跨文化交際-復(fù)習(xí)資料

文化：cultureItisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.TheCharacteristicsofCulture:Learned、transmitted、Subjecttochange、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.跨文化交際：interculturalcommunicationInterculturalcommunicationmeansthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.3、高語境文化：High-ContextCultures①Inferinformationfrommessagecontext,ratherthanfromcontent.②Preferindirectness,politenessandambiguity.③Conveylittleinformationexplicitly.④Relyheavilyonnonverbalsigns.4、價值觀：ValuesAstandardbywhichmembersofculturedefinewhatisdesirableorundesirable、goodorbad、beautifulorugly、acceptableorunacceptable.Valuesarestandardssetbythemembersofasociety.Valuesareoftenhighlycontexted.Valuescanchangesignificantlyovertime.Valuescandifferwithinonesocietyandaroundtheworld.5、言語交際：verbalcommunication:Itreferstoanyformofcommunicationthatisdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.非言語交際：NonverbalcommunicationItwillbedefinedastheprocessbywhichnonverbalbehaviorsareused,eithersinglyorincombinationwithverbalbehaviors,intheexchangeandinterpretationofmessageswithinagivensituationorcontext.6、本地化：LocalizationTheprocessofadaptingaproductorservicetoaparticularlanguage,culture,anddesiredlocal“l(fā)ook-and-feel.”Aspectstobeconsideredinlocalization:Language、Timezones、Money、Nationalholidays、Localcolorsensitivities、Productorservicenames、Genderroles、Geographicexamples、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesAfixedgeneralimage,characteristic,etc.thatalotofpeoplebelievetorepresentaparticulartypeofpersonorthing.Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.Itisfoundinnearlyeveryinterculturalsituation.Thereasonforthepervasivenatureofstereotypesisthathumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.8、文化休克：CulturalshockItiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.9、符號：SymbolAperson，anobject,anevent,etc.thatrepresentsamoregeneralqualityorsituation.貓頭鷹的故事：①ThisisbecauseChineseandEnglishnativespeakersassigndifferentassociativemeaningstothesamebird—owl.②OwlinChinaisthesignofbadluck.Themeresightofanowlorthesoundofthecreature’shootingisenoughtocausepeopletodrawbackinfear.ButinEnglishitisassociatedwithwisdom.Inchildren’sbooksandcartoons,wheneverthereisadisputeamongbirdsorbeasts,itistheowlthatactsasjudge.③Thetermdogelicitsdifferentfeelingsinthesetwocultures.InChinagou(dog)oftenhasderogativemeanings,suchas狼心狗肺.ButinWestisconsideredthebestfriendofman,whichiswellestablishedintheircultures.Sothefeeldisgustedateatingdogmeat.④Long(龍)isasymboloftheemperorinancientChina.IthasbeenalmightytousChinese.TodaylongisoftenidentifiedwithChinaorChinese.ButtotheEnglish—speakingpeople,theChineselonghasbeenrenderedinEnglishas“dragon”.Dragonisafire—spittingmonster,cruelandfiercethatdestroysandthereforemustbedestroyed.⑤InChinese,松、柏、鶴、桃standforlongevity.InEnglish,theyarejustplants.氣泡空間：①Thisisbecauseeachpersonhasa“bubble”ofspace(territory).StudiesshowthatpeoplefromSouthAmerica,Arabcountries,andmanyAsiancountrieshaveasmallerpersonalterritorythandoNorthAmericans,BritishandGermans.InMexicanandArabcultures,physicaldistancebetweenpeoplewhenengagedinconversationisveryclose.Inordertofeelcomfortablewhiletalking,whattheMexicandoesistomovecloser,whilewhattheNorthAmericandoesistostepbackalittle.②InWesterncounties,personalterritoryishighlyvalued.Eachonehashis/herownspaceathomeorinofficewhichshouldnotbeinvaded.Inpublicplaces,theyhave“temporaryterritory”,notbeintrudeduponeither.③Asisinthecaseofhumanbehavior,theuseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemofdifferentcultures.TheAmericanswhoseculturestressesindividualismgenerallydemandmorespacethandopeoplefromcollectivisticculturesandtendtotakeanactive,aggressivestancewhentheirspaceisviolated.家庭第一：①OneofthereasonthatAnniecouldnotunderstandRosaisthis:：inAmericanculture,thenuclearfamilyismuchmoreimportanttotheindividualthantheextendedfamily.MostAmericansfeellittleresponsibilitytowardtheirsecondcousins,andmayneverevenhavemetthem.Therefore,AnniewasconfusedbecauseRosaputsomucheffortintohelping“just”asecondcousin.②ButinRosa’sculturethereisnotsuchabigdifferencebetweennuclearandextendedfamilyresponsibilities.Insomecountries,theextendedfamilyisthemainfinancialandemotionalsupportforpeopleintimesofcrisis.However,thisisnotsofarmostAmericans,whorelymoreonfriends,institutions,andprofessionals.③Anotherreasonistheirpossessionofdifferentculturalvalues.Rosafeltthat“familycomesfirst”,whichmeansthatherownneedscomesecond.Anniehadahardtimeunderstandingthatpointofviewbecauseinherculturetheindividualusuallycomesfirst.IntheUnitedStatesthepersonwhocan“makeitonhisown”withouthelpfromfamilyisrespected,althoughofcoursemanypeopledogethelpfromtheirfamilies.④Becauseofthesedifferences,itissometimesdifficultforpeopletounderstandandacceptthewayfamilymembersinotherculturesseemtotreateachother.Itisimportant,however,torememberthatfamiliesshowtheirloveindifferentways.Thesedifferencessometimesmakeithardtoseetherealityoffamilyloveineverycultureintheworld.男女之間的約會：①BlancathoughtthatKevinwasgoingtopayforherbecausehehadinvitedhertogoout,thiswastheAmericancustom.Butthingsarechanging.OnereasonisthatmanymoreAmericanwomenworktoday.Therefore,manymenandwomenthinkitisunfairformentoalwayspayforeverythingwhentheygoout.②Anotherreasonisthatsomewomensaythatifamanpaysforthem,theyfeellike