯文：該項(xiàng)研究的核心發(fā)現(xiàn)是,當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步分成更小的組，并且允許進(jìn)行討論的時候，這些小組得出的平均估計(jì)比同樣數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個體的估計(jì)更準(zhǔn)確。3.C理解具體信息第四段說在隨后對100名大學(xué)生的研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，團(tuán)隊(duì)討論中起決定作用的是隊(duì)員們能一起討論和推理(sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether)，因此選C。4.D理解觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度最后一段作者說，雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性和很多問題，但對團(tuán)隊(duì)討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的，由此判斷作者對Navajas的研究持支持態(tài)度。Passage3話題：人類語音的演變主題語境：人與社會詞數(shù)：約335

難度：★★★★★培育探究精神[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·D]Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,"saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.1.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution.

C.Itsquantity.

D.Itsdevelopment.2.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.

B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.4.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.

B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.

D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【解析】

本文介紹人類語音的演變與人類的飲食變化之間的關(guān)聯(lián)研究。1.D理解具體信息題干問的是"DamiánBlasi的研究集中在人類語音的哪個方面?"，通讀全文尤其是最后一段內(nèi)容可知，DamiánBlasi的研究集中在語音的發(fā)展。故選D項(xiàng)。2.C理解具體信息題干問的是"為什么古代成年人很難發(fā)出唇齒音?"，根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位到文章的第三段。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)古代成人的上下門牙是對齊的，很難發(fā)出唇齒音，而唇齒音由下唇接觸上牙產(chǎn)生。后來，我們的下巴變成了覆咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，這讓我們更容易產(chǎn)生這樣的聲音。由此可知，他們的下巴構(gòu)造使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項(xiàng)。3.A理解主旨要義(段落大意)題干問的是"第五段主要講的是什么?"，根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位到文章的第五段。由第五段內(nèi)容可知，對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實(shí)，新石器時代之后，國際語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化。故第五段主要為上文的研究結(jié)果提供證據(jù)。故選A項(xiàng)?！径尉x】

核心單詞：trendn.趨勢confirmv.證實(shí)overturnv.推翻complexadj.復(fù)雜的詞綴變形：remarkablyadv.不尋常地，驚人地→remarkableadj.非凡的，引人注目的難句分析：Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,

000yearsago.分析：本句是主從復(fù)合句。thatallhumanspeechsounds...ago是同位語從句。從句中含有when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。譯文：這項(xiàng)研究推翻了這種流行的觀點(diǎn)，即在大約30萬年前人類進(jìn)化時，所有的人類語音都已經(jīng)存在。4.C推斷題干問的是"StevenMoran對人類語音有什么看法?"，根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位到文章的最后一段。StevenMoran認(rèn)為：自從人類出現(xiàn)以來,我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，今天我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音是生物變化和文化進(jìn)化之類的事物的一種復(fù)雜的相互作用的產(chǎn)物。由此可推知，它是一個復(fù)雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項(xiàng)。Passage4話題：Textalyzer設(shè)備的使用主題語境：人與社會詞數(shù)：約280

難度：★★★★☆科技應(yīng)用[2022新高考Ⅱ卷·C]Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas,"hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork’shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople’sbehavior,"saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate’s2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers."IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,"hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers’textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.

B.Unnecessary.

C.Inconsistent.

D.Unfair.2.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom. B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing. D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.

B.Data.

C.Tests.

D.Laws.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDriversD.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer【解析】

為解決司機(jī)在開車時使用手機(jī)造成分心從而引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的立法者提出使用Textalyzer這一設(shè)備來監(jiān)控司機(jī)在開車的時候是否使用了手機(jī)。1.A推斷根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，在過去的七年里，大多數(shù)州都禁止司機(jī)發(fā)短信,公共服務(wù)活動也嘗試了多種方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機(jī)。再根據(jù)第二段第一句"Yettheproblem...tobegettingworse"可知，雖然幾乎使用了各種各樣的方法，但是情況卻似乎越來越糟糕了。所以這些方法是無效的。故選A項(xiàng)。2.B理解具體信息根據(jù)第五段最后一句"Thetechnologycould...hands-freedrivinglaws"可知，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以確定司機(jī)是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件，或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。由此可知，Textalyzer能夠幫警官查明司機(jī)是否使用了手機(jī)。故選B項(xiàng)。3.D理解詞匯(代詞指代)根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，人們將更害怕從而不敢在開車時使用手機(jī)，即人們將改變自己的行為。由此可推知，something在此處指代的是法律。故選D項(xiàng)?！径尉x】

核心單詞：banv.明令禁止；取締distinctlyadv.清楚地，明顯地；很，十分核心短語：referto提到，談及，說起pushfor反復(fù)要求，施壓爭取4.B理解主旨要義(標(biāo)題判斷)綜觀全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講了為解決司機(jī)在開車時使用手機(jī)造成分心從而引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的立法者提出使用Textalyzer這一設(shè)備來監(jiān)控司機(jī)在開車的時候是否使用了手機(jī)。故B項(xiàng)最適合作本文標(biāo)題。Passage5話題：無人機(jī)在鐵路中的應(yīng)用主題語境：人與社會詞數(shù)：約315

難度：★★★★★鼓勵科技創(chuàng)新[2022全國乙卷·C]Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s"eyesinthesky"technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.1.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.2.Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.3.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.4.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways【解析】

無人機(jī)在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時，還能幫助鐵路運(yùn)營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。1.A理解具體信息題干問什么使無人機(jī)在鐵路線路中的應(yīng)用成為可能。根據(jù)文章第二段中的"Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructure"可知，無人機(jī)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)用來檢測高壓電力線路，它們可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路以及鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要方面。故A項(xiàng)正確。【干擾項(xiàng)分析】

B、C、D項(xiàng)都屬于"無中生有"，文中沒有提到無人機(jī)在高海拔地區(qū)工作，也沒有提及無人機(jī)在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的可靠性能，故B和D項(xiàng)都可排除；C項(xiàng)無人機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)成本降低，文中無相關(guān)信息。2.C理解詞匯題干問"maintenance"是什么意思。根據(jù)畫線詞出現(xiàn)的語境"節(jié)省______費(fèi)用"以及該詞在下文中的語境，即第三段第二句"ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure"(據(jù)計(jì)算，單是歐洲鐵路一年就要在維護(hù)上面花費(fèi)約200億歐元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣維護(hù)員工去檢查和修復(fù)鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)可知，鐵路"maintenance"包括檢查和修復(fù)鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。故C項(xiàng)正確。

3.A理解具體信息題干問的是期待鐵路無人機(jī)有什么樣的功能。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句"Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime"(因?yàn)槟芴崆翱吹剑瑹o人機(jī)可以感知到任何問題,這樣快速前進(jìn)的列車就可以及時作出反應(yīng))可知，【干擾項(xiàng)分析】

B項(xiàng)"使火車自動運(yùn)行"是偷換概念，原文最后一段中的"programmedtorunautonomously"指的是無人機(jī)可以自動運(yùn)行，而不是火車；C項(xiàng)"為全體工作人員掙得利潤"和D項(xiàng)"加快交通運(yùn)輸"是無中生有，文章沒有提及。4.D理解主旨要義(標(biāo)題判斷)題干問的是本文最佳標(biāo)題是什么。第一段是導(dǎo)入，綜述無人機(jī)在鐵路運(yùn)營方面的應(yīng)用前景；第二段主要講述無人機(jī)在鐵路運(yùn)營中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要講了無人機(jī)在降低鐵路維護(hù)成本和維護(hù)鐵路職員人身安全方面的作用；第四段講無人機(jī)還能為鐵路運(yùn)營做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要講的是無人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來。故D項(xiàng)正確。【二次精讀】

核心單詞：guaranteev.保證；擔(dān)保；保障preciselyadv.恰好地；正是；精確地inspectv.檢查；查看；審視；視察詞綴變形：reliableadj.可信賴的，可依靠的→reliabilityn.可靠性operatev.工作；操作；控制；使運(yùn)行;(被)使用；(使)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；經(jīng)營，營業(yè)；動手術(shù)→operatorn.操作人員；技工；經(jīng)營者→operationn.(有組織的)活動；手術(shù)；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；操作maintainv.維持；維修；保養(yǎng)→maintenancen.維護(hù)，保養(yǎng)期待鐵路無人機(jī)具有的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并給列車發(fā)出警告。故A項(xiàng)正確。Passage6話題：鸚鵡識別物體形狀主題語境：人與社會詞數(shù)：約250

難度：★★★★☆科學(xué)精神[2022全國甲卷·B]Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada"keyhole"inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference".Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheret