Electrons-in-Atoms原子中的電子

原子核外電子排布ElectronsinAtoms-----QuantumMechanics

-----量子力學(xué)ArrangedintheshelloflowestenergyfirstEachshellconfigurationcanbeatmost2n2electronslayersforK,mostcanonlyholdtwoelectrons.Otherlayersastheoutermostlayercanonlyaccommodate8electrons.Secondoutermostelectronicisnomorethan18electrons

K→L→M→N→O→P2→8→18→32→50→2n21→2→3→4→5→6Configurationofextra-nuclearelectron

TheAufbauPrinciple能量最低原那么statesthatelectronstendtofillorbitalsstartingatthelowestavailableenergystatesbeforefillinghigherstates.核電荷數(shù)從1到18的元素的原子結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖：+11氫

))+22氦

))

12345678282+321鋰+422鈹+523硼+624碳+725氮+8氧))))))))))))))))+9+10262728

))))))))))))))))+11281鈉+12鎂+13283鋁+14284硅+15285磷+16硫+17)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))氯氬氟氖金屬元素＜4非金屬元素≥4＝8稀有氣體周期123族ⅠAⅡAⅢAⅣAⅤAⅥAⅦA0最外層電子數(shù)拓展+86281832188+542818188+3628188+18288+192881+37281881+5528181881+872818321881KRbCsFrArKrXnRn+2928131+212892Sc鈧Cu量子數(shù)是量子力學(xué)中表述原子核外電子運(yùn)動(dòng)的一組整數(shù)或半整數(shù)。因?yàn)楹送怆娮舆\(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的變化不是連續(xù)的，而是量子化的，所以量子數(shù)的取值也不是連續(xù)的，而只能取一組整數(shù)或半整數(shù)。Quantumnumbers〔主量子數(shù)〕Principleelectronicshell,n=1,2,3…K、L、M、N、O、P、Q〔角量子數(shù)〕Angularmomentumquantumnumber,l=0,1,2…(n-1)n、l共同決定了原子軌道的能量上下。(磁量子數(shù))Magneticquantumnumber,ml=-l

…-2,-1,0,1,2…+l

(自旋磁量子數(shù))ElectronSpinQuantumNumberms=+1/2or-1/2

n、l、m共同決定了電子運(yùn)動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。Theshapesofatomicorbitals

sorbitalspOrbitalspOrbitalsdOrbitalsThePauliExclusionPrinciplestatesthatnotwoelectronsinanatommayhavethesamefourquantumnumbers.Hund’sRulestatesthatwhenyouhaveseveralorbitalsofthesameenergy(e.g.threeporbitalsorfivedorbitals)placeoneelectronineachorbitalbeforedoublingthemup.泡利不相容原理洪特規(guī)那么ThePauliExclusionPrincipleHund’sRuleAtomicorbitalformula

FillingpOrbitalsEquivalentorbitelectronicwillbearrangedonpointsofdifferenttracksasfaraspossible,andspininthesamedirectionHund’sRuleAtomicarrangementformula？1s22s22p63s23p63d10

4s24p64d104f145s25p65d106s26p67s1Increasingenergy1s2s3s4s5s6s7s2p3p4p5p6p3d4d5d7p6d4f5f6fIncreasingenergy1s2s3s4s5s6s7s2p3p4p5p6p3d4d5d7p6d4f5fWithmoreelectrons,repulsionchangestheenergyoftheorbitals.Atomicarrangementformula1s22s22p63s23p6

4s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s1對(duì)于主族元素和稀有氣體而言，最外層電子就是價(jià)電子。對(duì)于副族元素而言，除了最外層電子外，次外層的d電子也是價(jià)電子。對(duì)于鑭系和錒系元素而言，除了最外層和次外層的d電子外，倒數(shù)第三層的f電子也是價(jià)電子。+2928181+212892Sc鈧Cu1s22s22p63s23p64s23d11s22s22p63s23p64s13d10+2628142Fe1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6洪特規(guī)那么二：全空、全滿、半滿達(dá)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)1s11s22s11s22s22p63s11s22s22p63s23p64s11s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s11s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s11s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s1H1Li3Na11K19Rb37Cs55Fr87AtomicarrangementformulaMoreexamplesGe=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2Ge=[Ar]3d104s24p2Ge=[Ar]4s23d104p2

Cr=[Ar]3d44s2Cr=[Ar]3d54s13224洪特規(guī)那么二：全空、全滿、半滿達(dá)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)WritingElectronconfigurationstheeasywayYesthereisashorthandTheShorthandWritethesymbolofthenoblegasbeforethevalenceelectronsinbrackets[]Thentherestoftheelectrons.

Aluminum-fullconfiguration1s22s22p63s23p1Neis1s22s22p6soAlis[Ne]3s23p1MoreexamplesGe=1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2Ge=[Ar]4s23d104p2Ge=[Ar]3d104s24p2Hf=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64f144d105s25p65d26s2Hf=[Xe]6s24f145d2Hf=[Xe]4f145d26s2TheShorthandSn-50electronsThenoblegasbeforeit