可再生能源2023至2028年的分析及預(yù)測Renewables-2023-英

Renewable

s2023Analysisandforecastto2028INTERNATIONAL

ENERGYAGENCYTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesIEA

membercountries:IEA

associationcountries:includingoil,gasandcoalsupplyandAustraliaAustriaArgentinaBrazildemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinitsBelgiumChinaCanadaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth

AfricaThailandUkraineCzech

RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapan31membercountries,13

associationcountriesandbeyond.KoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew

ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak

RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic

of

TürkiyeUnited

KingdomUnited

StatesThis

publication

and

anymap

included

herein

arewithout

prejudiceto

thestatus

of

or

sovereignty

overany

territory,to

thedelimitationof

internationalfrontiers

and

boundaries

andto

the

name

of

any

territory,cityor

area.The

EuropeanCommission

alsoparticipatesin

thework

of

the

IEASource:

IEA.International

Energy

AgencyWebsite:

Renewables

2023AbstractAnalysis

andforecaststo2028AbstractRenewables

2023

is

the

IEA’s

primary

analysis

on

the

sector,

based

on

currentpolicies

and

market

developments.

It

forecasts

the

deployment

of

renewableenergytechnologies

in

electricity,

transport

andheat

to2028while

alsoexploringkeychallengesto

theindustryandidentifyingbarriers

to

faster

growth.At

the

COP28

climate

change

conference

in

Dubai,

more

than

130

nationalgovernments

including

the

European

Union

agreed

to

work

together

to

triple

theworld’s

installed

renewable

energy

capacity

to

at

least

11000

GW

by

2030.Renewables

2023

provides

detailed

country-level

analysis

on

the

progresstowards

the

global

tripling

target.

Alongside

the

report,

an

online

dashboard

is

alsoavailable,

which

maps

all

the

relevant

data

to

measure

renewable

energydeploymentthrough2028.In

addition

to

its

detailed

market

analysis

and

forecasts,

Renewables

2023

alsoexamines

key

developments

for

the

sector

including

policy

trends

drivingdeployment;

solar

PV

manufacturing;

competitiveness

of

renewable

technologies;energy

storage;

renewable

energy

capacity

for

hydrogen

production;

theprospects

for

renewable

energy

companies;

system

integration

and

a

specialsectiononbiogas

andbiomethaneforecast.PAGE|

3Renewables

2023AcknowledgementsAnalysis

andforecaststo2028Acknowledgements,

contributorsand

creditsThis

study

was

prepared

by

the

Renewable

Energy

Division

in

the

Directorate

ofEnergy

Markets

and

Security.

It

was

designed

and

directed

by

Heymi

Bahar,Senior

Analyst.The

report

benefited

from

analysis,

drafting

and

input

from

multiple

colleagues.The

lead

authors

of

the

report

were,

Yasmina

Abdelilah,

Ana

Alcalde

BásconesHeymi

Bahar,

Piotr

Bojek,

Fran?ois

Briens,

Trevor

Criswell,

Jeremy

Moorhouse,and

Laura

Mari

Martinez,

who

was

also

responsible

for

data

management.

Thereport

alsobenefitedfrom

analysisanddraftingfromKartik

Veerakumar.Paolo

Frankl,

Head

of

the

Renewable

Energy

Division,

provided

strategicguidance

and

input

to

this

work.

Valuable

comments,

feedback

and

guidance

wereprovided

by

other

senior

management

and

numerous

other

colleagues

within

theIEA,

in

particular,

Keisuke

Sadamori,

Laura

Cozzi,

Tim

Gould,

Timur

Gül,

BrianMotherway,DanDornerandDennis

HesslingOther

IEA

colleagues

who

have

made

important

contributions

to

this

work

include:Nadim

Abillama,

Sylvia

Beyer,

Eren

Cam,

Hana

Chambers,

Chiara

Delmastro,Syrine

El

Abed,

Pablo

Hevia-Koch,

Zoe,

Hungerford,

Luca

Lorenzoni,

YannickMonschauer,

Taylor

Morrison,

Brian

Motherway,

Thomas

Spencer,

Brent

Wanner,BiqingYangandPeter

Zeniewski.Timely

data

from

the

IEA

Energy

Data

Centre

were

fundamental

to

the

report,

withparticular

assistance

provided

by

Pedro

Carvalho,

Luca

Lorenzoni,

TaylorMorrison,

NickJohnstone,

JulianPrimeandRobertaQuadrelli.This

work

benefited

from

extensive

review

and

comments

from

the

IEA

StandingGroup

on

Long-Term

Co-operation,

IEA

Renewable

Energy

Working

Party,members

of

the

Renewable

Industry

Advisory

Board

(RIAB)

and

experts

from

IEApartner

countries

and

other

international

institutions.

The

work

also

benefited

fromfeedback

by

the

IEA

Committee

on

Energy

Research

and

Technology,

IEATechnologyCollaborationProgrammes(IEATCPs).Many

experts

from

outside

of

the

IEA

provided

valuable

input,

commented

andreviewedthisreport.

They

include:PAGE|

4Renewables

2023AcknowledgementsAnalysis

andforecaststo2028CountriesCanada

(Natural

Resources

Canada),

China

(Energy

Research

Institute

–

ERI),Denmark

(Ministry

of

Climate,

Energy

and

Utilities),

European

Union

(EuropeanCommission

–

DG

Energy),

Finland

(Ministry

of

Economic

Affairs

andEmployment),

Germany

(Federal

Ministry

for

Economic

Affairs

and

Climate

Actionof

Germany),

Japan

(Ministry

of

Economy,

Trade

and

Industry

–

METI),

Spain(Institute

for

Energy

Diversification

and

Energy

Saving

–

IDAE),

and

the

UnitedStatesofAmerica(DepartmentofEnergy).TechnologyCollaborationProgrammes(TCPs)Bioenergy

TCP,

Heat

Pumping

Technologies

(HPT)

TCP,

Geothermal

TCP,Hydrogen

TCP

Hydropower

TCP,

Ocean

TCP,

Photovoltaic

Power

Systems(PVPS)

TCP,

Solar

Heating

and

Cooling

(SHC)

TCP,

SolarPACES

TCP,

WindEnergyTCP.OtherOrganisationsArcher

Daniels

Midland

Company

(ADM),

BP,

Enel,

European

Commission,European

Heat

Pump

Association

(EHPA),

European

Renewable

EthanolAssociation

(EPURE),

European

Solar

Thermal

Industry

Federation

(ESTIF),

EUEthanol

Industry

Association,

Global

Wind

Energy

Council

(GWEC),

Iberdrola,International

Air

Transport

Association

(IATA),

J-Power,

National

RenewableEnergy

Laboratory

(NREL),

Neste,

?rsted,

RNG

Coalition,

Siemens

GamesaRenewable

Energy,

SolarPower

Europe,

Solrico,

SPV

Market

Research,

TheEnergy

and

Resources

Insitute

(TERI),

US

Grains

Council,

Vestas,

WindEurope,WorldBioenergyAssociation,WorldBiogas

AssociationandYangtzeInstituteforSolar

Technologies(YIST).The

authors

would

also

like

to

thank

Kristine

Douaud

for

skilfully

editing

themanuscript

and

the

IEA

Communication

and

Digital

Office,

in

particular

JonCuster,

Astrid

Dumond,

Grace

Gordon,

Jethro

Mullen,

Isabelle

Nonain-SemelinRobert

Stone,

Sam

Tarling,

Clara

Vallois,

Lucile

Wall

and

Therese

Walsh

for

theirassistance.

In

addition,

Ivo

Letra

from

the

Office

of

Management

andAdministrationsupporteddatamanagement.Questionsorcomments?Pleasewritetousat

IEA-REMR@PAGE|

5Renewables

2023TableofcontentsAnalysis

andforecaststo2028Table

of

contentsExecutive

Summary

.................................................................................................................

7Chapter

1.

Electricity..............................................................................................................

14Globalforecastsummary......................................................................................................

14Net

ZeroEmissionsby2050Scenariotracking....................................................................

25Regionalforecasttrends.......................................................................................................

28Technology,marketandpolicytrends..................................................................................

48Chapter

2.Transport

biofuels...............................................................................................

94Globalforecastsummary......................................................................................................

94Net

ZeroEmissionsby2050Scenariotracking..................................................................

102Technology,marketandpolicytrends................................................................................

107Chapter

3.Heat

.....................................................................................................................

114Globalforecastsummary....................................................................................................

114Net

ZeroEmissionsby2050Scenariotracking..................................................................

122Technology,marketandpolicytrends................................................................................

123Special

section:

Biogas

and

biomethane..........................................................................

131Introduction

.........................................................................................................................

131Biogastoday

.......................................................................................................................

132Biogasandbiomethaneforecast

........................................................................................

137Net

ZeroEmissionsby2050Scenariotracking..................................................................

140PAGE|

6Renewables

2023ExecutivesummaryAnalysis

andforecaststo2028Executive

Summary2023

saw

a

step

change

in

renewable

capacity

additions,driven

by

China’s

solar

PV

marketGlobal

annual

renewable

capacity

additions

increased

by

almost

50%

tonearly

510

gigawatts

(GW)

in

2023,

the

fastest

growth

rate

in

the

past

twodecades.

This

is

the

22nd

year

in

a

row

that

renewable

capacity

additions

set

anew

record.

While

the

increases

in

renewable

capacity

in

Europe,

theUnitedStates

and

Brazil

hit

all-time

highs,

China’s

acceleration

was

extraordinary.In

2023,

China

commissioned

as

much

solar

PV

as

the

entire

world

did

in

2022,while

its

wind

additions

also

grew

by

66%

year-on-year.

Globally,

solar

PV

aloneaccountedfor

three-quartersofrenewablecapacity

additionsworldwide.Achieving

the

COP28

target

of

tripling

global

renewablecapacity

by

2030

hinges

on

policy

implementationPrior

to

the

COP28

climate

change

conference

in

Dubai,

the

InternationalEnergy

Agency

(IEA)urgedgovernments

to

supportfive

pillars

foraction

by2030,

among

them

the

goal

of

tripling

global

renewable

power

capacity.Severalof

theIEApriorities

were

reflectedinthe

GlobalStocktake

textagreed

bythe

198governments

at

COP28,

including

the

goals

of

tripling

renewables

anddoubling

the

annual

rate

of

energy

efficiency

improvements

every

year

to

2030.Tripling

global

renewable

capacity

in

the

power

sector

from

2022

levels

by

2030would

take

it

above

11000GW,

in

line

with

IEA’s

Net

Zero

Emissions

by

2050(NZE)

Scenario.Under

existing

policies

and

market

conditions,

global

renewable

capacityisforecastto

reach

7

300

GW

by2028.This

growthtrajectorywouldsee

globalcapacity

increase

to

2.5

times

its

current

level

by

2030,

falling

short

of

thetripling

goal.

Governments

canclosethegaptoreach

over

11000GW

by

2030by

overcoming

current

challenges

and

implementing

existing

policies

morequickly.

These

challenges

fall

into

four

main

categories

and

differ

by

country:1)

policy

uncertainties

and

delayed

policy

responses

to

the

new

macroeconomicenvironment;

2)insufficient

investment

in

grid

infrastructure

preventing

fasterexpansion

of

renewables;

3)

cumbersome

administrative

barriers

and

permittingprocedures

and

social

acceptance

issues;

4)

insufficient

financing

in

emergingand

developing

economies.

This

report’s

accelerated

case

shows

that

addressingthose

challenges

can

lead

to

almost

21%

higher

growth

of

renewables,

pushingtheworldtowardsbeingontrackto

meettheglobaltriplingpledge.PAGE|

7Renewables

2023ExecutivesummaryAnalysis

andforecaststo2028What

is

needed

to

reach

the

collective

target

to

triple

renewables

by

2030varies

significantly

by

country

and

region.

G20

countries

account

for

almost90%

of

global

renewable

power

capacity

today.

In

the

accelerated

case,

whichassumes

enhanced

implementation

of

existing

policies

and

targets,

the

G20

couldtriple

their

collective

installed

capacity

by

2030.

As

such,

they

have

the

potentialto

contribute

significantly

totripling

renewables

globally.

However,

to

achieve

theglobal

goal,

the

rate

of

new

installations

needs

to

accelerate

in

other

countries,too,

including

many

emerging

and

developing

economies

outside

the

G20,

someof

whichdonothaverenewabletargetsand/orsupportivepoliciestoday.The

global

power

mix

will

be

transformed

by

2028The

world

is

on

course

to

add

more

renewable

capacity

in

the

next

five

yearsthan

has

been

installed

since

the

first

commercial

renewable

energy

powerplant

was

built

more

than

100

years

ago.

In

the

main

case

forecast

in

this

report,almost

3700GW

of

new

renewable

capacity

comes

online

over

the

2023-2028period,

driven

by

supportive

policies

in

more

than

130

countries.

Solar

PV

andwind

will

account

for

95%

of

global

renewable

expansion,

benefiting

from

lowergenerationcoststhanbothfossilandnon-fossilfuelalternatives.Over

the

coming

five

years,

several

renewable

energy

milestones

are

expected

tobeachieved:In2024,

windandsolarPVtogethergenerate

moreelectricitythanhydropower.

In

2025,

renewables

surpass

coal

to

become

the

largest

source

of

electricitygeneration.Wind

and

solar

PV

each

surpass

nuclear

electricity

generation

in

2025

and

2026respectively.

In

2028,

renewable

energy

sources

account

for

over

42%

of

global

electricitygeneration,

withtheshare

of

windandsolarPVdoublingto25%.China

is

the

world’s

renewables

powerhouseChina

accounts

for

almost

60%

of

new

renewable

capacity

expected

tobecome

operational

globally

by

2028.

Despite

the

phasing

out

of

nationalsubsidies

in

2020

and

2021,

deployment

of

onshore

wind

and

solar

PV

in

Chinais

accelerating,

driven

by

the

technologies’

economic

attractiveness

as

well

assupportive

policy

environments

providing

long-term

contracts.

Our

forecast

showsthat

China

is

expected

to

reach

its

national

2030

target

for

wind

and

solar

PVinstallations

this

year,

six

years

ahead

of

schedule.

China’s

role

is

critical

inreaching

the

global

goal

of

tripling

renewables

because

the

country

is

expected

toinstallmorethanhalf

ofthenewcapacityrequiredglobally

by2030.

At

theendofthe

forecast

period,

almost

half

of

China’s

electricity

generation

will

come

fromrenewableenergysources.PAGE|

8Renewables

2023ExecutivesummaryAnalysis

andforecaststo2028The

US,

the

EU,

India

and

Brazil

remain

bright

spots

foronshore

wind

and

solar

PV

growthSolarPV

and

onshore

wind

additions

through

2028

is

expected

to

more

thandouble

inthe

United

States,

the

European

Union,

India

and

Brazil

comparedwith

the

last

five

years.

Supportive

policy

environments

and

the

improvingeconomic

attractiveness

of

solar

PV

and

onshore

wind

are

the

primary

driversbehind

this

acceleration.

In

the

EuropeanUnion

and

Brazil,

growth

in

rooftop

solarPV

is

expected

to

outpace

large-scale

plants

as

residential

and

commercialconsumers

seek

to

reduce

their

electricity

bills

amid

higher

prices.

In

the

UnitedStates,

the

Inflation

Reduction

Act

has

acted

as

a

catalyst

for

acceleratedadditions

despite

supply

chain

issues

and

trade

concerns

in

the

near

term.

In

India,an

expedited

auction

schedule

for

utility-scale

onshore

wind

and

solar

PV

alongwith

improved

financial

health

of

distribution

companies

is

expected

to

deliveracceleratedgrowth.Renewable

energy

expansion

also

starts

accelerating

in

other

regions

of

the

world,notably

the

MiddleEast

and

NorthAfrica,

owing

mostly

to

policy

incentives

thattakeadvantageof

thecost-competitivenessofsolar

PVandonshorewind

power.Although

renewable

capacity

growth

picks

up

in

sub-SaharanAfrica,

the

regionstillunderperformsconsideringitsresourcepotentialandelectrificationneeds.Solar

PV

prices

plummet

amid

growing

supply

glutIn

2023,

spot

prices

for

solar

PV

modules

declined

by

almost

50%

year-on-year,

with

manufacturing

capacity

reaching

three

times

2021

levels.

Thecurrent

manufacturing

capacity

under

construction

indicates

that

the

global

supplyof

solar

PV

will

reach

1100

GW

at

the

end

of

2024,

with

potential

output

expectedto

be

three

times

the

current

forecast

for

demand.

Despite

unprecedented

PVmanufacturing

expansion

in

the

UnitedStates

and

India

driven

by

policy

support,China

is

expected

to

maintain

its

80-95%

share

of

global

supply

chains

(dependingon

the

manufacturing

segment).

Although

developing

domestic

PV

manufacturingwill

increase

the

security

of

supply

and

bring

economic

benefits

to

localcommunities,

replacing

imports

with

more

expensive

production

in

theUnitedStates,

India

and

the

European

Union

will

increase

the

cost

of

overall

PVdeploymentin

thesemarkets.Onshore

wind

and

solar

PV

are

cheaper

than

both

newand

existing

fossil

fuel

plantsIn

2023,

an

estimated

96%

of

newly

installed,

utility-scale

solar

PV

andonshore

wind

capacity

had

lower

generation

costs

than

new

coal

and

naturalgas

plants.

In

addition,

three-quarters

of

new

wind

and

solar

PV

plants

offeredcheaper

power

than

existing

fossil

fuel

facilities.

Wind

and

solar

PV

systems

willPAGE|

9Renewables

2023ExecutivesummaryAnalysis

andforecaststo2028becomemorecost-competitive

duringthe

forecast

period.

Despitethe

increasingcontribution

needs

for

flexibility

and

reliability

to

integrate

variable

renewables,

theoverall

competitiveness

of

onshore

wind

and

solar

PV

changes

only

slightly

by2028in

Europe,

China,IndiaandtheUnitedStates.The

new

macroeconomic

environment

presents

furtherchallenges

that

policy

makers

need

to

addressIn

2023,

new

renewable

energy

capacity

financed

in

advanced

economieswas

exposed

to

higher

base

interest

rates

than

in

China

and

the

globalaverage

for

the

first

time.

Since

2022,

central

bank

base

interest

rates

haveincreased

from

below

1%

to

almost

5%.

In

emerging

and

developing

economies,renewables

developers

have

been

exposed

to

higher

interest

rates

since

2021,resultingin

highercostshamperingfasterexpansionofrenewables.The

implications

of

this

new

macroeconomic

environment

are

manifold

forboth

governments

and

industry.

First,

inflation

has

increased

equipment

costsfor

onshore

and

offshore

wind

and

partly

for

solar

PV

(excluding

module

costs).Second,

higher

interest

rates

are

increasing

the

financing

costs

of

capital-intensivevariable

renewable

technologies.

Third,

policy

has

been

relatively

slow

to

adjustto

the

new

macroeconomic

environment

due

in

part

to

expectations

that

costreductions

would

continue

together

with

permitting

challenges.

This

has

leftseveral

auctionsin

advancedeconomiesundersubscribed,particularlyinEurope.Additionally,

some

developers

whose

power

purchase

contracts

were

signed

priorto

these

macroeconomic

changes

have

had

to

cancel

their

projects.

Efforts

toimprove

auction

design

and

contract

indexation

methodologies

are

needed

toresolvethesechallengesandunlockadditionalwindandsolarPVdeployment.The

renewable

energy

industry,

particularly

wind,

is

grappling

withmacroeconomic

challenges

affecting

its

financial

health

–

despite

a

historyof

financial

resilience.

The

wind

industry

has

experienced

a

significant

declinein

market

value

as

European

and

NorthAmerican

wind

turbine

manufacturershave

seen

negative

net

margins

for

seven

consecutive

quarters

due

to

volatiledemand,

limited

raw

material

access,

economic

challenges,

and

rising

interestrates.

To

address

these

issues,

the

EuropeanUnion

launched

a

Wind

PowerAction

Plan

in

October

2023,

aiming

to

enhance

competitiveness,

improve

auctiondesign,boostclean

technologyinvestment,streamlinepermitting,

and

ensure

faircompetition.

Chinese

wind

turbine

manufacturers,

benefiting

from

strong

domesticdemandandverticalintegration,remainrelativelystableamidglobalchallenges.PAGE|

10Renewables

2023ExecutivesummaryAnalysis

andforecaststo2028The

forecast

for

wind

capacity

additions

is

lessoptimistic

outside

China,

especially

for

offshoreThe

wind

industry,

especially

in

Europe

and

NorthAmerica

is

facing

challengesdue

to

a

combination

of

ongoing

supply

chain

disruptions,

higher

costs

and

longpermitting

timelines.

As

a

result

of

these

challenges,

the

forecast

for

onshore

windoutside

of

China

has

been

revised

downwards

as

overall

project

development

hasbeenslowerthanexpected.Offshore

wind

has

been

hit

hardest

by

the

new

macroeconomicenvironment,withits

expansion

through

2028reviseddownby

15%outsideChina.

The

challenges

facing

the

industry

particularly

affect

offshore

wind,

withinvestment

costs

today

more

than

20%

higher

than

only

a

few

years

ago.

In

2023,developers

have

cancelled

or

postponed

15

GW

of

offshore

wind

projects

in

theUnitedStates

and

the

UnitedKingdom.

For

some

developers,

pricing

forpreviously

awarded

capacity

does

not

reflect

the

increased

costs

facing

projectdevelopmenttoday,

which

reducesproject

bankability.Faster

deployment

of

variable

renewables

increasesintegration

and

infrastructure

challengesTheshare

ofsolar

PV

and

wind

inglobal

electricity

generationisforecast

todouble

to

25%

in

2028

in

our

main

case.

This

rapid

expansion

in

the

next

fiveyears

will

have

implications

forpower

systems

worldwide.

In

the

EuropeanUnion,annual

variable

renewables

penetration

in

2028

is

expected

to

reach

more

than50%

in

seven

countries,

with

Denmark

having

around

90%

of

wind

and

solar

PVin

its

electricity

system

by

that

time.

Although

EU

interconnections

help

integratesolar

PV

and

wind

generation,

grid

bottlenecks

will

pose

significant

challenges

andlead

to

increased

curtailment

in

many

countries

as

grid

expansion

cannot

keeppacewithacceleratedinstallationofvariablerenewables.Current

hydrogen

plans

and

implementation

don’t

matchRenewable

power

capacity

dedicated

to

hydrogen-based

fuel

production

isforecast

to

grow

by

45

GW

between

2023

and

2028,

representing

only

anestimated

7%

of

announced

project

capacity

for

the

period.

China,SaudiArabia

and

the

United

States

account

for

more

than

75%

of

renewablecapacity

for

hydrogen

production

by

2028.

Despite

announcements

of

newprojects

and

pipelines,

the

progressin

planned

projects

has

been

slow.

We

haverevised

down

our

forecasts

for

all

regions

except

China.

The

main

reason

is

theslowpaceof

bringingplannedprojectstofinalinvestment

decisions

dueto